毕业设计文本

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

存档编号

华北水利水电大学

North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power

毕 业 设 计

题目 江苏省盐城市汇丰小区绿地规

划设计

学 院 资源与环境学院 专 业 资源环境与城乡规划管理

姓 名 张 忠 慧 学 号 2 0 1 0 0 0 7 1 3 指导教师 张璐、张俊华 完成时间

1

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

独立完成与诚信声明

本人郑重声明：所提交的毕业设计是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立工作所取得的成果并撰写完成的，郑重确认没有剽窃、抄袭等违反学术道德、学术规范的侵权行为。文中除已经标注引用的内容外，不包含其他人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

毕业设计作者签名： 指导导师签名：

签字日期： 签字日期：

2

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

毕业设计（论文）版权使用授权书

本人完全了解华北水利水电大学有关保管、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定。特授权华北水利水电大学可以将毕业设计（论文）的全部或部分内容公开和编入有关数据库提供检索，并采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段复制、保存、汇编以供查阅和借阅。同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交毕业设计（论文）原件或复印件和电子文档（涉密的成果在解密后应遵守此规定）。

毕业设计（论文）作者签名： 导师签名：

签字日期： 签字日期：

3

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

目 录

目录

中文摘要 ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 第1章绪论 ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1小区绿化建设的意义 ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 国内外小区绿化的发展 ................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.1 国外小区绿化的发展 ................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.2 国内小区绿化的发展 ................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 居住区绿地规划应以人为本 ......................................................................................................... 9 1.4设计依据 .......................................................................................................................................... 9 第2章小区规划的主导思想及原则 ........................................................................................................... 10

2.1 主导思想 ....................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2小区规划的原则 ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1生态原则 .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2经济原则 .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3文化艺术原则 ............................................................................................................................ 12 第3章总体规划设计 ................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1概况 ................................................................................................................................................ 13 3.1.1 区位概况 ................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 基址概况 ................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2居住区规划的主要标准 ................................................................................................................ 14 3.2.1居住区规划的任务与编制 ........................................................................................................ 14 3.2.2居住区规划设计的基本原则 .................................................................................................... 15 3.3居住区规划设计的基本要求 ........................................................................................................ 15 3.3.1使用要求 .................................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.2卫生要求 .................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.3安全要求 .................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.4经济要求 .................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.5美观要求 .................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.6地方性 ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.3.7时代性 ........................................................................................................................................ 17 第4章.规划构图及功能分析 ..................................................................................................................... 18

4.1主题表达 ........................................................................................................................................ 18 4.2设计理念 ........................................................................................................................................ 18 4.3 路网、管线及消防设施 ............................................................................................................... 18 4.3.1路网 ............................................................................................................................................ 18 4.3.2管线 ............................................................................................................................................ 18 4.3.3 消防设计 ................................................................................................................................... 19 4.4.总平面布局 ................................................................................................................................... 19 4.5.道路 ............................................................................................................................................... 19

4

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

4.6功能分区 ........................................................................................................................................ 20 4.7建筑 ................................................................................................................................................ 20 4.8绿化及基础设施规划 .................................................................................................................... 21 4.8.1 绿化的基本原则 ....................................................................................................................... 21 4.8.2 绿划 ........................................................................................................................................... 22 4.8.3基础设施建设 ............................................................................................................................ 22 第5章小结 ................................................................................................................................................... 23 致 谢 ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 附 录 ......................................................................................................................................................... 25

Urban Green Spaces and an Integrative Approach ................................................................................ 25 to Sustainable Environment................................................................................................................... 25 城市绿地和永续环境的综合方法 ....................................................................................................... 35 总体经济技术指标 ............................................................................................................................... 38

主要技术经济指标内容（列表） ............................................................................................... 38 建筑相关指标计算（参考） ............................................................................................................... 38 毕业设计任务书 ................................................................................................................................... 39 华北水利水电大学本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告 ................................................................... 40

中文摘要

随着时代的进步、经济的发展，人们越来越注重自身的生活环境,所以环境的质量决定着小区的品质，所以小区规划一定要重视绿化的质量。为满足居民需求营造一个舒

5

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

小区规模的大小、小区公共设施的布置方式；根据当地的气候环境合理的规划绿地、室外活动、休息场地、居住区的内外交通等。创造一个生活方便的居住环境。

3.3.2卫生要求

为居民创造一个卫生、安静的居住环境。要求居住区有良好的日照、通风等条件，以及防止噪声的干扰和空气的污染等。

3.3.3安全要求

无论何时人民的生命财产是第一位的，所以小区的规划一定要做好火灾、室盗、地震等安全措施。确保居民在以上状况情况下，生活能有条不紊地进行。因此，必须对各种可能产生的灾害，进行分析，并按照有关规定，对建筑的防火、防震构造、安全间距、安全疏散通道与场地、等做出必要的安排，是居住区规划能有利于防止灾害的发生或减少其危害程度。

3.3.4经济要求

居住区的规划与建设应与国民经济发展的水平、居民的生活水平相适应。也就是说，确定住宅的标准、公共建筑的规模、项目等均需考虑当时当地的建设投资及居民的经济状况。降低居住区建筑的造价和节约城市用地是居住区规划设计的一个重要任务。居住区规划的经济合理性主要通过对居住区的各项技术经济指标和综合造价等方面的分析来表述。为了满足居住区规划和建设的经济要求，除了用一定的指标数据进行控制外，还必须善于运用各种规划布局手法，为居住区修建的经济性创造条件。

3.3.5美观要求

在满足安全使用经济等条件后，小区基本达到要求，但在当今社会，人们不仅仅满足与这些，大家更希望居住在一个美丽漂亮的地方，爱美之心，人皆有之吗，所以美观要求也是不可少的。一个优美的居住环境的形成不仅取决于住宅和公共服务设施的设计，更重要的取决于建筑群体的组合，建筑群体与环境的结合。现代居民区的规划与建设，由于建筑工业化的发展，已完全改变了从前那种把住宅孤立地作为单个的建筑来进行设计和建设的传统观念，而是把居住区作为一个有机的整体进行规划设计。城市的居

16

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

住区应反映出生动活泼、欣欣向荣的面貌，具有明朗、大方、整洁、优美的居住环境，既要有地方特色，又要体现时代精神。

3.3.6地方性

一方水土养一方人，这句话形象的写出了小区规划地方性所谓地方性，就是反映当地的气候、地理条件、居民的生活习惯、建筑材料和历史文脉等因素。这些因素有些是变化不大的，而有些如生活习惯、建筑材料等是在不断变化的。地方性还涉及对传统的继承和发展问题，应该承认，一成不变的传统是没有生命力的，正如我国其他的传统文化艺术那样，既要继承，又要创新，因此在研究地方性时必须强调时代性。

3.3.7时代性

随着时代的发展，人们的观念也在改变，现在的人们要求的更多是绿色和环保，所

以在小区的规划设计中要充分考虑小区的绿化与环保。，使整个小区建筑和居民对自然界的阳光、水、绿化等具备更强的亲和力。利用绿景造成的小区生活环境可防噪声、灰尘及其他污染，远离噪声和污染，营造健康安居小区，为居民提供优美健康清新的生活环境。

17

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

第4章.规划构图及功能分析

4.1主题表达

该小区的规划设计，不仅满足了现代生态学、美学和场所的精神特征的理想生活家园，还探索住宅空间环境与景观意境相结合的表达方式，使之不仅满足居民对高品质生活的向往，更为住户提供广阔的沟通平台和人性化空间。在该规划设计中主要考虑“人与自然”之间的和谐关系，坚持以人为本的设计理念。从\以人为本\出发，建筑与环境并重，营造一个优美典雅的居住环境。继承传统文化中的“天人合一”的建筑规划理念，并且尽可能的解决和完善了人们观赏、娱乐、休闲、集会、居住、健康、工作、交流等之间的关系，从而达到“人与自然和谐统一”这一永恒的主题，给人一种美好精神家园的感觉。

4.2设计理念

以创造21世纪全新概念的“绿色生态小区”为目标，将小区作为一个由同质人群、绿色环境和建筑组成的生存共同体，既有机结合，共生共荣，具有协调性和同质性，多样性和选择性，以此规划构筑小区的空间结构和建筑布局。景观总体布置不仅考虑了本

区建筑形式，还考虑了室外空间的标志性，具有鲜明景观个性和环境协调性的高度统一。

4.3 路网、管线及消防设施

4.3.1路网

考虑到该小区人口较少，地方不大，因此在小区规划中共建设了两个主出入口，由于居住区与活动区之间有一定的距离，所以采用草丛小道通向活动区，并且这样是整个绿地区更加的富有层次。而且设计为曲线形和直线形相融合的内部路网，使沿路景观更加鲜明和协调。

4.3.2管线

通过实地去观察地形和地貌可以得知：该地块自然地形相对平整，北面较高南面较低，最大高差约0.5m，有较好的坡向和坡度，有利于雨水排除。因此，为了更加方便、快捷、经济的排水，在管网的布局中根据原有的地形顺势布置水管网，采用分流制的排

18

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

水形式，排水管分为干排水管与支排水管,干排水管管径较大为600mm支管道为400mm，为方便检修检查井的距离为15m。给水管网则是以树状为主的形式，一方面满足了有足够水压、水量；另一方面满足了方便管网的检修要求。由于小区旁就有一个变电所，所以小区内并没设置变电箱

4.3.3 消防设计

用整个小区规划的内部道路网，在各区域内形成顺畅的消防环线，均留有足够的消防场地。在主次干道的一侧毎隔120米设立室外消火栓以保证消火栓的保护半径不超过150米。

4.4.总平面布局

在本规划设计中采用轴线式布局，住宅分布在中心公路两侧，小区工设计两个正式出入口，在小区中有一些人行出入口，方便小区居民的进出，小区在居住区规划有停车位、花圃、草地、长廊等基础服务设施，以方便小区居民，在居住区的旁边就是休闲区与运动区，让人们在闲暇之余可以在凉亭下聊天，在体育中心运动，在整个小区规划中，大大的重视了绿化覆盖率，是绿化率达到40%以上，达到人与自然的和谐。

4.5.道路

规划区内道路分为四类： 周边道路红线宽度15m；

小区内道路（主干道）红线宽度15m； 小区内道路（次干道）红线宽度10； 小区内道路（宅前道）红线宽度6m； 小区内人行道红线宽度2m

居住区内部道路是城市道路的末梢，也是居住区的骨架。它的作用不仅具有组织交通与行人交通的功能，也具有保持居住环境、避免穿越式交通，提供居民交往、休闲的功能。此外，居住区道路还是市政管线敷设的通道。近十年来，随着私家车进入百姓家庭，小区内汽车的通行和停放已经成为居民日趋关注的焦点，为保证居住区环境质量，对居住区道路交通的规划设计也提出了更高的要求。所以在此规划地块四周均是道路，为了贯彻人性化的设计思想，从交通、消防等多个方面精心考虑，主要道路系统与建筑密切配合，明晰了然，将各大分区通达顺畅地紧密联系在一起，体现了良好的疏通性和

19

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

引导性。次要道路系统与小区内景观互相映托，形式多样，以沿营造一个舒适，和谐的环境。

小区主干路在内部形成了网状线路网，向外连接城市道路，组团级支路均开口于曲线路。小区设南、北四个出入口，主入口位于南。在每个居民住宅前都有一定数量的室外停车位，给居民带来一定的便捷。小区道路为直线路和曲线路的结合，相应的组团路与宅间小路设计为多种样式，或与小区路相呼应或与之形成对比，尽可能地形成韵律感，增加节奏感。

4.6功能分区

本居住区的规划用地以居住用地为主，占地面积约为84435平方米。主要分为四个功能分区分别为：居住、休闲区、运动区、公共服务区。用地布局的分布主要为：住宅用地沿周边及小区主干道分布。小区道路主要用于满足区内的交通和消防的需要，而公建用地，主要包括休闲中心、教育设施及其他商业服务设施用地等。

住 宅 ——共有57座住宅楼；

住宅以小区路为分界，充分满足日照间距、通风需要，住宅多结合地形布置，与环境有机结合。南北朝向，更有利于满足居民日照需求。

休闲区——主要包含绿地、凉亭、湖泊。

休闲区主要集中在小区西部，环境优美，景色宜人。与绿地花坛相结合，能够充分满足人们娱乐休闲。

运动区——文体中心

运动区为一个独立的运动馆，能够满足小区人民们平时的运动锻炼。

公共服务区——主要有幼儿园、超市、居委会，社区医院等组成

将小区分为各个不同的功能分区，是整个小区看起来层次分明，并且各个分区相互联系组成一个互相联系、布局合理的有机整体。

4.7建筑

内部设有幼儿园、体育中心等公共建筑，它们依照自己的职能分布在各个区域。为满足其日照间距和通风的需要，并根据地形和总体构图的需要，住宅基本为南北向布置，沿小区主道路多为单独的建筑，提高居住区的整体环境和经济效益。建筑布置虽以平行

20

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

1.Introduction

Urban green spaces as an important contributor can be a significant part of sustainable development. Developments of urban green spaces need to consider interdisciplinary and integrative approaches such a economic, political, social, cultural, management and planning aspects to improve existing urban green spaces’ facilities and services, and to optimize urban green space policies. 2.1. Environmental Benefits 2.1.1. Ecological Benefits

Urban green spaces supply to cities with ecosystem services ranging from maintenance of biodiversity to the regulation of urban climate. Comparing with rural areas,differences in solar input, rainfall pattern and temperature are usual in urban areas. Solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity vary significantly due to the built environment in cities . Urban heat island effect is caused by the large areas of heat absorbing surfaces, in combination of high energy use in cities. Urban heat island effect can increase urban temperatures by 5?C . Therefore, adequate forest plantation, vegetation around urban dweller’s house, management of water bodies by authorities can help to mitigate the situation.

2.1.2. Pollution Control

Pollution in cities as a form of pollutants includes chemicals, particulate matter and biological materials, which occur in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets or gases. Air and noise pollution is common phenomenon in

26

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

urban areas. The presence of many motor vehicles in urban areas produces noise and air pollutants such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Emissions from factories such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are very toxic to both human beings and environment. The most affected by such detrimental contaminants are children, the elderly and people with respiratory problems .Urban greening can reduce air pollutants directly when dust and smoke particles are trapped by vegetation. Research has shown that in average, 85% of air pollution in a park can be filtered .

Noise pollution from traffic and other sources can bestressful and creates health problems for people in urban areas. The overall costs of noise have been estimated to be in the range of 0.2% - 2% of European Union gross domestic product . Urban green spaces in over crowded cities can largely reduce the levels of noise depending on their quantity, quality and the distance from the source of noise pollution. In the contemporary studies on urban green spaces consider the complex urban ecosystem, conservation of the urban green spaces to maintain natural ecological network for environmental sustainability in cities. For the cities in fast urbanizing and growing economy, country like China should consider the dynamic form of urban expanding to manage effective urban green spaces which will contribute to reduce the overall CO2 by maintaining or even increasing the ability of CO2 absorption via natural eco-system . 3. Challenges toward Management of Urban Green Spaces 3.1. Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors

27

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

High urbanization and the high pace of social and economic development in Asia resulting from the increase of population in cities, lack of infrastructure, congested traffic, environmental degradation and a housing shortage are major issues faced by cities in Asia in their sustainable development . According to population experts, 62 percent of the world’ population will live in urban areas by the year 2020, while the Asia-Pacific Region will contain about 49 per cent of that urban population and will have contained a level of urbanization of 55 per cent . But it is also need to mention that growth of population has been slowed down in Asia-Pacific region.

The great threat to health and safety in cities comes from water and air pollution. Especially those who are poor and do not have adequate ventilation systems, air pollution is hazardous for them women and children because they expose regularly and waterborne diseases are found most commonly in low-income groups because of inadequate sanitation, drainage and solid waste collection services . Another most important challenge facing in Asia region due to over urbanization is the conversion of agricultural land and forest for urban uses and the development of infrastructure in urban areas. As a result, widespread removal of vegetation to support urban ecosystem, ground water overdraft and put additional pressure on nearby areas may be even more ecologically sensitive and may even increase the higher frequency of flooding in urban areas .

Cities cover 2% of land space worldwide but consume 75% of the

28

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

resources . Exposing city dwellers to local biodiversity can also trigger interest in environmental issues, especially since people’s first encounter with the environment is often in one’s home city or town rather than in distant places . The lack of established and zoned green space is a factor of urban sprawl as people move to the edge of a city to be closer to the rural setting that feels like a healthier environment . To meet socio-economic, environmental, psychological needs of urban dwellers, there should develop some criterion based on the attitudes of perceived user to shape adequate uses of land and provide facilities within urban green spaces in cities . Planning authorities were advised to adopt a strategic approach and plan positively for providing green spaces. This was to provide strong protection for existing ones, resist new development op-portunities which might diminish recreational provision, ensure accessibility, and to provide good quality green spaces and recreational facilities . 3.2. Quantitative Aspects of Urban Green Spaces

Understanding relationship between the urban population and the amount of green spaces is particularly important in evaluating their functionality, and of course future planning for their provision. Commonly used terms to refer to the quantity of green spaces are green space ratio, green space coverage and green space area per capita . It is very difficult to measure the appropriate amount of required land and allocation of land and calculate distance from residential area and especially to implement the measurement on building up urban green spaces with proper services in the highly populated countries. Table 1 shows the

29

华北水利水电大学毕业设计

standards of minimum sizes of various types of green spaces in urban areas .

A study on 26 cities from 15 European countries considers four groups of the 26 cities, according to their population size, such as Metropolis, Big Cities, Medium-Sized Cities and Small Cities . To understand the availability of urban green spaces in Europe, the study conducts factor analysis by considering the factors“mixed land use” (such as residential areas, industrial areas, forest and agricultural areas); “man-made environment” (such as built-up area and urban green areas); and water . And the study finds that metropolis has a high score on man-made environment which includes built-up area and urban green . Considering the four groups of variables such as urban green areas, forests, agricultural areas and water, another factor analysis shows the two categories of cities included in the study“Natural Green Areas” (N) (such as forest and agricultural areas) and “Urban Green Areas” (U) ( such as urban green and water). Finally, the study concludes that the metropolis and the big cities have a high score on the urban green factor [2]. Because the cities are old, the cities have a high population density and the cities have a loss of natural areas and natural resources. In addition, medium-sized cities have a relatively high score on the natural green factor due to the availability of natural green areas .

However,

the study suggests investing more in urban green spaces in

metropolis cities and less invest in urban green spaces in medium-sized cities . But it is important to preserve the green areas either urban green or natural green. To confirm the conservation and to improve the better quality of urban green

30

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/4hag.html