对外汉语实习周报告

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

一、 实习目的 ：

通过参观南昌市民俗博物馆了解当地的风土人情，民俗风貌等，进一步地了解赣文化的特色及其演变和发展。从而传承民族文化的魅力。通过参观江西省博物馆让我们在最有限的时间内，借助历史的缩影最为直观和清晰地了解历史、了解历史所赋予给我们的宝贵财富。加深自己对民俗和历史的了解，从而才能提高我们的中国文化知识，才能为我们更好地向外国朋友传播中国文化，了解中国文化奠定基础。

二、 实习时间 ：

2011年4月25日至2011年4月30日

三、 实习地点：

南昌市民俗博物馆 （江西省南昌市子固路165号 ） 江西省博物馆

四、 实习内容：

（一）南昌市民俗博物馆

伴随着明朗的阳光我们开始我们的实习周，这一站我们要去的是南昌市民俗博物馆和江西省博物馆。

刚踏进民俗博物馆的时候，并没有一种现代的气息，更多的是一份乡土的氛围，我们随讲解员从三楼开始参观，三楼的《古豫章城》沙盘让我印象非常深刻，是以清代同治年间府志图为蓝本设计

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

的，沙盘再现了以明朝为背景的古豫章也就是现在的南昌的城廓七门九洲十八坡。古代南昌的地貌建筑尽收我们眼底。同时还有十分直观的南昌婚俗和寿庆之礼的展示。二楼陈列的是一些古代南昌的手工刺绣和过去日常生活所用到的必需品，但我觉得最为有趣的则是“九佬十八匠”。而且为了更加直观地对过去行当的认识，还有生动的泥人作为辅助。而且讲解员说这些泥人的制作是专程请天津的泥人制作大师完成的。非常地形象生动。

“九佬十八匠”是能工巧匠的俗称。而且与人们生活息息相关的。在江西有九佬十八匠，发财靠“三缸”的说法：“九佬”指的是“剃头佬、剔脚佬、结猪佬、补锅佬、洗磨佬、渡船佬、杀猪佬、打渔佬、打统佬；“十八匠”是：金匠、银匠、铜匠、铁匠、锡匠、石匠、木匠、画匠、雕匠、弹匠、染匠、皮匠、酒匠、瓦匠、窑匠、榨匠、篾匠、攦匠”。染缸、酱缸、酒缸称为“三缸”。

在旧时，“佬”和“匠”都是指有专门技艺的手工艺人，手工艺人自持一技之长，独立营生。开店设铺者少，流动经营或帮工者居多。他们农忙种田,农闲挣钱。走乡串户，俗称“做上工”，东家除供吃喝外，另付工钱，故有“天干饿不死手艺人”之说。特定的营生条件，形成“艺不轻传”的习俗。传艺条件苛刻，学艺甚为艰难。拜师学艺要求师，征得同意后，才能认师。认师时，由学艺人的家长置办酒席，请师傅到家，由中间人作陪，决定学艺条件，然后到师傅家里拜师：向行业宗师牌位行大礼，再拜师傅，最后拜师娘。“一日之师，终身之父”。师徒就好比父子，对师傅的子女也

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

要以兄妹相称。从师三年，师傅一般只管吃穿，不给工钱。参师在一些手工行业中较为流行。所谓参师，即学徒期满后，随师傅在外做工一年，取工钱的部分，其余留给师傅，以表达教诲之恩。在手工行业中，每年均有祭祀之规。各个行业都有自己的宗师。像我们比较熟悉的木匠的师祖就是鲁班，屠宰业的就是敬奉张飞。而且人们对各个门类的工匠艺人都十分的尊重，家中要是雇请了工匠师傅，就会上街买肉鱼，点烟倒茶，斟酒添饭都必不可少。也就是俗话说的“不可轻师慢匠”。

（二）游南昌市民俗博物馆之感

虽然这些手工艺人在现代工业的冲击下，经营艰难，不再有过去的辉煌，有的甚至处于绝迹的境地。但是也有些在却还保留着传统，使这些传统工艺得以传承，发扬光大，有的甚至已经走出了国门，扬名世界。

不管这些民间行当有过辉煌也好，有过落寞也好。“九佬十八匠”不仅是中国民间的艺人，更是中国几千年文化的积淀。他们在生产力不怎么好的条件下生存着，带着自己的手工绝活谋求着生活，反映了一种特殊的非物质文化。他们的产生和发展见证了中国社会的进步和变化，也可是说是一种中国文化在民间的缩影。

（三）江西省博物馆

踏进江西省博物馆，顿时觉得一种威严的气势，和之前的民俗馆相比，更有一种大气和辉煌的感觉。一进门馆内中心广场矗立大

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

型青铜雕塑《时空》，据说是仿照商代一个鹿耳四足青甑而造的。寓意灿烂文明，源远流长；物华天宝，人杰地灵；星星之火，可以燎原的意思。省博物馆分历史、革命、自然三大展区。

里面陈列了从新石器时代至晚清数千年间的300多件江西古代陶瓷精品。从多角度、多层面地展示了江西客家人的社会生活、风土人情。 还有江西人民革命斗争史，反映了自1840年鸦片战争以来江西人民反帝反封建的革命斗争史，特别在党的领导下，江西这块红土地上演出的一幕幕波澜壮阔的革命斗争史诗。以及陈列了近千件海洋生物标本，如珊瑚、贝等，形态奇特，色彩斑斓。最有趣的就是自然馆的恐龙世界，采用全生态布展方式，重现恐龙时代茂密的植物景观、瀑布、火山喷发等场景，一个个巨大的恐龙模型历历在目，真的是栩栩如生。

另我印象最为深刻的是江西的客家风情，馆内展示了有关客家文化像客家的服饰、客家节日及祭祀、客家农事、客家婚姻等图片，还有像花轿、厨房、农具、家内设施的实物的展现。其中有一张图片引起了我的好奇：就是“哭嫁”。起初我并不知道那是哭嫁，看了注解后才知道，客家人嫁女儿叫“卖妹子”。迎亲的头天下午，迎亲队伍来到女方家，双方互道吉利话表示祝贺和谢意，礼毕入座。晚上设宴款待迎亲人以及提前到达的“对方血亲”等。

第二天早上，主人家正式设筵款待宾客。饭後，分头忙碌。新娘则在房中“哭嫁”，名为“哭嫁”，却没有“泣声”，只是流著眼泪，带著哭音而已。譬如：当男方迎亲者抬著喜肉，扛着花轿来

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

到女家时，新娘拖长尾声似歌非歌地哭诉，所以又称为哭嫁歌。哭嫁主要是新娘自己表达内心的感情。如感谢父母的养育之恩，对哥、嫂、弟、妹、众亲的离别之情，抒发哭嫁女辞别爹娘等亲人时难舍难分的忧伤。这时女儿的母亲也哭了起来。爹娘含辛茹苦地抚养，使女儿从一个尺长的婴儿成长为小丫头，又从疯疯癫癫的小故娘成长为大闺秀，如今就要为人妻子，做妈的自然有很多话语要交代，于是哭嫁成了母亲对临行前女儿的谆谆教诲。

哭嫁这种客家婚俗，至今仍在客家乡亲的聚居地流传。这种习俗之所以至今不衰，有其深远意义，是一种特殊的家教形式。

（四）观江西省博物馆之感

通过对省博物馆的参观，深深地体会到了各个馆的特色所在。历史馆中的一件件精美的珍贵文物再现了江西古代先民的伟大创造，印证了江西“物华天宝，人杰地灵”的辉煌。革命馆里一座座热血铸就的丰碑展示了无数革命志士和先烈为革命付出的鲜血和努力，体现了他们的大无畏精神；自然馆里一个个生命的故事让我们看到了江西独特的自然风貌和动植物资源。确实让我受益匪浅。

五、 实习总结

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

历史的车轮仍然在滚滚前进着，给我们留下了一笔来之不易的巨大财富。而通过这次的实践，我知道作为一名学对外汉语的学生来说，学习中国文化，了解中国文化是相当必要的，文化传承着历史的变迁，见证着历史的兴衰。只有先了解了自己民族的文化，才能通过对有关的文化知识的理解下，使更多的外国学生全面地了解中国的社会以及古老的文化传统，才能让我们五千年的文明更为灿烂的发挥它的光芒。

英文 （一）南昌市民俗博物馆

Nanchang city folk museum

With clear sunlight we began our internship weeks, this one station we going to the museum and jiangxi province nanchang folk museum.

Just step into folk museum, and not a modern breath, is more of a rural atmosphere, we from the third floor with the narrator to start a visit to the third floor , ZhangCheng "sand table let me prepare is very impressive, is to originate in the qing dynasty's chief of volunteer design in the Ming dynasty, sand table show the background of ancient and chapter of nanchang . Ancient nanchang landscape architecture panoramic are under our eyes . And very intuitive nanchang marriage customs display. The second floor display is some ancient nanchang manual embroidery and past used in daily life necessities, but I think the most interesting is the "nine guy 18 potter". And for the more intuitively understanding of the business of the past, and vivid clay as auxiliary. But commentator said these clay production is coming please tianjin finished making master golems. Very vivid.

In the old, "guy" and "potter" is to point to have special skill craftsmen, craftsmen themselves have great skills. They make money earned, farmhand during slack. Go township and visit string of households,Under the specific living conditions, and formed a "art not light preach" custom.the strict was tough. Was apprenticed requirements, after judges, to ask permission confess division. When confess division, the parents will invite the master , accompanied by the middleman, then make the decision .after that the pupil go to the master's home and accept a series of ceremony.the old chinese going: "One day, the father of the teacher of life." Teacher and pupil like father and son, " For three years, the teacher usually just ended up here, not give wages. Participation in some manual industry division is popular. Alleged and division, namely an apprentice work with teachers, after

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

a year, take wages abroad and the rest of the left part of the master, to express teachings favor. In a manual industry, sacrifice every year the rules. Every profession has its own guru. As we know carpenter's workship is LuBan, butchery trade is proud of zhang fei. And people to each genre craftsman is respect, Give them good hospitality.

（二）江西省博物馆

Step into jiangxi province museum, immediately feel a kind of majesty momentum, compared with the previous folk museum, to a more atmospheric and brilliant feeling. A door stood large gymnasium center square bronze statue of the spacetime, allegedly is modeled on a deer ears shang four-footed green steamer built.Implies splendid civilization of long standing.Provincial museum is make up of history, revolution and natural. From inside the neolithic to display more than 300 thousands of years late qing ancient ceramics products. Form more multiple perspectives, shows the level of social life, jiangxi hakka local conditions and customs. And the people's revolution in jiangxi ,reflects the opium war of 1840 jiangxi since people anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary, especially under the leadership of the party, jiangxi performing on the landscape appeared the revolutionary struggle epic. And there are nearly 1,000 Marine biological specimen, such as coral, Betty, configuration strange, colorful. The most interesting is the natural hall, adopts full dinosaur world ecological exhibit way, reproduce the dinosaur age luxuriant plant landscape, waterfalls, volcanic eruption and so on. a huge dinosaur models are reality.

The other most profound is my impression of hakka culture , like hakka holiday and the sacrifice, hakka farming, hakka marriage etc, and like sedan, pictures, home kitchen, tools of the physical facilities show. One picture aroused my curiosity: is "cry to marry."At first I didn't know it was crying marriage until saw comments .in the custom of hakka married daughter, they called "sell sister". The afternoon before escort a festive party came to her home and offer each congratulations .

The next morning, carriages formal feasting and hospitality guests. After dinner, separate busy. The bride in the room "crying marriage", called "crying marriage", but no "cry sound", just flow tears, with weeping sound just. For example: when the man carrying xi meat,the bride crying like a song, so called sobbing crying marriage song. Crying marriage mainly is the bride yourself express feelings. Such as thank for her parents' brought up, to the elder brother, sister-in-law, younger brothers or sisters, and all the close of absence affection, to express sadness. Then the mother of daughter also should crying. Parents to raise, make the daughter reared growing babies to a beauty girl they Paid a lot of blood and endeavor .now their daughter be other's wife,mother natural have many words, so crying marriage become the custom of a mother to daughter taught before leave.The hakka customs crying marriage, still exist in the hakka folks .This custom was so far, has its

有关于南昌市民俗博物馆的实习

profound significance of time, which is a kind of special tutoring form.

The wheel of history still in rolling to go forward and left us a sum of hard-won huge wealth. And through this practice, I know as a student of teaching chinese as foreigner language, learn about Chinese culture is quite necessary, cultural inheritance with history of change, bears witness to history decline. Only first learned our nation's culture, ability through the understanding of the cultural knowledge, make more foreign students comprehensive understanding of the Chinese social and cultural traditions, ancient can let us five thousand years of civilization more brilliant play its light.

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