1997-2012考研历年英语试题

1997-2012考研历年英语试题,部分答案有意删去,以便平时练习

1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I: Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) 1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, ________ could go penniless by next year. [A] the larger one

[B] the larger of which [C] the largest one

[D] the largest of which 2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. [A] combined

[B] having combined [C] combine

[D] being combined 3. Andrew, my father‘s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ________ to the family‘s disappointment. [A] much [B] more [C] too much [D] much more 4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ________ fully occupied the whole of last week. [A] were [B] had been [C] have been [D] was 5. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ________ near what‘s needed.

[A] everywhere [B] somewhere [C] nowhere [D] anywhere 6. The chief reason for the population growth isn‘t so much a rise in birth rates ________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. [A] and [B] as [C] but [D] or 7. [A] What little [B] So much [C] How much [D] So little 8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen. [A] for [B] on [C] to [D] in 9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. [A] adding

[B] to have added [C] to add [D] added

10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly ________. [A] noticed

[B] to be noticed [C] being noticed [D] to notice Part B Directions:

Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) Example:

A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.

Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, ―A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.‖ So you should choose [C].

11. Although Professor Green‘s lectures usually ran over [A] the fifty minute [B] period, but none [C] of his students even [D] objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.

12. When [A] Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off [B] all power [C] in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of [D] this great man.

13. They pointed out [A] the damage which [B] they supposed that [C] had been done by last night‘s [D] storm.

14. Because of [A] the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me

from swimming [B] in the river unless [C] someone agrees to watch [D] over us. 15. A great many [A] teachers firmly [B] believe that English is one of the poorest taught [C] subjects in high schools at present. [D]

16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound produced [A] ability, organizing [B] two sounds delivered [C] at a high rate as one call. [D]

17. I thought the technician was to blame [A] for the blowing [B] of the fuse, but I see now how [C] I was [D] mistaken.

18. For him to be re elected, [A] what is essential is not that his policy works, [B] but that [C] the public believe that it is. [D]

19. As far as [A] I am concerned, his politics are [B] rather conservative compared [C] with other politicians. [D]

20. I‘d say whenever you are going [A] after something that is belonging [B] to you, anyone who is depriving [C] you of the right to have it is criminal. [D] Part C Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Example:

The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway. [A] vanished [B] scattered [C] abandoned [D] rejected

The sentence should read, ―The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.‖ Therefore, you should choose [C].

21. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them ________. [A] off [B] aside [C] out [D] down

22. The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce. [A] in line with [B] in terms of [C] in regard with [D] by means of

23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what he promises. [A] faith [B] belief [C] credit [B] conf[C] distracting [D] amusing

25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will ________ down the economy. [A] put [B] settle [C] drag [D] knock

26. In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system. [A] independently [B] individually [C] irrespectively [D] irregularly

27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ________ in some form. [A] given off [B] put out [C] set off [D] used up

28. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________. [A] shrink [B] delay [C] disperse [D] sink

29. American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to ________ enterprises. [A] moveable [B] changing [C] flexible [D] varying

30. If you know what the trouble is, why don‘t you help them to ________ the situation? [A] simplify [B] modify [C] verify [D] rectify

31. I can‘t ________ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning. [A] figure out [B] draw out

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1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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[C] look out [D] work out

32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ________.

[A] disapproval [B] rejection [C] refusal [D] decline

33. From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call direct products. [A] derive [B] discern [C] diminish [D] displace

34. She had clearly no ________ of doing any work, although she was very well paid.

[A] tendency [B] ambition [C] intention [D] willingness

35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ a third time.

[A] clean and measurable [B] notable and systematic [C] pure and wholesome [D] clear and organic

36. The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones. [A] reasonable [B] ripe [C] ready [D] practical

37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.

[A] sensation [B] cause [C] purpose [D] motive

38. For the new country to survive, ________ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. [A] to name a few [B] let alone [C] not to speak [D] let‘s say

39. markets after 1985 f[A] displacement [B] elimination [C] exclusion [D] exception

40. When a number of people ________ together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands. [A] pad [B] pack [C] squeeze [D] cluster

Section II: Cloze Test Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)

Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world‘s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people __41__ into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day‘s work for a day‘s pay. One day at a time. __42__ industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive __43__ reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.

__44__ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This __45__ work force is the most important __46__ in American business today, and it is __47__ changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive __48__ avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens __49__ by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of __50__ that came from being a loyal employee. 41. [A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip

42. [A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since

43. [A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by

44. [A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only

[D] Provided that 45. [A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable 46. [A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend

47. [A] instantly [B] reversely

[C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently 48. [A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas

49. [A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined

50. [A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance

Section III: Reading Comprehension Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) Text 1

It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia‘s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group‘s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: ―We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn‘t just something that happened in Australia. It‘s world history.‖

The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right Australia -- where e community attitudes US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a ―cooling off‖ period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. ―I‘m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I‘d go, because I‘ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,‖ he says.

51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.

[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries [B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia

[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law [D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law‘s passage

52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.

[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia [B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries [C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes

[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________. [A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia [B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient [C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering [D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days

54. The author‘s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________. [A] opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference Text 2

A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.

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1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn‘t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. ―I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.‖ Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to ―translate‖ cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word ―friend,‖ the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor‘s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________. [A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

[B] small minded officials deserve a serious comment [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors [D] most Americans are ready to offer help

56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship [B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated [C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________. [A] to improve their hard life

[B] in view of their long distance travel

[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life [D] out of a charitable impulse

58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________. [A] tends to be superficial and artificial

[B] is generally well kept up in the United States Text 3

Technically, any falters fsome sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don‘t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase ―substance abuse‖ is often used instead of ―drug abuse‖ to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning ―mind-manifesting‖) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.

59. ―Substance abuse‖ (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to ―drug abuse‖ in that ________.

[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] ―drug abuse‖ is only related to a limited number of drug takers [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 60. The word ―pervasive‖ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________. [A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable

61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________. [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time [B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________. [A] stimulants function positively on the mind

[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups Text 4

No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. ―Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?‖ Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. ―You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?‖ At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It‘s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company‘s mountainous debt, which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company‘s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T‘s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. ―The test of any democratic society,‖ he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, ―lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won‘t retreat in the face of any threats.‖

Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month‘s stockholders‘ meeting, Levin asserted that ―music is not the cause of society‘s ills‖ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the ―balanced struggle‖ between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. ―Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,‖ says Luce. ―I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.‖

63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________. [A] its raising of the corporate stock price [B] its self-examination of soul

[C] its neglect of social responsibility reedom

f. ace of the debate. [D] Steve Ross is no longer alive

65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________. [A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression [B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy [C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection

[D] received more support from the 15-member board 66. The best title for this passage could be ________. [A] A Company under Fire [B] A Debate on Moral Decline

[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture [D] A Form of Creative Freedom Text 5

Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ―steering the economy to a soft landing‖ or ―a touch on the brakes,‖ makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America‘s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America‘s, have little productive slack. America‘s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

67. From the passage we learn that ________.

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1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates [B] economy will always follow certain models [C] the economic situation is better than expected

[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation

68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? [A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car [B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation [C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation [D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy

69. The sentence ―This is no flash in the pan‖ (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.

[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time [B] the inflation rate will soon rise [C] the inflation will disappear quickly [D] there is no inflation at present

70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation. [A] critical of [B] puzzled by [C] disappointed at [D] amazed at

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn‘t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says ―I don‘t like this contract‖?

The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no at all. This is a false fffof moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely ―logical.‖ In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others‘ interests against one‘s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind‘s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

71. ________ 72. ________ 73. ________ 74. ________ 75. ________ Section V: Writing Directions:

[A] Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120.

[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

[C] Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:

1. Interpret the following pictures.

2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reason.

1997年参考答案

Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) Part A (5 points) 1. [B] 2. [D] 3. [A] 4. [D] 5. [C] 6. [B] 7. [A] 8. [C] 9. [D] 10. [B] Part B (5 points)

11. [C] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [B] 15. [C] 16. [A] 17. [C] 18. [D] 19. [D] 20. [B] Part C (10 points)

21. [A] 22. [B] 23. [D] 24. [A] 25. [C] 26. [A] 27. [A] 28. [A] 29. [C] 30. [D] 31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [D] 36. [B] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [C] 40. [D] Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)

41. [A] 42. [C] 43. [D] 44. [A] 45. [B] 46. [D] 47. [C] 48. [B] 49. [A] 50. [D] Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)

51. [D] 52. [B] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [D] 56. [A] 57. [C] 58. [B] 59. [D] 60. [A] 61. [A] 62. [B] 63. [C] 64. [D] 65. [B] 66. [A] 67. [C] 68. [B] 69. [A] 70. [D] Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)

71. 事实并非如此, 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的, 而这种共同认识并不存在。

72. 有些哲学家论证说, 权利只存在在于社会契约中, 是责任与权益相交换的一部分。

73. 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端, 它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅, 要么完全冷漠无情。

74. 这类人持极端看法, 认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同, 对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

75. 这种反应并不错, 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用, 这种本能应得到鼓励, 而不应遭到嘲弄。 Section V: Writing (15 points) 76. 参考范文 例文一

We meet smokers everywhere: in the streets, on college campuses and in shops. There are 5.8 billion people in the world, and the smokers are about 1.1 billion, which makes up 20 percent of the world‘s total population.

Smoking is very harmful. I think there are two main aspects to the damage. First, smoking consumes a great deal of money. As is shown in the pictorial graph, smoking wastes 200 billion dollars each year in the world. Second, smoking does harm to the health of smokers, and it is the main cause of lung cancer. About 3 million people die because of the relevant diseases derived from smoking every year.

Because more and more people are aware of the great harm of smoking to humans, the amount of tobacco consumption is on the decrease. From the following figures we can clearly see the tendency. The total amount of world tobacco production added up to 14.364 billion pounds in 1994, but it dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. At the same time, many countries call on people to give up smoking. So it is certain that the number of smokers is to decrease. 例文二

About Tobacco Consumption

From the above set of pictures, we can see that there were a total of 14.364 billion pounds of tobacco produced in 1994 and 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. Because the amount of tobacco production is falling yearly, it can be predicted that the tendency of tobacco consumption would also be falling yearly. There are many reasons. Firstly, smoking wastes money. Every year there are two hundred billion dollars fany good it can cancer. Every million people ―buried‖ in Although is falling, there are too many people who smoke. The in the world is 5.8 billion, but about twenty percent of the population, that is to say 1.1 billion people, smoke. So the situation is serious and the movement against smoking is still a difficult task.

评语：上边两篇作文内容符合要求, 包括对各图的说明, 对趋势的预测及理由, 数字表达正确, 语言较好, 表达能力较强, 长度符合要求。得14分

1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I: Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example:

I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979. [A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since

The sentence should read, ―I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.‖ Therefore, you should choose [D]. 1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________ the last bus.

[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching

[D] having caught 2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally. [A] needn‘t dress up

[B] did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn‘t have dressed up 3. I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional. [A] offend

[B] had offended

[C] should have offended [D] might have offended 4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.

[A] to be told

[B] having been told

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[C] being told

[D] to have been told 5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ________ avoided. [A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been 6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests. [A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when 7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter ________ he does. [A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when 8. I‘ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________ twenty years ago. [A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with 9. He wasn‘t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members. [A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered

10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. [A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not

[D] Should it not be Part B Directions:

Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example:

A number of [A] fto the industrial Part [C] is ftaken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.‖ you should choose [C].

11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species‘[A] ability for surviving [B] are [C] naturally selected and passed on to succeeding [D] generations.

12. Neither rain nor snow keeps [A] the postman from delivering our letters which [B] we so much [C] look forward to receive [D].

13. If they will not accept [A] a check, we shall have [B] to pay the cash [C], though it would be [D] much trouble for both sides.

14. Having been [A] robbed off [B] economic importance, those states are not [C] likely to count for very much [D] in international political terms.

15. The message will be [A] that [B] neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their [C] uncontrollable practices [D].

16. The logic of scientific development is such [A] that separates [B] groups of men working on [C] the same problem in far-scattered [D] laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.

17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to [A] the European races, and [B] some may even have a [C] freshness and vitality that can renew the energies [D] of more advanced races.

18. The [A] more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than [B] ample destroying [C] every city in the world several times over [D].

19. The universe works in a way so far remove [A] from what common sense would [B] allow that [C] words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it [D].

20. The integration of independent states could best be [A] brought about by first [B] creating a central organization with authorities [C] over technical [D] economic tasks. Part C Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Example:

The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway. [A] vanished [B] scattered [C] abandoned [D] rejected

The sentence should read, ―The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.‖ Therefore, you should choose [C].

21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use for over ten years. [A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating

22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ________ of him. [A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight

23. I don‘t think it‘s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him. [A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off

24. The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid. [A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term

25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts. [A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity

26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ________ her long effort. [A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify

27. I‘m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ________ my debt in return for certain services. [A] take away [B] cut out [C] write off [D] clear up

28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ________. [A] explosion to his new post [A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares

30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied. [A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension

31. Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them. [A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit

32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ________ every business operation in the whole country. [A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably

33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress. [A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to

34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________ at the end of this month. [A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease

35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________ letters from their families. [A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive

36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.

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[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive

37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ________. [A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable

38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ________ according to the weather. [A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified

39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ________ their prospect of promotion. [A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce

40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites. [A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amounts

Section II: Cloze Test Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man. But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population. __45__ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a __46__ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

This view, __47__, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists __48__ history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty, and that industrialization did not worsen and 41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted 42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal

43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate 44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross

[D] magnitude 45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By

46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely 47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover 48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for

49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated 50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked

Section III: Reading Comprehension Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) Text 1

Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind‘s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn‘t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt‘s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey‘s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.

Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don‘t need a dam to be saved. 51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________. [A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted [C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things [D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

52. In paragraph 5, ―the powerless‖ probably refers to ________. [A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations [C] poor countries around India

[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area 53. What is the myth concerning giant dams? [A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country. [C] They strengthen international ties.

[C] ―

[D] ―He who laughs last laughs best‖ Text 2

Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a ―disjunction‖ between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.

Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much ―re-engineering‖ has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO‘s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- ―the worst sort of ambulance cashing.‖

55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________. [A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point

[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery

56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________. [A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen‘s anticipation

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[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy

57. The author raises the question ―what about pain without gain?‖ because ________.

[A] he questions the truth of ―no gain without pain‖ [B] he does not think the productivity revolution works [C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading

[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses

58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? [A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.

[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity. [C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability. [D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings. Text 3

Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo‘s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake‘s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked ―antiscience‖ in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ―The Flight from Science and Reason,‖ held in New York City in 1995, and ―Science in the Age of (Mis) information,‖ which assembled last June near Buffalo.

Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science‘s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a of environmental studies, are those the global depletion ofIndeed, some epithet is in of meaningless. ―The difthings,‖ notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his Science and Anti-Science. ―They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.‖

59. The word ―schism‖ (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.

[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] separation [D] contempt

60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________. [A] discuss the cause of the decline of science‘s power [B] show the author‘s sympathy with scientists [C] explain the way in which science develops

[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities

61. Which of the following is true according to the passage? [A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay. [B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience. [C] The ―more enlightened‖ tend to tag others as antiscience. [D] Tagging environmentalists as ―antiscience‖ is justifiable.

62. The author‘s attitude toward the issue of ―science vs. antiscience‖ is ________. [A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzling Text 4

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America‘s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation‘s head counting.

Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.

Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C. dropping out of the top 10.

Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census

officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday‘s ―baby boom‖ generation reached its child bearing years.

Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances -- ■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population. ■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.

The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.

Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.

In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

As a result, California‘s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s‘ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.

[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history [B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population

[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth

[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II

64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.

[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution

[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants [C] it reveals the Americans‘ new pursuit of spacious living [D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday‘s ―baby boom‖ 65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.

[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US

[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West [C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration [D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population

66. The word ―demographers‖ (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.

[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states

more isolated volcanic activity geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world‘s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth‘s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.

The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

67. The author believes that ________.

[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth‘s interior [B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true [C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions [D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart

68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.

[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions [B] they have been found to share certain geological features [C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years [D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe

69. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________. [A] the structure of the African plates [B] the revival of dead volcanoes

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[C] the mobility of the continents [D] the formation of new oceans

70. The passage is mainly about ________. [A] the features of volcanic activities

[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates [C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies [D] the process of the formation of volcanoes Section IV: English-Chinese Translation Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration‘s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy). 72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn‘t have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 71. ________ 72. ________ 73. ________ 74. ________ 75. ________ Section V: Writing Directions:

[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less 150 words.

[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) [C] Your essay should meet the requirements below: 1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2. Give your comments

注：图片上的文字是： 本母鸡承诺：

①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角 ②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清

1998年参考答案

Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) Part A (5 points) 1. [B] 2. [D] 3. [B] 4. [C] 5. [A] 6. [D] 7. [C] 8. [D] 9. [A] 10. [A] Part B (5 points)

11. [B] 12. [D] 13. [C] 14. [B] 15. [C] 16. [B] 17. [A] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [C] Part C (10 points)

21. [C] 22. [B] 23. [D] 24. [D] 25. [D] 26. [A] 27. [C] 28. [B] 29. [C] 30. [B] 31. [A] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [A] 35. [B] 36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [B] 40. [D] Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)

41. [A] 42. [B] 43. [D] 44. [A] 45. [D] 46. [D] 47. [A] 48. [B] 49. [C] 50. [D] Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)

51. [C] 52. [D] 53. [D] 54. [C] 55. [A] 56. [B] 57. [B] 58. [A] 59. [C] 60. [D] 61. [A] 62. [A] 63. [B] 64. [C] 65. [D] 66. [C] 67. [B] 68. [B] 69. [D] 70. [C] Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)

71. 更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

72. 巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。

73. 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

74. 假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

75. 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

Section V: Writing (15 points) 76. 参考范文

Recently, more and more people have seen varieties of promises either from TV, newspaper or from other media. As is shown in the cartoon, even a hen has learned how to promise. We all know that hen‘s duty is to lay eggs which should undoubtedly consist of most elementary part. But the hen promises what she should do!

(图画点题, 夹叙夹议)

With the development of the society and the improvement of people‘s living standard, more and more attention should be paid to the improvement of quality of service. Therefore, many enterprises and departments promise to better their services so as to meet the people‘s need better. They are also pleased to invite people to supervise what they have done and will do. But much to our surprise, some of them just say something that they should do. These promises are only laughed at by people. (解释配诗, 又有议论)

In my opinion, doing more is better than promising more, because people are willing to be served really. All we should lay more emphasis on what we do and how we can virtually improve the level of service. Only in this way can we make people satisfied with what we do. (发表自己的观点)

评语：内容切题, 包括图画的全部信息；清楚表达其内涵, 文字连贯；句式有变化, 句子结构和用词正确, 文章长度符合要求。本作文得13分

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I: Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) l. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue. [A] would be [B] to be [C] was [D] being 2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each 3. It‘s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world. [A] taking [B] to take [C] take [D] taken 4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications are being discovered almost daily. [A] from [B] by [C] in

[D] through 5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. [A] As [B] What [C] That [D] It 6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend ________ such short notice. [A] to [B] in [C] with [D] on 7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything else is expensive. [A] how [B] what [C] which [D] where 8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don‘t have small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together. [A] so well [B] too well [C] well as

[D] well enough 9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________ compliments to his political leaders. [A] paying [B] having paid [C] to pay

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[D] to have paid

10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media. [A] exist [B] exists [C] existing [D] to exist Part B Directions:

Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)

11. Your math instructor would have been [A] happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone [B] and explained [C] that your parents had been [D] ill at the time.

12. As the children become financially [A] independent of [B] the family, the emphasis on [C] family financial security will shift from protection to save [D] for the retirement years.

13. Were [A] the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could [B] dramatically transform a family-ran [C] enterprise that still gets 90% of its [D] revenues from newspapers.

14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range [A] of subjects from [B] over-fishing to physical and environment [C] factors that affect the populations [D] of different species.

15. Conversation calls for a [A] willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one [B] of listener [C], and it calls for occasional digestive pauses‘ by [D] both. 16. If two theories are equal to [A] their ability to account for [B] a body of data, the theory that does so [C] with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred [D].

17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring [A] the seven automakers selling [B] the most cars in the state making [C] 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free [D] by 1998.

18. As long as [A] poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with [B] richer people, who in general are lighter [C] skin [D], there‘s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.

19. All those left undone [A] may sound greatly [B] in theory, but even the trust believer [C] has great difficulty when [D] it comes to specifics.

20. Even if [A] automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on [B] alternative fuels [C], the cars won‘t catch on in a big way when [D] drivers can fill them up at the gas station. Part C Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are f and [D]. Choose the best Mark answer ANSWER SHEET 1 letter in thea pencil. (10 points)

21. iresearch and further thinking about a particular topic. [A] stimulate [B] renovate [C] arouse [D] advocate

22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical ________. [A] obligations [B] regulations [C] observations [D] considerations

23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ the bread-winner‘s death. [A] at the cost of [B] on the verge of [C] as a result of [D] for the sake of

24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. [A] distribution [B] balance

[C] combination [D] assignment

25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. [A] plausible [B] patriotic [C] primitive [D] partial

26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there. [A] rare

[B] temporary [C] prevalent [D] segmental

27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ________ populated areas. [A] densely [B] intensely [C] abundantly [D] highly

28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later. [A] picking up [B] coping with [C] passing out [D] getting across

29. Tom‘s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market. [A] pull out [B] give up [C] draw in [D] back down

30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology. [A] interference [B] interruption [C] intervention [D] interaction

31. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860‘s to the mid-1880‘s. [A] branch [B] category [C] domain [D] scope

32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financial system will drag down the economy. [A] shallowness [B] shakiness [C] scantiness [D] stiffness

33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animal species.

[A] minimization [B] restriction [C] descent [D] decline

34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and convention center.

[A] conjunction [B] network [C] junction [D] link

35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself of every chance to improve my English. [A] assure y

a off a gas that [A] contracts [B] activates [C] maintains [D] prescribe

37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public. [A] conferred [B] granted [C] flung [D] submitted

38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was ________ from one new moon to the next. [A] measured [B] reckoned [C] judged [D] assessed

39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ________ to the issue at hand. [A] irrational [B] unreasonable [C] invalid [D] irrelevant

40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.

[A] persuaded [B] prompted [C] imposed [D] enlightened

Section II: Cloze Test Directions:

For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies __41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them __42__ and active. When the work is well done, a __43__ of accident-free operations is established __44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may __45__ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.

Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by __46__ rules or regulations. __47__ others depend on an emotional

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appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.

There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety __48__. The fewer the injury __49__, the better the workman‘s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at __50__ or at a loss. 41. [A] at [B] in [C] on [D] with

42. [A] alive [B] vivid [C] mobile [D] diverse

43. [A] regulation [B] climate

[C] circumstance [D] requirement 44. [A] where [B] how [C] what [D] unless

45. [A] alter [B] differ [C] shift

[D] distinguish

46. [A] constituting [B] aggravating [C] observing [D] justifying 47. [A] Some [B] Many [C] Even [D] Still

48. [A] comes off [B] turns up [C] pays off [D] holds up

49. [A] claims [B] reports

[C] declarations [D] proclamations

50. [A] an advantage [B] a benefit [C] an interest [D] a profit

Directions:

Each of the passages below is fare four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1

It‘s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers‘ misfortunes.

Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child‘s Batman cape cautions that the toy ―does not enable user to fly.‖

While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn‘t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn‘t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. ―We‘re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren‘t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,‖ says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete‘s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. ―Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,‖ says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? [A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. [B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. [C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.

[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. 52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________. [A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products

[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products [C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability

[D] feel obliged to view customers‘ safety as their first concern 53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________. [A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law [B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries [C] product labels would eventually be discarded

[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

54. The author‘s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________. [A] biased [B] indifferent [C] puzzling [D] objective Text 2

In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they‘re looking for.

Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. ―Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,‖ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company‘s private intranet.

Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to ―pull‖ customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to ―push‖ information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers‘ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company‘s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That‘s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.

But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and , and customers. And the continues fis a good sign for any in years from now ew companies took the online plunge.

55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________. [A] has been striving to expand its market [B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion [C] tried but in vain to control the market [D] has been booming for one year or so

56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.

[A] the technology is popular with many Web users

[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions [C] there is a radical change in strategy

[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners 57. In the view of Net purists, ________.

[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture [B] money making should be given priority to on the Web [C] the Web should be able to function as the television set

[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests 58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.

[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce [B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers [C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power Text 3

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students‘ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone‘s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

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There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.

59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.

[A] far-reaching

[B] dubiously oriented [C] self-contradictory [D] radically reformatory

60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________. [A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise

[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers

[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocates [D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries

61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author‘s country the European model of professional training is ________. [A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates [B] worth trying in various social sections [C] of little practical value

[D] attractive to every kind of professional

62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________. [A] included as an auxiliary course in school

[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications [C] mastered through a life-long course

[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise Text 4

When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry to clone humans, he ordered that federal fnot be used fan -- no had proposed to do panel of Princeton President to back to the White 90 with recommendations a on National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working fto put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.

NBAC will ask that Clinton‘s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be ―morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.‖ Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.

NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo‘s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still ―up in the air.‖ 63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________. [A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans [B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning

[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique [D] the White House has got the panel‘s recommendations on cloning 64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________. [A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law [B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control [C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning [D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being

65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.

[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning

[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research [C] an embryo‘s life will not be endangered in embryo research [D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law

66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. [A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely [B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time

[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC‘s appeal [D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled Text 5

Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn‘t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don‘t have unpredictable things, you don‘t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the ―scientific method‖ a substitute for imaginative thought. I‘ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said ―the data are still inconclusive.‖ ―We know that,‖ the men from the budget office have said, ―but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?‖ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the ―odd balls‖ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who ―work well with the team.‖ 67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________. [A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments [B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted [C] should write more concise reports for technical journals [D] should be confident about their research findings 69. It seems that some young scientists ________. [A] have a keen interest in prediction [B] often speculate on the future [C] think highly of creative thinking [D] stick to ―scientific method‖

70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________. [A] may not be as profitable as they are expected [B] can be measured in dollars and cents [C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern [D] are mostly underestimated by management Section IV: English-Chinese Translation Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian‘s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.

72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of ―tunnel method,‖ frequently fall victim to the ―technicist fallacy.‖ Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts

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of its technical implementation.

75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. Section V: Writing 76. Directions:

[A] Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words. [B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) [C] Your essay should cover these three points:

l. effect of the country‘s growing human population on its wildlife 2. possible reason for the effect

3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH

1999年参考答案

Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) Part A (5 points) 1. [D] 2. [B] 3. [A] 4. [C] 5. [A] 6. [D] 7. [B] 8. [D] 9. [C] 10. [A] Part B (5 points) 11. [D] were 12. [D] saving 13. [C] family-run 14. [C] environmental 15. [B] that 16. [A] in

17. [C] to make 18. [D] skinned 19. [B] great 20. [D] until Part C (10 points)

21. [A] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [A] 26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [B] 29. [D] 30. [C] 31. [C] 32. [B] 33. [D] 34. [C] 35. [C] 36. [B] 37. [A] 38. [B] 39. [D] 40. [B] Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)

41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [B] 46. [C] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [A] 50. [D] Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)

51. [B] 52. [C] 53. [A] 54. [D] 55. [A] 56. [C] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [B] 60. [D] 61. [C] 62. [A] 63. [B] 64. [C] 65. [D] 66. [A] 67. [A] 68. [B] 69. [D] 70. [A] Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)

71. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

72. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

73. 74. 具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

75. 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

Section V: Writing (15 points) 76. 参考范文

The two graphs tell us something about population growth and wildlife extinction in the U.S. From 1800, the American population has been growing all the time. In the 100 years from 1600 to 1700, the number of wildlife species remained almost stable, with the next 200 years witnessing a growing trend in wildlife extinction. It can be easily seen that the more the human beings, the fewer the animal species. There may be several reasons for this effect. First, as human population expands, more and more wild animals are hunted for food. Second, due to all kinds of pollution and the damage of ecosystem caused by man, some animals have nowhere to live. Third, some animals are of great medical value, they become the targets for making money.

It is time we took some measures to stop this disturbing trend. On one hand, government should pass some laws and regulations to prevent people from killing more wild animals and forbid further damage to our environment. On the other hand, we should cultivate the awareness that animals are our friends and their extinction poses a threat rather than brings benefits to us. Only when human beings live in harmony with all kinds of animals can we really build a beautiful and healthy world.

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I: Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example:

I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979. [A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since

The sentence should read, ―I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.‖ Therefore, you should choose [D] Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [■]

1. As I‘ll be away for at least a year, I‘d appreciate ________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. [A] hearing [B] to hear

[C] to be hearing [D] having heard 2. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ________ to find it locked. [A] just [B] only [C] hence [D] thus 3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent ________ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer. [A] to sunbathe

[B] to have sunbathed [C] having sunbathed [D] sunbathing 4. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled ________ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on 5. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading ―Boston‖. [A] which [B] where [C] when [D] that 6. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ________ out of the office. [A] went [B] gone [C] to go [D] would go 7. The roles expected ________ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. [A] of [B] on [C] to [D] with 8. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ________ you‘ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was [D] so 9. It wasn‘t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn‘t interested in the whole business. [A] rather [B] so [C] than [D] as

10. Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone ________ one. [A] getting [B] to get [C] gotten [D] get Part B Directions:

Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example:

A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.

Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, ―A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.‖ So you should choose [C]. Sample Answer [A] [B] [■] [D]

11. Having isolated [A] on a remote island, with [B] little work to occupy [C] them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits [D].

12. If the letter to be mailed [A] was placed [B] on the writing table an hour ago, it is [C] certain being [D] there now.

13. The ruling [A] party could even lose its [B] majority in the lower house of parliament, started [C] a period of prolonged struggling [D].

14. The mechanisms at [A] work are manifest [B] in the tendency for such physical activity to [C] utilize the potential [D] harmful constituents of the stress response.

15. In [A] the long run, however, this hurry to shed [B] full-time staff may be more [C] harmful to industry as it is to [D] the workforce.

16. See to it [A] that you include in [B] the examination paper whatever [C] questions they didn‘t know the answer [D] last time.

17. Most newspapers, while devoting [A] the major part of its [B] space to recent events, usually manage to find room [C] on the inside pages for articles on

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[D] some interesting topics.

18. One sign by which [A] you are making progress in an art [B] such as painting or photography is that [C] you begin to realize how much there is [D] to learn.

19. The ideal listener stays both inside and outside [A] the music at the moment it is played and enjoying [B] it almost as much as [C] the composer at the moment he composes [D].

20. Continued [A] exposure to stress has been linked to worsened [B] functioning of the immune system, leaving [C] a person more liable for [D] infection. Part C Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

Example:

The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway. [A] vanished [B] scattered [C] abandoned [D] rejected

The sentence should read, ―The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.‖ Therefore, you should choose [C]. Sample Answer [A] [B] [■][D]

21. He spoke so ________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments. [A] bluntly

[B] convincingly [C] emphatically [D] determinedly

22. France‘s ________ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations. [A] assumption [B] consumption [C] presumption [D] resumption

23. The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, ________ an outburst of interest. [A] flared [B] glittered [C] sparked [D] flashed

24. His efforts between ________. [A] came off [B] came on [C] came round [D] came down

25. The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ________ it in a profitable direction. [A] adapt [B] control [C] install [D] steer

26. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ________ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution. [A] secure [B] extend [C] defend [D] possess

27. It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be ________ at the manager‘s office. [A] declared [B] obtained [C] reclaimed [D] recognized

28. When I ________ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me. [A] woke up [B] took to [C] picked up [D] came to

29. The American society is ________ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.

[A] established on [B] affiliated to [C] originated from [D] incorporated with

30. I am not ________ with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live. [A] concerned [B] compatible [C] considerate [D] complied

31. At first, the ________ of color pictures over a long distance seemed

impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality. [A] transaction [B] transmission [C] transformation [D] transition

32. When the committee ________ to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical. [A] got down [B] set about [C] went off [D] came up

33. ________ to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests. [A] Orientation [B] Access [C] Procession [D] Voyage

34. Mr. Smith had an unusual ________: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher. [A] profession [B] occupation [C] position [D] career

35. The mayor is a woman with great ________ and therefore deserves our political and financial support. [A] intention [B] instinct [C] integrity [D] intensity

36. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ________ to everyone. [A] speculation [B] attribution [C] utilization [D] proposition

37. The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs ________ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds. [A] renders [B] reckons [C] regards [D] relates

38. To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be ________, and display interest in the job. [A] swift

[B] optional [C] additional [D] arbitrary

40. We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn‘t ________ to the traffic jam of the busy city. [A] aid [B] amount [C] add [D] attribute

Section II: Cloze Test Directions:

For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain __41__ consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family __42__ he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance __43__ the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to __44__ old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to __45__ the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation __46__ and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be __47__. He must either sell some of his property or __48__ extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low __49__ of interest, but loans of this kind are not __50__ obtainable. 41. [A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than 42. [A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since 43. [A] for [B] against [C] supplement [D] dispose

44. [A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose

45. [A] enhance

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[B] mix [C] feed [D] raise

46. [A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels

47. [A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained 48. [A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek

49. [A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio

50. [A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently

Section III: Reading Comprehension Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world‘s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker lefby South Korea‘s LG in cars sweeping into the machine-tool ropes. For a while it the making of America had invented of the going to be the next casualty.

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America‘s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ―American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,‖ according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard‘s Kennedy School of Government. ―It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,‖ says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as ―a golden age of business management in the United States.‖

51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________. [A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before

[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________. [A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises [C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions [D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 53. What can be inferred from the passage?

[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried. [B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. [D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________. [A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry

[C] improved business management [D] success in education Text 2

Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ―look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.‖ No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? [A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition. [C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.

56. What does the example of India illustrate?

[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. [B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.

[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. [D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________. [A] life has been improved by technological advance [B] the number of female babies has been declining

[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution [D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? [A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution When a in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.

This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.

Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: ―Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.‖

This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? 59. This passage is mainly ________. [A] a survey of new approaches to art [B] a review of Futurist poetry

[C] about merits of the Futurist movement [D] about laws and requirements of literature

60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________. [A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws

[C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles

61. Futurists claim that we must ________. [A] increase the production of literature [B] use poetry to relieve modern stress [C] develop new modes of expression [D] avoid using adjectives and verbs

62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________. [A] based on reasonable principles

[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people [C] indicative of basic change in human nature

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[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature Text 4

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don‘t know where they should go next.

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan‘s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ―Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,‖ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party‘s education committee. ―Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.‖ Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the ―Japanese morality of respect for parents.‖

But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ―In Japan,‖ says educator Yoko Muro, ―it‘s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.‖ With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan‘s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

63. In the Westerner‘s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________. [A] under aimless development [B] a positive example [C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline

64. According to the author, what may chiefly be for the moral decline of[A] Wo [D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values. 65. Which of the following is true according to the author?

[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. [B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. [D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that ________. [A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life [B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S. [C] the Japanese endure more than ever before [D] the Japanese appreciate their present life Text 5

If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- health, distinction, control over one‘s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition‘s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.

Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, ―Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.‖

The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on

the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________. [A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices [B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power [C] its goals are spiritual rather than material [D] it is shared by the rich and the famous

68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.

[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words [B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out

[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal [D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________. [A] they think of it as immoral

[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth

[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits [D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained ________. [A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically [C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spiritually

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of people ffor the social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. 2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I: Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example:

I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979. [A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since

The sentence should read, ―I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.‖ Therefore, you should choose [D]. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [■] 1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry. [A] bury

[B] am burying [C] buried

[D] would bury 2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. [A] to announce [B] announced [C] announcing

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[D] was announced 3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ________ wait instead of searching for it. [A] would rather [B] had to [C] cannot but [D] had best 4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed. [A] had [B] had had

[C] would have and [D] has had 5. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally. [A] being resigned [B] having resigned [C] going to resign [D] resign 6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. [A] became the children [B] become the children [C] had the children become [D] do the children become 7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. [A] everything except [B] anything but [C] no less than

[D] nothing more than 8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. ________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. [A] By [B] In [C] For [D] With 9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself. [A] as [B] which [C] that [D] what

10. [A] be [B] being [C] were [D] are Part B Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points) Example:

The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway. [A] vanished [B] scattered [C] abandoned [D] rejected

The sentence should read. ―The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.‖ There fore, you should choose [C]. Sample Answer [A] [B] [■][D]

11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong. [A] discard [B] discern [C] disperse [D] disregard

12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.

[A] coincidence [B] convention [C] certainty [D] complication

13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors. [A] cautiously [B] dutifully [C] faithfully [D] skillfully

14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals. [A] critical about [B] indignant at [C] indifferent to [D] subject to

15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing

good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ. [A] compelled [B] posed [C] pressed [D] tempted

16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________. [A] for long [B] in and out [C] once for all [D] by nature

17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style. [A] conflict

[B] confrontation [C] disturbance [D] disharmony

18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________. [A] thrived [B] swelled [C] prospered [D] flourished

19. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry. [A] overturn [B] overtake [C] offset [D] oppress

20. Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________. [A] firm [B] company [C] corporation [D] enterprise

21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as ________. [A] novel [B] remote [C] distant [D] foreign

22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale. [A] trifled with language so well [A] descend [B] decline [C] deteriorate [D] depress

24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. [A] conforming to [B] consistent with [C] predominant over [D] providing for

25. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. [A] contend [B] contest [C] rival [D] strive

26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals. [A] autonomy [B] dignity [C] monopoly [D] stability

27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms. [A] precisely [B] instantly [C] initially [D] exclusively

28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________, particularly in Western Europe. [A] obscure [B] obsolete [C] optional [D] overlapping

29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving. [A] spontaneous [B] hypothetical [C] intuitive [D] empirical

30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are

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flowing into more profitable net-based businesses. [A] at odds [B] in trouble [C] in vain [D] at stake

Section II: Cloze Test Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases __31__ the trial of Rosemary West.

In a significant __32__ of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a __33__ bill that will propose making payments to witnesses __34__ and will strictly control the amount of __35__ that can be given to a case __36__ a trial begins.

In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he __37__ with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not __38__ sufficient control.

__39__ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a __40__ of media protest when he said the __41__ of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges __42__ to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which __43__ the European Convention on Human Rights legally __44__ in Britain, laid down that everybody was __45__ to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.

“Press freedoms will be in safe hands __46__ our British judges,‖ he said.

Witness payments became an __47__ after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were __48__ to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised __49__ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to __50__ guilty verdicts. 31. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as

32. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening 33. [A] sketch [B] rough

[C] preliminary [D] draft

34. [A] illogical [B] illegal

[C] improbable [D] improper

35. [A] publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity 36. [A] since [B] if [C] before [D] as

37. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed

38. [A] present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate

39. [A] Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure 40. [A] storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash

41. [A] translation [B] interpretation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration 42. [A] better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than 43. [A] changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns

44. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining

45. [A] authorized [B] credited

[C] entitled [D] qualified 46. [A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by

47. [A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue

48. [A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told

49. [A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that

50. [A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee

Section III: Reading Comprehension Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ―amateur‖ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms ofA century and a half of research, but also a . Thus, in the own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. [A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry

52. We can infer from the passage that ________.

[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialization and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications

[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialization is ________. [A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation

[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies Text 2

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty

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years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we‘ve ever had.

Of course, the use of the Internet isn‘t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn‘t have the capital to do so. And that is why America‘s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain‘s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you‘re going to be. That doesn‘t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. 55. Digital divide is something ________. [A] getting worse because of the Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible for [C] the world must guard against [D] considered positive today

56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________. [A] offers economic potentials [B] can bring foreign funds

[C] can soon wipe out world poverty [D] connects people all over the world

57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.

[A] providing financial support overseas [B] preventing foreign capital‘s control [C] building industrial infrastructure [D] accepting f

58. [C] whether it adopts America‘s industrial pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign corporations Text 3

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day‘s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the ―standard templates‖ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they‘re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn‘t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 59. What is the passage mainly about? [A] needs of the readers all over the world

[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers [C] origins of the declining newspaper industry [D] aims of a journalism credibility project

60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________. [A] quite trustworthy

[B] somewhat contradictory [C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial

61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.

[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle [C] world outlook

[D] educational background

62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.

[A] failure to realize its real problem [B] tendency to hire annoying reporters [C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [D] prejudice in matters of race and gender Text 4

The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: ―Won‘t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?‖

There‘s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.

I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer‘s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world‘s wealth increases.

Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Y few weeks ago, the in banking industry. Who is last with the gigantic t production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of ―defending competition‖ on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? 63. What is the typical trend of businesses today? [A] to take in more foreign funds [B] to invest more abroad

[C] to combine and become bigger [D] to trade with more countries

64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.

[A] the greater customer demands [B] a surplus supply for the market [C] a growing productivity

[D] the increase of the world‘s wealth

65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.

[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers

[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs [C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous

[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition

66. Toward the new business wave, the writer‘s attitude can be said to be ________. [A] optimistic [B] objective [C] pessimistic [D] biased Text 5

When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming ―I wanted to spend more time with my family‖.

Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term ―downshifting‖ has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of ―having it all,‖ preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.

I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of ―juggling your life,‖ and making the alternative move into ―downshifting‖ brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office

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politics and the limitations of being a parent on ―quality time‖.

In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also known in America as ―voluntary simplicity‖ -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-‘90s equivalent of dropping out.

While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ‘80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ‘80s, downshifting in the mid-‘90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.

67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1? [A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.

[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job. [C] ―A lateral move‖ means stepping out of full-time employment. [D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family. 68. The writer‘s experiment shows that downshifting ________. [A] enables her to realize her dream

[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life

[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status [D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine

69. ―Juggling one‘s life‖ probably means living a life characterized by ________.

[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything [C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism

70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.

[A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man‘s adventurous spirit

[C] man‘s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situation

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on SHEET 2. (15 points)

In less than 30 will be a between the brain‘s computer will also f71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

According to BT‘s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.

73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. ―By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,‖ he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: ―It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.‖

Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (一)

National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002) Section I: Listening Comprehension Directions:

This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET

1.

Now look at Part A in your test booklet. Part A Directions:

For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you‘ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points) Welch‘s Personal Information Place of BirthPhiladelphia Year of Birth 1901

Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920 Major at University 1

Final Degree PhD

Year of Marriage 1928

Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2

Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3

Main Interest 4

Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5

Death (Age) 77 Part B Directions:

For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)

Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside the speaker‘s home? 6. ________

One reporter got to the speaker‘s apartment pretending to pay 7. ________

The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking 8. ________

Where is a correction to a false story usually placed? 9. ________

According to the speaker, the press will lost readers unless the editors and the news directors

10. ________ Part C Yof to each one, you questions it. listening, answer each [C] will have time to ou will hear each piece once only. (10 points)

Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children‘s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.

11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? [A] How much exercise they get every day. [B] What they are most worried about.

[C] How long their parents accompany them daily. [D] What entertainment they are interested in.

12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________. [A] get enough entertainment [B] have more activities [C] receive early education [D] have regular checkups

13. According to the report, children‘s bedrooms should ________. [A] be no place for play [B] be near a common area [C] have no TV sets

[D] have a computer for study

Questions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.

14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up? [A] Family debts. [B] Bank savings. [C] Monthly bills. [D] Spending habits.

15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?

[A] $190,000. [B] $330,000. [C] $500,000. [D] $1,000,000.

16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?

[A] Invest into a mutual fund. [B] Use the discount tickets. [C] Quit his eating-out habit.

[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.

Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.

17. Which word best describes the lawyer‘s prediction of the change in divorce rate? [A] Fall

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1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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[B] Rise [C] V-shape [D] Zigzag

18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage? [A] To embrace changes of thought.

[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.

[C] To return to the practice in the 60s and 70s. [D] To create stability in their lives.

19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago? [A] They feared the complicated procedures. [B] They wanted to go against the trend. [C] They were afraid of losing face. [D] they were willing to stay together.

20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have. [A] been shifted around the country. [B] had difficulty being promoted. [C] enjoyed a happier life.

[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.

You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.

THIS IS THE END OF SECTION I

DO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTION UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (二)

National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002) 考生注意事项 1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。 2. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题 (一) 、试题 (二) 。 3. 本试题为试题 (二)，共11页(5～15页)，含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝 (黑) 圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。 4. 考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题 (一)、试题 (二) 交给监考人员。 Section II: Use of English Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened __21__. As was discussed before, it was not __22__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic __23__, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the __24__ ofthe railway, and telegraph, the motion pictures the motor It is generally recognized, __29__, that the introduction of20th century, __30__ by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, __31__ its impact on the media was not immediately __32__. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became ―personal‖ too, as well as __33__, with display becoming sharper and storage __34__ increasing. They were thought of, like people, __35__ generations, with the distance between generations much __36__.

It was within the computer age that the term ―information society‖ began to be widely used to describe the __37__ within which we now live. The communications revolution has __38__ both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been __39__ view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. ―Benefits‖ have been weighed __40__ ―harmful‖ outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. 21. [A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later

22. [A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until

23. [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure

24. [A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form

25. [A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked 26. [A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off

27. [A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into

28. [A] concept

[B] dimension [C] effect

[D] perspective 29. [A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore

30. [A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized 31. [A] unless [B] since [C] lest

[D] although

32. [A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible

33. [A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental 34. [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty

35. [A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with 36. [A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller

37. [A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory

38. [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected

39. [A] competitive [B] upon [C] against [D] with

Section III: Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1

If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.

Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses‘ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. ―Who is that?‖ the new arrival asked St. Peter. ―Oh, that‘s God,‖ came the reply, ―but sometimes he thinks he‘s a doctor.‖

If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it‘ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman‘s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn‘t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it‘s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote ―If at first you don‘t succeed, give up‖ or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 41. To make your humor work, you should ________. [A] take advantage of different kinds of audience

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1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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[B] make fun of the disorganized people

[C] address different problems to different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners

42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.

[A] impolite to new arrivals

[B] very conscious of their godlike role [C] entitled to some privileges

[D] very busy even during lunch hours

43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________. [A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention

[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock

44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.

[A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible [C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible

45. The best title for the text may be ________. [A] Use Humor Effectively [B] Various Kinds of Humor [C] Add Humor to Speech

[D] Different Humor Strategies Text 2

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics -- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy -- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. ―While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specifi a robotics program at NASA, ―we can‘t a robot to

Indeed the quest for ihas produced Despite a spell of transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain‘s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented -- and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can‘t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don‘t know quite how we do it. 46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________. [A] the use of machines to produce science fiction

[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry [C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work [D] the elite‘s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

47. The word ―gizmos‖ (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________. [A] programs [B] experts [C] devices [D] creatures

48. According to the text, what is beyond man‘s ability now is to design a robot that can ________.

[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery [B] interact with human beings verbally [C] have a little common sense

[D] respond independently to a changing world

49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________. [A] make a few decisions for themselves

[B] deal with some errors with human intervention [C] improve factory environments [D] cultivate human creativity

50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________. [A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure [B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately

[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information [D] best used in a controlled environment Text 3

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies -- to which heavy industry has shifted -- have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.

One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist‘s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.

51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________. [A] global inflation [B] reduction in supply [C] fast growth in economy [D] Iraq‘s suspension of exports

52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________. [A] price of crude rises [B] commodity prices rise [C] consumption rises [D] oil taxes rise

53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________. [A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive

[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices [C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed f[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry 55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________. [A] optimistic [B] sensitive [C] gloomy [D] scared Text 4

The Supreme Court‘s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of ―double effect,‖ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients‘ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who ―until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.‖

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. ―It‘s like surgery,‖ he says. ―We don‘t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn‘t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you‘re a physician, you can risk your patient‘s suicide as long as you don‘t intend their suicide.‖

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

Just three weeks before the Court‘s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of ―ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying‖ as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

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