高级英语张汉熙笔记

Introduction

--- to advance students’ abilities in the Reading Comprehension

--- to advance students’ abilities in the differentiation of the

synonyms ,antonyms ,etc and enlarge their vocabulary (more

than10,000w)

--- to advance students’ abilities in the identification, appreciation and

application of the figures of speech (metaphor, simile, metonymy,

synecdoche, antithesis, personification, pun, onomatopoeia, parallelism,

alliteration, etc. )

--- to cultivate students’ abilities in trans-cultural --- to develop students’

skills in analysis and paraphrases

communication (emphasis on culture learning)

--- to cultivate students’ abilities in the appreciation of writings in

English originals

An example: Objectives of teaching

to learn and master the vocabulary and expressions

to learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences

to comprehend the whole text

to understand the structure of the text

to appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.

Teaching content 1

Teaching material (textbook)

“Advanced English” Book 1

---Zhang Hanxi (张汉熙 主编)

---Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (外语教学与研究

出版社

)How to Write a Book Report

The front cover includes Title（书名/文章题目）

: _____________ Author（作者）

:_______________ Class and grade:_______________ No. of pages or no. of words（页数或字数）

:______________ Name the main character（主人公）

:___ Date:

M/D/Y How to Write a Book Report

p 1. Brief introduction to the author and the book; 2. The peculiarity of the book in the expressing or developing the

content;

3. The most impressive part ; 4. The message delivered by the author; 5. Your favorite part; 6. Your comment or opinion on the book; 7. What you have got after reading the book; 8. The citations. Unit One The Middle Eastern Bazaar

Lead-in Textual Structure of the Text Detailed Study of the Text Rhetorical Devices

The Middle East

Generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the

Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey.

The Middle East is a loosely defined geographic region; the countries

listed are generally considered part of the Middle East. These Middle East

countries are part of the Asian continent, with the exception of Egypt,

which is part of Africa, and the northwestern part of Turkey, which is part

of the European landmass.

Rich in oil, linking point of three continents. Nearby five seas: Black Sea,

Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Caspian Sea (里海)

Bazaar

Bazaar: A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls,

especially one in the Middle East.

---handicraft economy, contrast to the modern society

Three famous bazaars in the Middle East:

The Khan Khalili Bazaar in Cairo, Egypt

埃及开罗汗·哈利利集市

The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey

土耳其伊斯坦布尔大市集

The Damascus Bazaar in Syria

叙利亚大马士革集市

China’s most busiest markets:

Xiushui Street and Da Zha Lan in Beijing

北京大栅栏和秀水街

References

“The history of Middle East”

(Mesopotamia Civilization, Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Middle East

Wars)

“The Bible—Old Testament”

(the first half of the Christian Bible)

“Talmud”塔尔穆德(犹太法典)

(the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism)犹太法典中的几句

箴言

有四种人，一种人说：“我的是我的，你的是你的。”这是平凡

人；一种人说：“我的是你的，你的是我的。”这是庸俗人；一种人说：“你的我的全是我的。”这是邪恶人；一种人说：“我的你的全是你的。”

这是敬虔人。

上帝不以男人的头创造女人，因为女人不可支配男人；但也不

以男人的脚创造女人，因为女人不可成为男人的奴隶；而以男人的肋

骨创造女人，因为要她永远贴近他的心。

20岁不潇洒，30岁不成业，40岁不富有，50岁不幸福，那一

辈子就完了。

Section I (Para 1)

3. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a

cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in

the shadowy distance.

a)

b)

c)

heat cool Glare dark open square

cavern as far as the eye can see

the words eye and ear are used in the singular form not to mean the

concrete organ of sight or hearing but something abstract; they are often

used figuratively. Here the eye means man’s power of seeing or eyesight.

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

She has an eye for beauty. （审美眼光） She has an ear for music.(对音乐有鉴赏力) The boy has a sharp eye.（敏锐的眼光） The big poster caught my eye.（引起某人注意） Keep an eye on that mischievous boy.（留意，照看） To turn a blind eye to sth.（对…视而不见） To turn a deaf ear to sth. （对…充耳不闻）

Glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not so agreeable and

welcome a “bright sunlight” 刺眼的光

太阳光很刺眼，我得戴上墨镜。

I have to wear sunglasses because of the glare of the sun. Cavern：a cave, especially a large cave. Here, it is a long, narrow,

dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of roof over them.

In our text it means the bazaar looks like a cavern because it is a

long, narrow, and dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of a

roof over it. Here the author employed a metaphor (隐喻，暗喻)to achieve

vividness.

Glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not so agreeable and

welcome a “bright sunlight” 刺眼的光

太阳光很刺眼，我得戴上墨镜。

I have to wear sunglasses because of the glare of the sun. Cavern：a cave, especially a large cave. Here, it is a long, narrow,

dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of roof over them.

In our text it means the bazaar looks like a cavern because it is a

long, narrow, and dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of a

roof over it. Here the author employed a metaphor (隐喻，暗喻)to achieve

vividness.

Losing itself in the shadowy distance:

The place is dark, so when the street is long, objects in the distance

become unclear and indistinct (faint, dim).

The word shadowy suggests shifting illumination and indistinct

vision.

Disappearing in the faint distance; beyond one’

s eyesight. What kind of sound do the bells make? harmoniously tinkling bells: the sounds from the bells are

rhythmic and pleasant to the ear

E.g.: He has only a few coins tinkling/jingling in his pocket. How do the donkeys move? thread one’s way: to move through a place by carefully going

around things that are blocking one’

s way

E.g.: The cat threaded its way among the dishes on the shelf. Do you think it is ok to replace "throngs" with "crowds" in

this sentence? Why? Please explain the differences between throngs of

people and crowds of people, and why the writer uses “the throngs of

people entering and leaving the bazaar” instead of “crowds of people”?

throngs of people : a stronger implication of movement and of

pushing and a weaker implication of density

熙熙攘攘的人群（动态）

crowds of people:

emphasize its density 拥挤的人群 (静态)

5. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few

yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.

Stall: small, open-fronted shop used by a trader in a market, on a

street货摊

E.g.: a book-stall; a flower-stall goods of every conceivable kind: goods of every kind you can

think of

e.g. people of every conceivable age, nationality; buildings of

every conceivable 6. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of

donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting

vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is

continuous and makes you dizzy.

What sources does the din come from? Illustrate the sentence

pattern “the din of …”

a)

b) parallelism : stall-holders crying their wares donkey-boys and porters clearing a way Din: specific word of

noise ; loud, confused noise that continues 喧嚣

c) E.g.: The children were making so much din that I could not make

myself heard.

d)

e)

f) Explain the differences between “din” and “noise”. din : specific; noise: general Din: confused ( the mixture of crying their wares, clearing a

way, arguing and bargaining)

g)

noise: unpleasant sound.

h)

would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining wares (always-pl.) articles offered for sale, usu. not in a shop. The

word gives the impression of traditional commodity, items, goods, more

likely to be sold in free-markets.

Ware (usually used in combination) articles of the same kind or

material; 制品，器具，货物

E.g.: silverware, bronze ware, kitchenware, software, hardware would-be :likely,

intended to be e.g.: a would-be musician / football player dizzy: feeling as if everything were turning round , mentally

confused

e.g.: If you suffer from anemia, you often feel dizzy.

The two-day journey on the bus makes me dizzy.

How do you paraphrase this sentence “The din ... and makes

you dizzy: ”?

The loud, confused noise of …continues without interruption and

makes you feel mentally confused.

What’s your general impression of the entrance of Middle

Eastern bazaar? From what perspectives does the writer describe?

General impression: ancient (take you back hundreds of years,

aged brick and stone. )

The writer describes the entrance from the perspectives of sight,

feeling, and sound.

a) Sight: glare, dark, as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the

shadowy distance.

b)

c) Feeling: heat, cool Sound: tinkling, din, crying their wares, shouting vigorously,

arguing and bargaining

Summary

The writer describes the bazaar with sound from the animal and

human-being at the very beginning, so as to present a lively and busy

atmosphere.

Introduction: A description of the entrance to the bazaar a. The Gothic gateway b. Contrast between the heat and glare in the open square and the

coolness and dimness in the interior of the bazaar

c. Another contrast between the pleasing sound of the tinkling of

donkey bells and the confusing din

d. The little stalls encroaching on the street, making the roadway

narrower and narrower.

Section 2 (Para 2)

Questions

(1) What was your general impression of the cloth-market? How does

the writer achieve this?

General impression: quiet The writer describes the cloth-market as a quiet place, mainly from

the perspective of sound.

e.g. the noise fades away, muted, deadens the sound, hardly any

sounds to echo, measured tones.

Paragraph 1 and 2 show a sharp contrast of sound. The entrance is with a continuous mixture of sounds, while the

cloth-market is comparatively much quiet.

Why is the cloth—market muted?

The earthen floor deadens the sound of the footsteps; the

shopkeepers speak in low, measured tones and the buyers follow suit.

(3) The earthen floor . . . any sounds to echo: (translate into

Chinese)

这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面

几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音

效果。

Then, as you….

penetrate: to pierce or pass into or through. The word penetrate

is used here to indicate that you have to pass through a big crowd in order

to go deeper into the market.

fade away:

go slowly out of hearing, gradually disappearing His anger fades away.

mute:

verb: to reduce the sound of, to make a sound softer than usual 使

声音变弱

Here in the text the word "muted" is used to suggest the compelling

circumstances, forcing you to lower your sound.

n. a person who cannot speak哑巴

She was born a deaf mute. the first sentence: The farther you push / force Paraphrase your way into the bazaar,

the lower and softer the noise becomes until finally it disappears. Then

you arrive at the cloth-market where the sound is hardly audible.

beaten: (of a path, track, etc.) that is given shape by the feet of

those who pass along it, suggesting ancientness, timelessness(永恒）. The

path becomes flat due to the treading of countless people through

thousands of years.

We followed a well-beaten path through the forest. deaden: to cause to lose strength, force, feeling, and brightness

e.g.: Two of these pills will deaden the ache.

Vault:

1 拱形圆顶：

arched roof The vault of the cathedral is 150 feet above the floor. 2 保险库

Vaults are often made of steel. The vault of heaven 苍穹

Measured: steady, slow and deliberate; suggesting lack of speed,

paying attention to what to say （深思熟虑的）

E.g.: His reply was stated in measured phrases. Measure: 仔细考虑

E.g.: She works hard and doesn’t

measure the cost to her health. overwhelm

: overcome, control completely and usu. suddenly e.g.: Sorrow overwhelmed the family.

She was overwhelmed with grief.

They won an overwhelming victory / majority.

Sepulchral : suggestive of the grave of burial; dismal, gloomy阴

森森的，阴郁的

A sepulchral face ; speak in sepulchral tones; look quite sepulchral

Main idea:

The description of the muted cloth-market is a contrast to the

gateway of the market. The noise at the gateway makes people dizzy, the

gloomy atmosphere of the cloth-market makes people to follow suit.

Section 3 (Para 3-4)

Peculiarity: a distinguishing characteristic, special feature, suggesting

difference from normal or usual, strangeness.特点，奇特之处

One of his peculiarities is that his two eyes are not the same color.

deal in: sell and buy, trade in

This merchant deals in silk goods.

scatter: to cause (a group) to separate widely, to spread widely in

all directions as if by throwing

The frightened people scattered about in all directions.

Paraphrase the first sentence: One of the special features /characteristics of the M.E. bazaar is

that shopkeepers in the same trade always gather together in the same

place to do their business.

knit: to make things to wear by uniting threads into a kind of close

network. Here, to unite or join closely

guild / gild: an association for businessmen or skilled workers who

joined together in former times to help one another and to make rules for

training new members

The order of the day: that which is of the greatest general interest

at a particular time; prevailing state of things某段时间里普遍感兴趣的

事情，时兴的东西

At election time politics becomes the order of the day Veiled: some Moslems use the veil to seclude or hide their

women from the eyes of strangers.

Preliminary : introducing or preparing for sth. more important；

preparatory准备性的

A preliminary exam is one which is in preparation for something. beat down: to reduce by argument or other influence, to persuade

sb. to reduce a price

battle.

At intervals: happening regularly after equal periods of time每隔The man asked $5 for the dress, but I beat him down to $4.50. what it is:

used to stress What is it she really likes? Yield little: refuse to reduce the price by any significant amount

Protest:

to express one's disagreement, feeling of unfairness Here: insist firmly, affirming strongly deprive of

: take away from, prevent from using E.g.: to deprive sb. of political rights The accident deprived him of his sight / hearing. sacrifice:

to give up or lose, esp. for some good purpose or belief The ancient Greeks sacrificed lambs or calves before engaging in a

一段距离，每隔一会

Rain fell at intervals throughout the night.

Main idea

Para.3 describes one of the characteristics of the bazaar: the

spreading of goods. Shopkeepers dealing in the same kind get together.

It would be easy for customers to compare goods and prices.

Para.4 describes the psychological trick between both sellers and

purchasers.

Section 4 (Para5 - 6)

Picturesque: charming or interesting enough to be made into a picture,,

vivid美丽如画的

smith

The tower upon it gave the lake a picturesque appearance :

a worker in metal, a maker E.g.: copper- / gold- / tin-（锡） / black- （铁匠）/ gun-smith（军

械工人）

bang

: to hit violently, to make a loud noise E.g.: The door banged open / shut. clash

: a noisy, usu. metallic sound of collision E.g.: swords clash Impinge on: have an effect on；to strike or dash esp. with a sharp

collision影响，冲击

E.g.: The strong light impinges on his eyes. Dancing flashes:

quick bright lights moving up and down burnish: to polish and make shiny磨， 抛光

E.g.: He is burnishing the knife. Catch the light of:

intercept and reflect the light of... brazier: open metal framework like a basket, usu. on leg, for

holding a charcoal or coal fire火盆

incredible

: too strange to be believed, unbelievable This word comes from credit

, which means belief, trust, and faith credit card We place full credit in the government's ability. credible

: deserving or worthy of belief, hammer away at: Hammer: beat with a hammer

away: continuously, constantly

vessel: usu. round container, such as a pot, bottle, bucket or

barrel, used for holding liquids容器

bellows: an instrument for blowing air into a fire to make it burn

quickly风箱

glow: send out brightness or warmth, heat or light without flame or

smoke发光，发热

鼓动

engrave: to cut (words, pictures, etc.) on wood, stone, or metal When you draws a deep mouthful（一口）

, the cigarette tip glows. stroke: single movement, which is repeated (esp. in a sport or game)

The terrible memory was engraved on his mind.

cf.: carve

: to cut (usu. wood or stone) in order to make a special shape

Delicate: finely made, needing careful handling, easily broken or

hurt, delightful精细的

Intricate: containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to

understand.复杂的

functional: completely and exactly of practical use. Not

ornamental, not with many decoration

:The writer describes the market from the perspectives of sight and

sound.

Sound: tinkling, banging, clashing, Sight: a fairyland of dancing flashes, burnished copper, light,

charcoal fire, red of live coals, glowing

: words of contrast, so as to make the sentences more impressive.

Tiny/ big, huge; bright/ dim; delicate (high quality), intricate (complex skills)/ simple,

undecorated

figures of speech, in order to make the sentences more vivid.

Onomatopoeia (tinkling: a succession of light, ringing sounds (e.g.

of a small bell), banging: hit violently, to make a loud noise (e. g. to bang

a door), clashing: make a loud, broken, confused noise (as when metal

objects strike together)),

metaphor (a fairyland of dancing flashes) Inversion (in each shop sit the apprentices…)

Section 5 (Para 7)

profusion: plenty; great or too great amount大量的，过多的

The garden boasted a profusion of flowers. rich:

(of colour) deep, strong, beautiful texture: the arrangement of the threads in a textile fabric / in any

material made by weaving, the way in which the threads of a cloth have

been woven

a carpet of loose / firm / uneven texture bold: clearly formed, strongly formed醒目的

words printed in bold type / printed in bold letters Words of contrast: Bold, simple/ detailed Pungent: (often neg.) having a strong, sharp, stinging, burning

taste or smell that may or may not seem unpleasant 辛辣的

Onions and garlic give out pungent smell. (An onion a day keeps everybody away.) Exotic: (always positive, sth pleasing) not native to the place

where found, alien, strikingly or excitingly different or unusual, out of

ordinary, introduced from another country

sumptuous : costly, rich, suggesting lavish expenditure, showing

great value, generosity, grand.豪华， 盛大

The King wore sumptuous robes.

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