2018高考英语大题精做04阅读理解词义猜测题

词义猜测题

【题型突破】

词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点/态度等。联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。 【命题方式】

1.The word/phrase＂…＂in the passage means _________. 2.The word/phrase＂…＂can be best replaced by _________.

3. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _________? 4.The word/phrase＂…＂probably refers to _________.

5.What does the underlined word/phrase＂…＂in the passage mean?

词义猜测题要根据词、词组、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。熟练以下猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。 猜词方法 定义 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 依据 猜词方法 指代it，that，this，he，him，them可指上依据 关系 文提到的事、物、人。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。 同位阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一同义当词或短语之间有并列连词and，or时，关系 个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，关系 其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或这时可利用同位关系进行猜测。 递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意思。 构词法 很多词通过添加前缀、后缀等而合成、派生、转化成一个＂新＂转折或对根据上下句的连接词(如but, however, otherwise等)可以看出前后句在意义上 1

词，通过掌握一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。 比关系 的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 因果根据文章中的原因可以预测结语境 通过上下文语境猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解中最常见的一种解题方法。 关系 果，根据结果也可以找出原因。

Passage1（2017·新课标卷I，D）

体裁 说明文 话题 制作简易太阳能蒸馏器的方法及工作原理 A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇?5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water

词数 316 难度 建议时间 ★★★☆☆ 7分钟 2

evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A. It’s delicate. C. It’s complex. .

B. It’s expensive. D. It’s portable.

33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube. C. The hole.

B. The still.

D. The cup.

34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?

A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place. C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.

35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from . A. the plastic tube C. the open air

B. outside the hole

D. beneath the sheet

33.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the

water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。“接水器”指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。

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34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet,

securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。

35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects

on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。

Passage2（2017·新课标卷II，D）

体裁 说明文 话题 当植物受到攻击时会保护自己并与周围植物交流 When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.

Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.

Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.

In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors,

词数 293 难度 建议时间 ★★★☆☆ 7分钟 4

relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.

Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.

Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的)

than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.

32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises.

B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly

D. It sends out certain chemicals.

33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?

A. The attackers get attacked.

B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.

34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters

B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 35.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before

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somebody standing too close may make you ＂ focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you ＂.Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you don’t know may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very uncomfortable. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to British person, this seems too friendly and＂touch-freely＂. The website explains! ＂The British are not backslappers(拍人后背的人) and generally do not show affection in public＂.

Are British people unfriendly? Far from it. The website adds that they are not

as ＂stand-offish and aloof’ as they may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners. However, remember not to be too close. If you are going to come closer than an arm’s length, please let them know.

1.According to the passage, if you were meeting a British for the first time, it would be polite of you to . A. kiss him/her on the cheek him/her

C. put an arm around him/her

D. slap his/her back

B. keep an arm’s length away from

2.According to the passage, who tend to require more personal space? A. People living in Beijing and people living in Mexico City B. People living in Mumbai and people living in Shenandoah C. People living in Wyoming and people living in New York D. People living in Wyoming and people living in Montana

3.The underlined word ＂stand-offish and aloof＂ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to . A. cold and indifferent

B. modest and cool

D. independent and strong-willed

C. gentlemanly and kind-hearted

4.What can we conclude from the article?

A. British people like to sit next to other people on empty buses. B. British people usually kiss strangers on the cheek to greet them. C. British people are helpful though they may not appear to be D. British people are delighted to show affection in public.

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【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在不同国家、不同背景下的社会礼仪的不同。

2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂In America, New Yorkers often have smaller requirements than residents of western states, like Montana, Shenandoah and Wyoming. ＂可知，生活在人烟稀少的怀俄明州 和蒙大拿州的人需要更多的私人空间，故D项正确。

3.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的＂but very friendly and helpful to foreigners＂可知，英国人并不是 像看起来那样冷漠，而是十分友好，由此可知画线词词义，故A项正确。

4.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的＂The website adds that they are not as

‘stand-offish and aloof’ as they may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners.＂可知，尽管英国人看起来冷漠，但其实是十分 友好的，故C项正确。

Passage2（2017届吉林市第一中学高三模考）

体裁 说明文 话题 文化差异 词数 345 难度 建议时间 ★★★☆☆ 7分钟 You get on an almost-empty bus, but the next passenger decides to ignore all the empty seats to sit right next to you. While you are waiting in line at the supermarket, the next customer stands just behind you shouting into his phone.

These are attacks of the personal space invaders(侵略者). Though preferences

for personal space differ from culture to culture, we Britons do love our independence and personal space.

As the British customs website Debrett has said, as a British person, somebody

standing too close may make you ＂focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you＂. Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you don’t know that well may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very uncomfortable. The ediplomat.com website explains: ＂The British are not back slappers (拍打者) or touchers and generally do not show affection (喜欢) in public.＂

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Being a British person around people from other countries can therefore be full

of problems. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to us this seems too friendly and ＂touchy-feely＂.

Simple matters like how close others stand can be problems to Britons who want

to keep their own personal space. Giving advice on how to behave around a British person, Debrett’s says that ＂if you can feel the warmth of their worried breath upon your face, then you’re standing too close＂.

So, are British people unfriendly? No. The ediplomat.com website explains that

we are not as ＂indifferent＂ as we may seem, but ＂very friendly and helpful to foreigners＂. However, we do have different ideas about our own space to many people from other countries. Just let us know if you’re going to come any closer than arm’s length, and you’ll be fine! 5. What is the article mainly about? A.How to make friends with British people. B.Some tips on British table manners.

C.Ways in which British people show affection. D.British people’s preference for personal space.

6. If you were meeting a British person for the first time, it would be polite of you to ______, according to the article. A.kiss him/her on the cheek B.put an arm around him/her

C.keep an arm’s length away from him/her D.slap his/her back or shake his/her hands

7.The underlined word ＂indifferent＂ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ＂_________＂. A.cold

C.gentlemanlike

D.independent

B.modest

8.What can we conclude from the article?

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A.British people like to sit next to others on empty buses. B.British people are helpful, although they may not appear to be. C.British people do not like staying with other Europeans. D.British people are happy to show affection in public.

2.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句＂Just let us know if you’re going to come any closer than arm’s length, and you’ll be fine!＂可知，如果你第一次见一个英国人，离他们一臂的距离远将会是礼貌的。

3.A【解析】考查词义猜测。根据画线句下文可知，英国人对外国人是很友好并热心的，由句中的but推断 画线句句意是：ediplomat.com网站解释说英国人不是他们看上去的那样冷漠，而是友好并乐于助人的。

因此推断画线词indifferent意思是：冷漠的。故选A。

4.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段第三句＂The ediplomat.com website explains that we are not as ＂indifferent＂ as we may seem, but’very friendly and helpful to foreigners’.＂可知，根据这篇文章，英 国人不像看上去那么冷漠，他们是很友好并乐于助人的。故选B。

Passage 3（2017届北京市海淀区高三上学期统一考试）

体裁 说明文 话题 科学家发现距今37亿年前的化石 Old Fossils

Scientists have found what they think is probably the oldest fossil on Earth,

词数 难度 正确率 420 ★★★★☆ a remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago when Earth’s skies were orange and its oceans green.

In a newly melted part of Greenland, Australian scientists found the leftover

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structure from a community of microbes（微生物）that lived on an ancient seafloor. Based on their analysis of the fossils, the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.

The discovery shows life may have formed quicker and more easily than once thought,

about half a billion years after Earth formed. And that may also give hope for life forming elsewhere, such as Mars, said study co-author Martin VanKranendonk of the University of New South Wales and director of the Australian Center for Astrobiology. ＂It gives us an idea how our planet evolved and how life gained a foothold,＂ VanKranendonk said.

Scientists had thought it would take at least half a billion years for life to

form after the molten Earth started to cool a bit, but this shows it could have happened quicker, he said. That’s because the newly found fossil is far too complex to have developed soon after the planet’s first life forms, he said.

In an outcrop of rocks that used to be covered with ice and snow which melted

after an exceptionally warm spring, the Australian team found stromatolites（叠层石）, which are layered structures that are often produced by a community of microbes. The stromatolites were about 1 to 4 centimeters high.

＂It is like the house left behind made by the microbes,＂ VanKranendonk said. ＂

Scientists used the layers of ash from volcanoes and tiny zircon（锆石） with uranium and estimated that they date back to 3.7 billion years ago.＂

The dating seems about right, said Abigail Allwood, a NASA astrobiologist who found

the previous oldest fossil, from 3.48 billion years ago, in Australia. But Allwood said she is not completely convinced that what VanKranendonk’s team found once was alive. She said the evidence wasn’t conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk（地质巧合）. ＂It would be nice to have more evidence, but in these rocks that’s a lot to ask,＂ Allwood said in an email.

1. The underlined words ＂gained a foothold＂ in Paragraph 3 mean______.

A.continued C.increased

B.changed D.Started

2. We can learn from Paragraph 4______.

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A.the fossil appeared soon after the birth of the earth B.the fossil formed soon after the earth’s first life C.life formed earlier than the newly found fossil D.life appeared about half a billion years ago

3. What is Abigail Allwood’s attitude towards the newly found fossil?

A.Neutral. C.Objective.

B.Sceptical.

D.Supportive.

4. According to the passage, ______.

A.the previous fossils are a geologic quirk

B. the previous fossils are made up of stromatolites C. the newly found fossils come from Western Australia D. the newly found fossils have a history of 3.7 billion years 【语篇解析】文章介绍科学家发现距今37亿年前的化石。

1.D【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第三段的句子＂It gives us an idea how our planet evolved＂这让我们了解 星球是怎么形成的，下文是生命是怎么开始的。可知，＂gained a foothold＂ 意为＂开始＂。故选D。

2.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的句子＂the newly found fossil is far too complex to have developed soon after the planet’s first life forms, he said.＂可知，生命形成要早于新发现的化石。故选C。

3. B【解析】 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段的句子＂She said the evidence wasn’t conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk(地质巧合).＂可知，Abigail Allwood 对于新发现的化石态度是怀疑的。故选B。

Passage 4（2017届江苏省苏州市高三模考）

体裁 记叙文 话题 文化差异带给人们的影响 词数 难度 建议时间 743 ★★★★☆ 8分钟 After much thought，I came up with a brilliant plan.I worked out a way for Rich

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to meet my mother and win her over.In fact，I arranged it so my mother would want to cook a meal especially for him.

Rich was not only not Chinese and he was a few years younger than I was.And

unfortunately，he looked much younger with his curly red hair，smooth pale skin，and the splash of orange freckles（雀斑） across his nose.He was a bit on the short side，compactly built.In his dark business suits，he looked nice but easily forgettable，which was why I didn’t notice him the first year we worked together at the firm.But my mother noticed everything.

＂So what do you think of Rich？＂I finally asked，holding my breath. She tossed the eggplant in the hot oil，angry hissing sound.＂So many spots on

his face，＂she said.

＂They are freckles.Freckles are good luck.＂I said a bit too heatedly in trying

to raise my voice above the noise of the kitchen.

＂Oh？＂She said innocently. ＂Yes，the more spots the better.＂

She considered this a moment and then smiled and spoke in Chinese：＂When you

were young，you got the chicken pox.So many spots，you had to stay home for ten days.So lucky，you thought.＂

I couldn’t save Rich in the kitchen.And I couldn’t save him later at the dinner

table.

When I offered Rich a fork，he insisted on using the slippery ivory

chopsticks.Halfway between his plate and his open mouth，a large chunk of redcooked eggplant fell on his brand new white shirt.

And then he helped himself to big portions of the shrimp and snow peas，not

realizing he should have taken only a polite spoonful.

He declined the new greens，the tender and expensive leaves of bean plants. He

thought he was being polite by refusing seconds, when he should have followed my father’s example，who made a big show of taking small portions of seconds，thirds and even fourths，always saying he couldn’t resist another bite and then groaning he was so full he thought he would burst.

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But the worst was when Rich criticized my mother’s cooking and he didn’t even

know what he had done.As is the Chinese cook’s custom，my mother always made modest remarks about her own cooking.That night she chose to direct it toward her famous steamed pork and preserved vegetable dish，which she always served with special pride.

＂Ai!This dish not salty enough，no flavor，＂she complained，after tasting a

small bite.

This was our family’s cue to eat more and proclaim it the best she had ever

made.But before we could do so，Rich said，＂You know，all it needs is a little soy sauce.＂And he proceeded to pour a riverful of the salty black stuff on the china plate，right before my mother’s horrified eyes.

And even though I was hoping throughout the dinner that my mother would somehow

see Rich’s kindness，his sense of humor and boyish charm.I knew he had failed miserably in her eyes.

Rich obviously had a different opinion on how the evening had gone.When we got

home，I was still shuddering，remembering how Rich had firmly shaken both my parents’hands with that same easy familiarity he used with nervous new clients.＂Linda，Tim，＂he said，＂we’ll see you again.＂My parents’names are Lindo and Tin Jong，and nobody except a few older family friends ever calls them by their first names.

＂What did she say when you told her？＂I knew he was referring to our getting

married.

＂I never had a chance，＂I said，which was true.How could I have told my mother

I was getting married，when at every possible moment we were alone，she seemed to remark on how pale and ill he looked.

Rich was smiling.＂How long does it take to say，Mom，Dad，I am getting married？＂ ＂You don’t understand.You don’t understand my mother.＂

1. Which is NOT the reason why the author didn’t tell her mother she was getting married ?

A. She didn’t have a chance to tell her mother.

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B. Her mother disliked Rich’s freckled face.

C. Mother was impressed by his boyish charm and humor. D. She was shocked by Rich’s violation of cultural taboo. 2. What does the underlined word＂shuddering＂most probably mean？ A. Hesitating. C. Shaking.

B. Regretting.

D. Reflecting.

3. What can be the best title of the story？ A. Rich Met My Mother

B. East VS West D. Of Table Manners

C. Chinese Family Gathering

4. The author wrote this story in a/an tone. A. poetic

B. humorous D. objective

C. pessimistic

1.C【解析】细节理解题。根据And even though I was hoping throughout the dinner that my mother would

somehow see Rich’s kindness，his sense of humor and boyish

eyes.可知我希望妈妈看到他的孩子

charm.I knew he had failed miserably in her 气和幽默，但是妈妈并没有这么感觉，故选C。

2.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据When we got home，I was still shuddering，remembering how Rich had firmly

shaken both my parents’hands with that same easy

familiarity he used with nervous new clients.及＂I never had a chance，＂I said，which was true.How could I have told my mother I was getting married.可知我在

犹豫什么时候告诉妈妈我要结婚了，故选C。

3.A【解析】 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了里琦见我妈妈的过程中发生的一系列事情，故选A。

4.B【解析】推理判断题。全文写了我带里琦见我妈妈的经过，用幽默的基调写出了所发生的事，故选B。

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Passage 1

体裁 记叙文 话题 感恩并善待父母 词数 358 难度 建议时间 ★★☆☆☆ 6分钟 An 80-year-old man was sitting on the sofa in his house along with his 45-year-old son. Suddenly a crow (乌鸦) landed on their window. The father asked his son, ＂What is that?＂ The son replied, ＂That’s a crow.＂

After a few minutes, the father asked his son for the second time,＂What is that?＂The son said,＂Father, I told you just now. It is a crow.＂ After a little while, the father asked his son the same question for the third time, ＂What is that?＂ This time, the son said to his father in a low and cold tone, ＂It’s a crow, a crow.＂

After a moment, the father yet again asked his son for the fourth time, ＂What is that?＂ This time his son shouted at the father, ＂Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again? I have told you already, ‘IT IS A CROW.’ Are you not able to understand this?＂

A minute later the father went to his room and came back with a diary, which he had kept since his son was born. On opening a page, he asked his son to read that page.

＂Today my little son aged 3 was sitting with me on the sofa when a crow suddenly landed on the window edge. My son asked me 23 times what it was, and I replied him 23 times that it was a crow. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question. I did not at all feel angry, but instead felt affection for my son.＂

If your parents reach old age, do not look at them as a burden, but speak to them gently, and be kind to them. From today say this aloud, ＂I want to see my parents

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