华中科技大学2011年招收博士研究生入学考试英语试题

华中科技大学2011年招收博士研究生入学考试试题

Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）

Directions：In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture 1 between the hosts and guests from far-off places, This can benefit the locals, since tourists bring culture 2 them.

Tourism may help to preserve indigenous customs. 3 traditional shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theaters and other kinds of nightlife are 4 supported by tourists. Such events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism 5 them.

On the other hand, tourism often contributes to the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are 6 as tourist attractions. This can be 7 the expense of their original function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would want to pray 8 curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands?

Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its 9 .Tensions which already exist between ancient and more modem ways may be deepened by tourists’ ignorance of 10 customs and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior 11 the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result maybe an inferior feeling which 12 helps the sense of identity which is so important to regional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when 13 with the comfortable hotel environment inhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well 14 resentment in Sierra Leone, where the local population can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tourists may 15 crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as “professional friends”—guides, companions or longer get wages that way so they 16 to petty stealing from the local populace, All this affects the local social life and culture 17 .Cultural erosion can also take place at more 18 levels. Greek villagers traditionally 19 themselves on their hospitality. They would 20 travelers for free, feeding them and listening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teacher’s monthly salary.

1. A. Conflict B.contact C. concern D.constraint 2. A. with B.to C. over D. by 3. A. like that B.if when C. as if D. as when 4. A. largely B.extremely C. positively D.totally 5. A. entertain B.retain C. maintain D.pertain

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6. A. considered B.taken C. treated D. made 7. A. for B. at C. in D. to 8. A. how B. that C. while D. when 9. A. sake B. wake C. sense D.cost 10. A. regional B. native C. territorial D. local 11. A. making B. allowing C. ignoring D. leaving 12. A. hardly B. seldom C.usually D. sometimes 13. A. compared B. contrasted C. related D. associated 14. A. generate B. produce C. make D. leave

15. A. increase B. enhance C. encourage D. ascend 16. A. go B. turn C. alter D. change

17. A. hostilely B. reciprocally C. conversely D. adversely 18. A. minor B. small C.subtle D. micro 19. A. prided B. famed C. sang D. claimed 20. A. put on B. put up C. put down D. put off Pare Ⅱ Reading comprehension (20×2=40％)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

Passage One

Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that have not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework.

The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore, The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness.

Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.

With the demand for global trade to go hand in hand with global responsibility,

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international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency in the operations of such compardes is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholders value” means that there is score to ensure that the investor－citizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves.

The task for those promoting free expression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advocates for such rights.

21. All of the following is not ture according to the first paragraph EXCEPT A. Globalization has been developing systematically for several decades

B. Protection of human rights hasn’t increased enough to be correspondent with the present situation

C. Democracy has been fully developed in the world

D. Many countries has constructed a democratic and constitutional framework 22. The underlined word “which” in the third paragraph refers to A. Human rights organizations B. The prevention of corruption

C. Sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption

D. Freedom of expression and access to official information 23. Multinational corporations have not to . A. recognize its social responsibility B. be responsible to their shareholders C. be transparent in operation

D. be responsible in other communities in the same area

24. Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true? A. They are becoming more and more influential.

B. Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country.

C. They are not so effective as the international political organization. D. WTO and IMF are included

25. What is not the purpose of writing this passage? A. To point out the negative effects of globalization. B. To point the power and influence of global actors.

C. To call the global actor’s awareness of human of rights. D. To harness new technologies to challenge examination. Passage Two

Patients tend to fell indignant and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term “psychogenic”

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to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the general cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of “conversion hysteria”.

Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill-popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.

Of all forms pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the “threshold” variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesn’t panic when they occur; he or she does sometimes about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.

26. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. A pain can only be caused by physical harm.

B. Some people are complaining of a pain which does not exist. C. A pain can be caused by psychogenic factors.

D. Educated people do not complain of nonexistent pain.

27. Some people suffering form a pain do not go to hospital because .

A. they are horrified to get the bad news B. they think no medicine is effective

C. They think the pain will disappear as soon as you forget it D. They are too busy

28. According to the passage, the proper way towards a pain is . A.Taking different medicines B.Visiting famous physicians C.Paying no attention to it D.None of the above

29. As soon as a person gets “threshold pains”, he should A. telephone the doctor immediately

B. first relieve the stress and tension which cause the pains C.wait to let the pains reach a certain point D. take pain-killer Passage Three

Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in

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the creation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-Victorian women’s writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless mind, but Line from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless mind，finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious structures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible.

The Female Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature, spoke of the “female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected women’s culture”.Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “the pools the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber”, inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to confront “sometimes about the body, about the passions”. Accessible to men and women alike, but representing female sexual morphology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear style of classification or distinction.

It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance , they avoided defining exactly what constituted their writing style , as any definition would then categorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under the linear patriarchal structure－its very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its identity . Some feminists and women writers could feel excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of female experience, which also bear close resemblance to essentialism. Men may try their hand at writing woman’s bodies , but according to the feminist critique , only a woman whose very biology gave her an edge could read these texts successfully－a position which, worst of all. Risked marginalization of women’s literature and theory. Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems. by agreeing that women’s literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism but rejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style , while simultaneously seeking to revise Freudian structures by emphasizing a Pre-Oedipal phase wherein the daughter’s bond to her mother inscribes the key factor in gender identity , Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads .Lastly and most promising in its achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-arching gender theory , which considers gender ,both male and female ,as a social construction built on biological differences . Gender theory proposes to explore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex /gender system, opening up the literary theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as a fundamental analytic category brings feminist criticism from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study of women.

30. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage? A. A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism B. Establishing New Feminist Concepts of Gender

C. The Precarious Feminist Compromise in Politics and Art D. A New Theory of Literary Criticism

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