英语单项知识的讲解与练习(107)

英语单项知识的讲解与练习（107）

531. custom的用法

custom习惯、风俗、习俗。 例句：

①The custom has now become a rule.那种习惯现已变为成规。 ②It is my custom to go for a walk before breakfast.早餐前出去散散步是我的习惯。

③Custom rules the law.[谚]风俗左右法律。

④The custom prevails over the whole area.这风俗存在于这整个地区。 ⑤Please enter a name for the custom controller.请输入自定义控制器的名称。

短语：It is the custom with/ of somebody to do something做某事是某人的习惯；abrogate a custom 废除一种风俗习惯；become a custom 成为习惯；break a custom 打破风俗习惯；collect customs 收缴关税；destroy a custom 破坏惯例；develop a custom 发扬一种风俗；establish a custom 养成一种习惯；follow a custom 遵守一种风俗；

用法：①custom的基本意思是“风俗,习惯,惯例”,指一个团体或社会长期以来形成的传统,也可指个人的习惯,有单复数形式,用于泛指时多用单数; 表示某种习俗时可加不定冠词a,指各种风俗习惯时也可用复数。

②custom还可作“光顾”“顾客”解。作“光顾”解时指去某商店购物的行为; 作“顾客”解时,指“顾客群”而不指具体某人,不可数,无复数形式。

③custom作“海关,关税”解时,是复数名词,用作主语修饰另一个名词时仍需使用其复数形式。

比较：custom指国家、民族或群体的社会风俗和习惯；habit指人或动物的个体习惯。 练习：

①It’s the ___ in the country to go out and pick flowers on the first day of spring.

A. use B. habit C. custom D. normal

②He had much trouble with the ___, as he wanted to escape paying the ___.

A. custom; custom B. customs; customs C. custom; customs D. customs; custom ③People generally think that smoking is a bad ___. A. custom B. habit C. behavior D. act ④It was her ___ to go out for a walk after supper. A. custom B. duty C. habit D. responsibility

532. damage的用法

damage毁坏、损害。 例句：

①The damage to the painting is the work of vandals.毁坏这幅画的事是恣意破坏公物的人干的。

②Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.他们尽管了解这一切,还是让我赔偿损失。

③Drinking and smoking can damage your health.饮酒和吸烟会损害你的健康。

④Be careful not to damage the priceless vase.当心别把那个贵重的花瓶打碎了。

短语：cause/ do damage to对……有损害；be badly damaged by 遭受严重损害；with damage 有损害；damage from 由…引起的损失；damage from a fire 因火灾而受到的损害；damage from a flood 因水灾而受到的损害；damage to car 汽车损坏；damage to house 房子损坏； 用法：①damage作“损坏,损失”解时,可指物质上的损害,也可指精神上的损害,是不可数名词,其前可加形容词表示程度。如：The typhoon caused much damage. 其复数形式多指物质上的损害，尤指赔偿损失等支付的费用。如：The court decided that the man be awarded 1000 dollar damages.

②damage偶尔也可用作不及物动词,这时主动形式具有被动意义,表示“受到损害; 被损害”,常用来表述自然物的特性。

③damage的过去分词damaged可用作形容词,在句中作定语。 ④damage不可用many修饰,只能用much, great, a lot of, a great deal of等修饰词。

比较： damage 指伤害人或物，使其失去价值、用途或外表，含有对价值或效果造成的损失。如：The crops were badly damaged by the

floods.

harm 指物质、精神或肉体上的损害，强调痛苦和损失的影响。如：The workers have their hearing harmed by the noise of the machines. injure无论是肉体、心灵上，还是价值、名誉的损失都可用。如：He injured an arm in a car accident.

ruin强调毁灭的彻底性，并且是一次性的行动。这种毁灭也许力量不是很大，但其严重性却使其不能修复,它强调的是毁坏的长期结果。 destroy指通过某种有力的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用，一般不能或很难修复，有时用于比喻意义。

damage则指对价值和功能的破坏，多用于无生命的东西，一般还可以修复。

destroy只能用作动词，而ruin和damage既能用作动词又能用作名词。 练习：

①His house was slightly ___ in this flood.

A. ruined B. destroyed C. damaged D. broken ②His selfishness and greediness at last brought him to ___. A. ruins B. ruin C. damage D. damages

③His bike was so badly ___ that it couldn’t be repaired at all. A. destroyed B. ruined C. damaged D. damaging ④What happened to the priceless works of art? ___. A. They were destroyed in the earthquake

B. The earthquake was destroying them C. They destroyed in the earthquake D. The earthquake destroyed them

⑤A traffic accident happened and a great many people were ___. A. destroyed B. injured C. harmed D. damaged

⑥An earthquake struck this area, ______ a lot of damage. A. making B. causing C. done D. caused

533. danger的用法

danger危险。反义词safe 例句：

①She was on the danger list, but is much better now.她曾一度病危，现在好多了。

②The operation is a success and now the patient is out of danger.手术成功了，病人现在已脱离危险。

③Violent criminals like that are dangers to society.那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。

④A gun could be regarded as a danger when it's in a criminal's hand.当枪在罪犯手里的时候就成为危险物品了。

⑤But there is a real danger facing this important ecosystem.但是这个重要的生态系统正面临着严重威胁。

短语：be in danger of 有……的危险； make a danger of认为……难

办；There is danger that we will be misunderstood我们有被误解的危险；There is danger of his seeing us/ in his seeing us我们很可能被他看见/他看见我们就会有危险；be dangerous to do something做某事有危险；out of danger 脱险；danger from disease 来自疾病的危险；danger of death 死亡的危险；danger to health 对健康有威胁；danger to society 对社会的危险；

用法：①泛指“危险”时, danger是不可数名词,指具体的“危险”或“危险物”“可能造成损伤、疼痛等的人”时,是可数名词。

②danger如有非谓语动词修饰时,后接“of+动名词”,不接动词不定式。 比较：in danger在危险中、处境危险，指某人（物）处于危险状态下； dangerous指某人（物、事）是“危险的”，即可给他人（物）造成或带来危险。 练习：

①It appeared that Tom was ___ losing his life, but luckily he was ___ in the end.

A. in the danger of; out of the danger B. in danger; out of danger C. in danger of; out of danger D. in danger of; out of the danger ②It’s better to keep a little for the night ___ need.

A. in danger of B. in face of C. in the way of D. in case of ③Thin ice! ___!

A. Danger B. A danger C. Dangers D. The danger ④Jack is now ___ danger. Let’s help him out.

A. at B. in C. out of D. with

534. exert 的用法

exert vt.尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力; v.发挥, 竭尽全力; 例句：

①He exerted all his influence to make them accept his plan.他用尽一切影响力使他们接受他的计划。

②He doesn't have to exert himself on my behalf.他不必为我费那么大力气。

③You have to exert more efforts if you want to catch up with your classmates.你要想赶上你的同学的话,就得多花些功夫。

④His teachings still exert a strong influence.他的教导仍在产生巨大影响。

短语：exert all strength 使尽全身力气；exert direct control of 对…直接加以控制；exert one's authority 行使职权；exert on〔upon〕 对…施加(影响、压力等)；

用法：①exert的宾语后接 on或 upon，表示“使……受到”。如： Architects exert a great influence on our daily life. ②exert后接反身代词表示“努力,尽力”。 练习：

①She can run 100 meters in 13 seconds without _____ herself. A. executing B. inserting C. exerting D. devoting

②We finally managed to ____ the committee’s approval of our plans. A. secure

B. arouse C. exert D. execute

③The most successful post-career athletes are those who can take the identity and fife skills the learned in sports and_____ them to another area of life.

A. apply B. utilize C. employ D. exert

④A parent may ____ his child to do his lessons by threatening to suspend his allowance.

A. compel B. promote C. exert D. impose

⑤Philosophers believe that desire, hatred and envy are “negative emotions”which___ the mind and lead it into a pursuit of power and possessions.

A. distort B. reinforceC. exert D. scramble

535. exhaust 的用法

exhaust vt.用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽;vi.排气;n.排气, 排气装置;adj.用不完的, 不会枯竭的; 例句：

①Caring for young children can exhaust you physically and mentally.照顾小孩子会使你身心疲惫。

②The expedition was forced to turn back when it exhausted its food supply.没有了食物,这个探险队不得不返航。

③The car needs a new exhaust.这辆车需要换一个新的排气管。 ④There are many sources of air pollution，for example, exhaust fumes.造成空气污染的因素有很多,例如废气。

短语：exhaust by 因…而疲惫；exhaust by running 跑得筋疲力尽；exhaust from 因…而疲惫；exhaust into 进入…；exhaust of 抽光；exhaust with toil 工作得精疲力竭；exhaust a tube of air 抽尽管中的空气；exhaust game 输掉比赛；exhaust money 用尽资金；exhaust one's bank account 把银行存款花光；exhaust one's patience 失去耐心；exhaust one's strength 用尽力气；

用法：①exhaust的宾语后接 of，表示“把……从……抽空”；宾语后接 from，表示“从……中抽空”。如： exhaust a tank of fuel oil/ exhaust the air from the jar；用反身代词作宾语或用被动结构，后接by或 with，表示“被……弄得筋疲力尽”。如： She exhausts herself with toil（劳累不堪）.

②exhaust在句中多用作及物动词,其后接名词或代词作宾语。 练习：

①In Britain people ____ four million tons of potatoes every year. A. consume B. swallow C. exhaust D. dispose ②Most people were no longer listening to his long ______ story. A. annoying B. boring C. tiring D. exhausting

③I felt _____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.

A. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bored

④They are trying to ____ the waste discharged by the factory for profit.

A. expose B. exhibit C. exhaust D. exploit

⑤As he has _____ our patience,we’ll not wait for him any longer. A. tornB. wastedC. exhaustedD. consumed

⑥After working for twenty hours without any rest, the doctors were _______.

A. exhausted B.mounted C.wrapped D.restored Keys: 531. CBBC 532. CBCABB 533. CDAB 534. CAAAA 535. ABDDCA

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