职称英语2010真题理工A历年真题 - 图文

2010年度全国职称英语等级考试试题理工类A级试题

第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1．I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues． A．boring B．long C．humorous D．original

2．I want to provide my boys with a decent education． A．special B．good C．private

D．general

3．Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment． A．doubt B．love C．surprise D．anger

4．The two banks have announced plans to merge next year． A．combine B．close

C．break D．sell

5．Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners． A．similar B．usual C．bad

D．polite

6．I can't put up with my neighbor's noise any longer，it's driving me mad． A．measure

B．generate C．tolerate D．reduce

7．Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone．

A．great B．equal C．moderate D．immediate

8．He was rather vague about the reasons why he never finished school． A．bad

B．unclear C．bright D．general

9. Steep stairs can present a particular hazard to older people. A. case B. picture C. danger D. evidence

10．He demolished my argument in minutes． A．accepted

B．disproved C．supported D．disputed

11．Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day． A．energetic B．regular C．free

D．physical

12．Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth． A．require B．attract C．encourage D．spend

13．He was kept in appalling conditions in prison． A．necessary B．critical C．normal

D．terrible

14．The project required ten years of diligent research． A．basic

B．scientific C．hardworking D．social

15．Our arrangements were thrown into complete turmoil． A．doubt

B．confusion C．relief

D．failure

第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power

Energy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality，

now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatt (兆

瓦)of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016．But some major challenges will have to be overcome if the technology is to be used widely． A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites，

which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth．

The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in geosynchronous(与地球同步的)orbit．Earth-based solar cells，by contrast，can only collect sun．Light during daytime and when skies are clear． But space-based solar power must grapple(努力克

服)with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space，says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette，

Indiana， \，it's a tough go．\

Cal Boerman，Solaren's director of energy services，

says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down．\ had to come up with a different，revolutionary design，

\．A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the system's weight，including using inflatable minors to focus sunlight on solar cells，so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy． But using minors introduces other challenges，including keeping the solar cells from overheating，

says Schwartz．\散

发)because you're now concentrating a lot of energy in one place，\．According to the company's patent，

Solaren's solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool．

Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work，it is not expecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy．Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years，

he points out．\，we're going to need all types of renewable energy sources，\．

16．Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

17．Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

18．Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

19．One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

20．Inflatable minors are used to reduce the space-based solar power system． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

21．Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy sources． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

22．Many countries will grant permission for the use of spaced-based solar power soon． A．Right B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：

(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题； (2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

Natural Gas

1 Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth's surface．It is a fossil fuel (矿物质燃料)，

meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago．The main component of natural gas is methane(甲烷)．

2 The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure(基础设

施)has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential，commercial and industrial customers worldwide．Today，natural gas service is available in all 50 states in the U．S．，

and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries. More than 65 million American homes use natural gas．In fact，

natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs，

costing one-third as much as electricity．In addition to heating homes，

much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manufacture a wide variety of products，from paint，to fibers for clothing，to plastics for healthcare，

computing and furnishings．Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electricity-generating power plants．

3 Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available．It emits less pollution than other fossil fuel sources．When natural gas is burned，it produces mostly carbon dioxide(二氧化

碳) and water vapor-the same substances emitted when humans exhale．Compared with some oth

er fossil fuels，

natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted(燃烧)， making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all.

4 The United States consumes about one-third of the world's natural gas output，

making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world．The U．S．Department of Energy's Energy Information Ad-ministration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025．

5 There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earth's surface．The largest reserves of natural gas can be found in Russia，West and North Africa and the Middle East．LNG(液化天然气)has been produced domestically and imported in the United States for more than four decades．Today，the leading importers of LNG are Japan，Korea，France and Spain． 23．Paragraph 2_________． 24．Paragraph 3________． 25．Paragraph 4_________. 26．Paragraph 5________．

A．Popularity and use of natural gas B．Natural gas reserves and supply C．Natural gas prices D．Clean fuel of choice

E．Disadvantages of natural gas F．Natural gas consumption

27．Natural gas is stored deep________．

28．Natural gas is recognized as the most economical energy source_________． 29．When manufacturing many products，people commonly use natural gas____________．

30．It is estimated that by 2025 that natural gas demand in the United States will increase_________．

A．over the past 50 years B．beneath the earth surface C．by more than 50 percent D．for more than four decades E．as a raw material

F．for home energy needs

第4部分：阅读理解(第3l～45题，每题3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个最佳选项。 第一篇

How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence

Researchers believe that our universe began with the Bit Bang(宇宙大爆

炸) about 13 billion years ago, and that soon after that event, matter began to form as small dust grains and gases. How the first stars formed from this dust and gas has been a burning question for years, but a state-of-art computer simulation now offers the most detailed picture yet of how these first stars in the universe came into existence.

The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today ,and the physics that governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler. Dr. Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the U.S. incorporated these conditions of the early universe, sometimes referred to as the “cosmic dark ages,” to simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness.

The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar (原恒星) – the early stage of a massive primordial (原始

的) star of our universe – and the researchers’ computer simulation sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process. The question of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explosions provided the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being.

According to their simulation, gravity acted on minute density variations in matter, gases, and the mysterious “dark matter” of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star __ a protostar with a mass of just one percent of our sun. The simulation reveals how pre-stellar (前恒星的) gases would have actually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar. Dr. Yoshida’s simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capable of synthesizing (合

成) heavy elements, not just in later generations of stars, but soon after the Big Bang.

Their simulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward the ambitious goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the mass and properties of these first stars of the universe. More powerful computers, more physical data, and an even larger range will be needed for further calculations and simulations, but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simulation to the point of nuclear reaction initiation – when a stellar (星球的) object becomes a true star. 31．According to the first two paragraphs，

compared with the universe of today, the early universe

A．got fewer stars shinning in it

B．was composed in a way similar to that of today C．started over 13 billion years ago D．was governed by simpler physics

32．What does the state-of-the-art computer simulation tell us about?

A．How “cosmic dark ages” came into existence. B．How the Bit Bang took place about 13 billion years ago. C．How the first stars came into being after the Big Bang．

D．How dust grains and gases were formed after the Big Bang．

33．The phrase “an astronomical object” in paragraph 2 refers to A．a protostar. B．dust and gas． C．the early universe． D．cosmic dark ages．

34．According to paragraph 4，which of the following is NOT true about a protostar?

A．It evolved from pre-stellar gases．

B．It had a mass of one percent of the sun．

C．It developed into a massive star during the Big Bang．

D．It was able to integrate heavy elements when evolving into a massive star． 35．According to the last paragraph，

all of the following are goals of the simulation project EXCEPT

A．to know more about the mass and properties of the first stars of the universe B．to simulate the process of how the early universe began

C．to apply the simulation to the study of nuclear reaction initiation D．to discover the truth about the formation of a protostar 第二篇

The Iceman

On a September day in 1991，

two Germans were climbing the mountain between Austria and Italy．High up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice．At that height (10，499 feet，or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，

but 1991 had been an especially warm year．The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface．

It was lying face downward．The skeleton(骨

架)was in perfect condition except a wound on the head．remains of some clothes．The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots．Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮)and a holder for arrows．

Who was the man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions．Some people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I，

since several soldiers had already been found in this area．A Swiss woman who believed it might be her father，

who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found．The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，maybe even a thousand years old．

With modem dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the iceman was about 5，300 years old．Born in about 3300 B．C．，

he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe．At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains．More recent evidence，however，

tells a different story．A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder．It left only a tiny hole in his skin，

but it caused internal damage and bleeding．He almost certainly died from this wound，

and not from the wound oil the back of his head．This means that he was probably in some kind of battle．It may have been part of a large war，

or he may have been fighting bandits．He may even have been a bandit himself． By studying his clothes and tools，

scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in．we may

never know the full story of how he died，

but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times．

36．The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because_________． A．he was lying on the ice

B．two Germans were climbing mountains C．the melted ice made him visible D．he was just on a mountain pass

37．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．The iceman was killed while working．

B．The iceman could have died from the wound in the head． C．The iceman lived a poor life．

D．The iceman was struck dead from behind．

38．All the following are assumptions once made about iceman EXCEPT_____________． A．he was a soldier in World War I B．he came from Italy

C．he was a Swiss woman's long-lost father D．He was born about a thousand years ago

39．The scientists made the deduction that the iceman_________． A．was hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead B．was probably in some kind of a battle C．had got a wound on the back of his head

D．has a tiny hole in his skin causing his death．

40．The word \． A．robbers B．soldiers C hunters D．shooters 第三篇

Scientists Make Sweet Discovering

Good news for chocoholics：

the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you， according to American researchers at the University of California．Chocolate contains substances called flavonoids （类黄酮） that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation．The researchers have discovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins in the body：these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy.

But who first discovered this wonderful way of keeping healthy? Thy Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans, in about 1500 BC, and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened cocoa hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe. The word chocolate comes from the Nahuatl word xocolati, which means “bitter water” In 1544，

a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift．Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal．The Spanish were the first to add sugar to their c

ocoa drink．In the 17 century, chocolate was becoming fashionable with the middle-classes, not only as a drink but also as a medicine.

By the middle of the century，solid chocolate was becoming familiar．In 1765，James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States，introducing chocolate to the average citizen．In 1896，in Switzerland，

Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate-making process and produced the first milk chocolate． Since then，

chocolate has grown enormously in popularity．One of the biggest chocolate-eating nations is Britain where the average man，women，and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year．In fact，chocolate is the number one comfort food and there are more chocoholics in Britain than anywhere else in the world．Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you，it should be eaten in small quantities -- and with no added milk． 41．Why is chocolate good for heart and circulation? A．It reduces pain and stress．

B．It contains substances called flavonoids． C．It releases endorphins in human body． D．It acts like aspirin to protect heart．

42．When cocoa was first introduced to Europe_________，it soon became fashionable． A．as a drink B．as a gift C．as food

D．as a medicine

43．What did James Bakers and John Hanan do about chocolate? A．They produce the first mild chocolate． B．They introduce chocolate to Europe． C．They add sugar to make chocolate bars．

D. They make chocolate accessible to average man．

44．Which is the following statement is not true according to the passage? A．Chocolate contains substances that make people feel happy． B．Chocolate is good for health if it is eaten with added milk． C．Eating chocolate occasionally contributes to a healthy diet． D．Chocolate is loved by millions of people worldwide． 45．What is the author's tone about eating chocolates? A．Ambiguous B．Negative C．Positive D．Humorous

第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

I Just Know How You Feel

Do you feel sad? Happy? Frustrated? Insouciant? Exonerated? Infuriated? Do you think that the w

th

ay you display these emotions is unique? Well，

think again．Even the expression of the most personal feelings Can be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the fist visual dictionary of the human heart．

Attempt to classify the human heart began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types – anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. ________(46)．Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin’s small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to worldwide. ___________(47)The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions．

The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤独

症) who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an “emotion”. (48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from “afraid” to “wanting”.

Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. (49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someone’s face. “It was really clear when the actors had got it right.” Says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD. “Although they were given some direction,” says Ms Collis, “the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. (50)” For example, when someone feels contempt, you can’t say for certain that their eyebrows always go down.

Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekamn, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “action units ” . These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial shapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.

A．We thought of trying to describe each emotion but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules for this

B．These particular muscles are difficult to control，and few people can do it．

C．Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read the emotional expressions．

D．They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by \ sounds\．

E．He said that the expression of theses feelings was universal and recognizable by anyone，from any culture．

F．Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，would have been far less effective．

第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity

Not a plant to be seen，the desert ground is too dry．But the air contains water，

and research scientists have found a_________(51)of obtaining drinking water from air humidity．

“The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources (52) thermal solar collectors and photovoltaic (光电

的) (53) makes this method completely energy-autonomous. It will (54) function in regions where there is no electrical infrastructure (基础设

施)，” says Siegfried Egner, head of the research team. The principle of the (55) is as follows: hygroscopic (吸湿的) brine(盐水), -- saline (含盐

的) solution which absorbs moisture – runs down a tower-shaped unit and absorbs water from the air. It is then sucked (56) a tank a few meters off the ground in which a vacuum prevails. Energy from solar collectors (57) up the brine, which is diluted by the water it has (58).

Because of the vacuum, the boiling point of the liquid is lower than it would be under (59) atmospheric pressure. The evaporated (蒸发

的) ,non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner. The gravity of this water column (60) produces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed. The reconcentrated brine (61) down the tower surface again to absorb moisture from the air.

“The concept is suitable for various water (62). Single-person units and plants supplying water to entire hotels are conceivable,” says Egner. Prototypes have been built for (63) system components – air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation – and the research scientists have already (64) their interplay on a laboratory scale. In a further (65) the researchers intend to develop a demonstration facility. 51．A．way B．channel C．road D．path

52．A．because of B．such as C．in spite of D．as a result of 53．A．which B．where C．who D．when

54．A．however B．still C．therefore D．meanwhile 55．A．progress B．product C．prospect D．process 56．A．into B．at C．above D．from 57．A．brings B．breaks C．keeps D．heats

58．A．affected B．absorbed C．allowed D．attracted 59．A．different B．easy C．available D．normal

60．A．suddenly B．typically C．continuously D．seriously 61．A．runs B．flies C．takes D．puts

62．A．owners B．users C．workers D．designers 63．A．same B．either C．every D．both

64．A．copied B．repaired C．tested D．cancelled 65．A．case B．step C．ground D．instrument

2010年度全国职称英语等级考试试题

理工类（A级）参考答案

第l部分：词汇选项

1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 第2部分：阅读判断

16．A[解析]本题给出的信息是正确的，文章第一段中提到

\说明太阳能卫星会使用无线电波从太空发射能量光束。

17．C [解析]文章没有谈到这方面的信息，文章在第一段中提到200这个数字是关于\兆

瓦)of power beamed down from solarpower satellites beginning in 2016\：从2016年起，太平洋天然气和电力公司将购买200兆瓦的从太阳能电站的卫星上发送来的电力。

18．B[解析]本题给出的信息是错误的。文章在第三段末尾提到：\在地球上的太阳能电池只能在白天且无云的时候收集阳光。\

19．B [解析]本题给出的信息是错误的。从文章第四段\努力克

服)with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space\：但在太空的太阳能工厂必须努力克服的问题是：向太空发射每一公斤的物品都要付出高昂代价，即成本高的问题。 20．A[解析]本题给出的信息是正确的，从文章第五段

\我们知道这家公司的一项专利说明了降低此系统重量的多种方法。

21．B [解析]本题给出的信息是错误的。从文章最后一段

\我们知道它(从太空中获得的太阳能)并不会挤掉其他形式的可再生能源。

22．C [解析]文章没有谈到这方面的信息。文章主要围绕美国，尤其是加州来说，并没有提到其他国家的情况。 参考译文

加利福尼亚州批准空间太阳能电站

使用从太空照下的能源已经离现实近在咫尺了，因为加利福尼亚州已经以协议的形式批准了。协议规定：从2016年起，太平洋天然气和电力公司将购买200兆瓦的从太阳能电站的卫星上发送来的电力。但这项技术要广泛使用，仍有一些挑战需要克服。

发出这一设想的公司Solaren正在设计一颗卫星。公司称这颗卫星将会使用无线电波将能源发送到地球上的接收站。

在太空收集太阳能这一设想的吸引人之处在于它是目前在地球同步轨道上收集阳光受阻碍最少的方式。与此截然不同的是，在地球上的太阳能电池只能在白天且无云的时候收集阳光。

但在太空的太阳能工厂必须努力克服的问题是：向太空发射一公斤的物品都要付出高昂代价。印第安纳州普渡大学拉法叶校区的Richarci Scllwartz说：\如果你要说的是让这一设想从经济角度上可行，从而供应地球能量，这是一条很艰难的道路。\

Solaren公司的能源服务部门的经理Cal Boerman说公司设计这一卫星时已考虑到将发射成本降低。他说：\我们知道我们必须想出一个与众不同的，有革新意义的设计。\这家公

司的一项专利说明了降低此系统重量的多种方法，包括使用可充气的镜子向太阳能电池板聚焦，这样利用较少的太阳能电池板就可以收集到等量的能量。

但使用镜子又带来了其他问题，包括防止太阳能电池板过热，Sclawartz提出。\你必须处理好热量散发的问题，因为你将很多能量聚集在一个地方。\他说。按照该公司的专利书描述．Solaren公司的太阳能电池板会被连接到散热板上使其保持冷却。

尽管Boerman说这家公司相信它能制造建立在太空中的太阳能发电厂，但它并不会挤掉其他形式的可再生能源。加利福尼亚州的法律以及其他州的法律要求在未来几年增加对可再生能源的利用。他指出：\为了满足这些需要，我们需要使用各种可再生能源。\ 第3部分：概括大意与完成句子

23．A [解析]本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是天然气被广泛应用以及天然气的各种用途。

24．D [解析]本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是天然气是现有能源中最安全和最干净的。

25．F[解析]本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是美国消费天然气的情况。

26．B [解析]本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是世界上天然气的储存和供应情况。

27．B [解析]本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第一段的第一句话\．\

28．F[解析]本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段的第四句话\，natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs，costing one-third as much as electricity．\

29．E [解析]本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段的第五句话\，

much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manufacture a wide variety of products，from paint，to fibers for clothing，to plastics for healthcare，computing and furnishings．\

30．C [解析]本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段的最后一句话\．S．Department of Energy's：

Energy Information Administration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50。percent by 2025．\ 参考译文

天然气深藏在地球表面下方，它属于矿物燃料，由埋藏在地球上上百万年前的有机物生成。它的主要成分是甲烷。 过去50多年，随着管道基础设施的建设将气体便利、经济地输送到世界各地的居住区、商业区和工业区用户，天然气的受欢迎程度和利用程度便迅速增长。如今全美50个州都有天然气服务，并且天然气成为美国家用燃料和工业使用燃料的首选。有超过6500万的美国家庭使用天然气。事实上，天然气是经济的家庭能源需求，其费用是电的三分之一。除了家庭取暖外，在美国，天然气还被用作油漆、服装纤维、保健用塑料制品、计算设备和家具等多种产品的原材料，其也被用在许多新的发电厂。 天然气是现有能源中最安全和最干净的。它释放的污染小于其他矿物燃料。天然气燃烧时主要产生二氧化碳和水蒸汽--与人呼吸产生的物质相同。与其他矿物燃料相比，天然气燃烧时释放到空气中的二氧化碳最少，因此它是最洁净的矿物燃料。

美国消费世界天然气总产量的三分之一，是世界上最大的天然气消费地区。美国能源部的能源信息行政部预计到2025年，天然气的需求将会超过50％。

地表下面储存有大量的天然气。在俄罗斯、西非、北非和中东地区，天然气的储存量最大。

过去的40多年。美国除了自己生产液化气外，还进口液化气。现在进口液化气的国家主要有日本、韩国、法国和西班牙。 第4部分：阅读理解 第一篇

31．D 本题的答案可以在第二段第一句中找到：宇宙早期的构成与现在差异很大，宇宙早期的物理规律也比较简单，正确答案为D。

32．C 从第一段吉尾可以看出，电脑模拟详细地描述了宇宙早期的恒星是怎样形成的。选项C正确。 33．A 第二段结尾提到电脑模拟了一个天文物体的形成，而第三段开头又说结果得到了对原恒星的详细描述，由此可知这个天文物体即为原恒星，答案为A。

34．C 第四段结尾提到，在恒星后期和大爆炸后不久，原恒星很可能进化成一颗能够合成重元素的巨大恒星，所以C选项的陈述“原恒星在大爆炸时进化成巨大的恒星”是错误的，答案为C。

35．B 最后一段提到，电脑模拟的目的是揭开原恒星的形成之迹，同时对宇宙早期恒星的质量和特性进行更多的了解，另外，研究人员还希望将电脑模拟拓展到核反应引发中，而B选项“模拟早期宇宙的形成过程”不包括在电脑模拟的目的之中，所以正确选项为B。 参考译文

宇宙中最初的星辰是如何产生的?

多年来，最初的星辰是如何由尘埃和气体组成的问题一直困扰着人们，然而专家们说，现在一种最先进的电脑模拟系统可以提供宇宙中最初的星辰是如何产生的最详细的图片。 宇宙最初的构成同今天的有所不同，而且宇宙早期的主要物理现象也比较简单。

Naoki'Yoshida博士同他在日本和美国的同事一起整合了宇宙早期的各种情况，这一时期有时也被称为\宇宙的黑暗时代\，模拟了最终在夜空中闪耀的天体的形成过程。

这一研究的结果是对原恒星--宇宙中巨大的原始星辰的早期阶段形成的详细的描述并且有\宇宙的罗塞达石碑\之称的研究人员的电脑模拟系统，为进一步研究星体的形成过程奠定了基础。宇宙中最初的星辰是如何形成的问题非常重要，因为它们的形成及最终的爆炸为随后的星体的形成提供了种子。

根据研究人员的模拟系统，重力对物质、气体及宇宙大爆炸后形成的神秘的\黑暗物质\的密度的微小变化产生了影响，从而形成了星辰的雏形--仅有太阳百分之一大的原恒星。 模拟系统为我们展示了组成早期星辰的气体是如何在早期宇宙简单的物理作用下演化形成了原恒星。Yoshida博士的模拟系统还展示了原恒星可能会在宇宙大爆炸刚刚结束就演化成能够合成重元素的巨大的星体，而不是几代以后的星体才能合成。 哈佛大学天文学教授同时也是这项报告的合作者Lars Hernquist谈到：\星体形成的总图和对比宇宙不同时期和区域星体如何形成的能力将最终让我们能够探索生命和星球的起源。

随着星体越来越多，宇宙中的各种元素更加充裕，而且星体的形成和毁灭继续将这些元素传播到宇宙的更深处。所以你想想我们身体的所有元素最初都形成于很久以前星体中心的核反应。\

对宇宙早期原恒星诞生的模拟意味着向拼接原始星体形成过程和预测宇宙中最初的星辰的质量和性质的宏伟目标迈出了关键的一步。要进行更进一步的计算和模拟就需要功能更

强的电脑，更多的物理数据，甚至更广的研究范围，但是研究者希望最终能将这个模拟结果应用于核反应初期--也就是当一个星状物质变成真正的星辰的时候。

德克萨斯州立大学天文学助理教授，一篇相关论文的作者Volker Bromm说：\博士已经用这个模拟系统把对原始星体形成的研究推到了一个新的水平，但是这离我们最终的目标还很远。这就像是躺在摩天大楼的地基上。我们必须继续在这一领域的研究，从而了解最初的原恒星是如何一层一层长大并最终成为一颗巨大星体的。但是现在，物理现象越来越复杂，而且我们还需要更多的计算资源。\ 第二篇

36．C[解析]本题是细节考查题。冰人尸体被发现的原因在文章的第一段提到。原文是：\但是1991年是特别暖的一年，山上的冰比从前消融的更快，因此尸体才显露出来。\选项A\他躺在冰上\；选项B\两个德国人正在爬山\；选项C\融化的冰将他暴露出来\；选项D \他刚好在一个山口上\。因此只能选C。

37．B[解析]本题是阅读理解能力考查题。原题是：能从第二段推断出的是以下哪项? 选项B\冰人有可能死于头部伤口\；选项D\冰人背后受袭击而致死\；选项A\冰人工作时被杀害\；选项c\冰人生活贫困\。原文是\它面朝下，除了头部有伤外，骨架状况很好\，仅就此推断。冰人可能死于头部伤。因此答案是B。

38．B [解析]本题是细节考查题。原题是：下列哪项不属于人们对冰人作出的种种猜测?原文在第三段。选项A\他是一战时期的士兵\；选项B\他来自意大利\在文章中没有出现：选项C\他是一位瑞士妇女失踪多年的父亲\；选项D\他大约一千年前出生\。因此答案是B。 39．B[解析]本题是细节考查题。原题是：科学家对冰人的推论是什么?原文在第四段。选项A\他的肩膀被箭头刺伤\是事实而非推论；选项B\有可能参与过战斗\是推论；选项C\头后部有伤口\是事实而非推论；选项D\皮肤上的小孔导致他的死亡\不符合事实。因此只能选B。

40．A[解析]本题是阅读理解能力考察题。第四段\是什么意思?选项A\强盗\：选项B\士兵\；选项C\猎人\；选项D\射击手\。因此只能选A。 参考译文

冰人1991年9月的一天，两位德国人正在攀登位于奥地利和意大利之间的山脉。他们在一个高处山口发现了一具躺在冰上的尸体。冰在这样的高度(10499英尺或3200米)通常是常年不化的．但是1991年是特别暖和的一年，山上的冰比从前消融的更快，因此尸体才显露出来。

尸体面朝下躺着，除了头部有伤外，骨架状况很好，有残余的衣物。尸体双手仍然握着斧头的木柄。双脚穿着用皮革和布料做的靴子。在尸体附近有一双树皮做的手套和一个箭筒。

他是谁?在什么时候又是怎样死去的呢?人们的解释各异。有人认为他是本世纪的人， 有可能是二战时期阵亡的士兵，因为在这附近已经有士兵被发现了。一位瑞士妇女相信他是自己20年前在此去世的父亲，父亲的遗体一直没有被找到。赶去查看的科学家认为这一尸体可能更久远，它甚至有1000岁了。

科学家们运用现代数据技术很快获悉这一冰人已有大约5300岁了。他大约出生在公元前3300年，生活在欧洲的青铜器时代。起初科学家们认为他有可能在高山间打猎时发生意外而身亡。然而最近的一些证据却显示另有原因。新型的x光表明他的肩膀上仍有一个箭头，

皮肤上只有一个小孔，但却导致内部损伤和失血。几乎可以确定他死于这个伤口，而不是脑后的伤口。这说明他有可能参与过战争。有可能是大型战争的一部分或者他曾和强盗博斗过，甚至他本人就可能是强盗。

通过研究他的衣服和工具，科学家们就已经获悉冰人生活的时代的很多内容。我们有可能永远无法知道他死亡的真相，但是他给我们提供了了解那个远古时代的重要线索。 第三篇

41．B[解析]本题是细节考查题。原题是：为什么巧克力对心脏和血液循环有益。原文是：\巧克力中含有一种叫类黄酮的物质，它能维护心脏的健康并促进血液循环。\选项A\它可以减少痛苦和压力\；选项B\它含有一种叫做类黄酮的物质\；选项C\它在人体内释放内啡肽\；选项D\它能起到像阿司匹林一样的保护心脏的作用\。因此只能选B。

42．B [解析]本题是细节考查题。原题是：可可第一次作为什么被引入欧洲并迅速流行起来?原文是：\年，一个玛雅贵族代表团觐见西班牙国王菲利普时送给他一罐可可作为礼物。\选项A\作为一种饮料\；选项B\作为礼物\；选项C\作为食品\；选项D\作为一种药\。因此只能选B。

43．D [解析]本题是细节考查题。原题是：那件事是James Baker和John Hanan做的有关巧克力的事。原文是：\年，James Baker和and J0hn Hanan在美国开办了第一个巧克力作坊，将巧克力介绍给了普通人。\选项B\将巧克力引入欧洲\；选项C\他们给巧克力棒加入糖\；选项D\他们使普通人也能吃到巧克力\；选项A\他们制造了第一块口味柔和的巧克力\。因此只能选D。

44．B [解析]本题是细节考查题。原题是：根据文章所述，如下哪个说法是不正确的? 原文是：\研究者们警告虽然巧克力对我们有好处，但应该少量食用而且不应另加奶。\选项A \巧克力含有让人感到快乐的物质\；选项B\吃加糖的巧克力对身体有利\；选项c\偶尔吃巧克力对身体有益\；选项D\巧克力为全世界成百上千万的人们所喜爱\。因此只能选B。 45．C [解析]本题是阅读理解能力考查题。原题是：作者对于吃巧克力的语气是什么样的?选项A\模棱两可的\；选项B\否定的\；选项C\肯定的\；选项D\幽默的\。从题目和文中总体内容可见，这篇文章说明吃巧克力的好处，虽然在后面提出吃巧克力时的注意事项但不影响作者肯定的语气，因此只能选C。 参考译文

科学家的\甜蜜发现''

巧克力迷们的好消息：据加州大学的研究者称深受全世界成千上万人喜爱的巧克力对健康很有好处，因为巧克力中合有一种叫类黄酮的物质，它能维护心脏的健康并促进血液循环。

研究者们还发现可可会像阿司匹林一样，会在体内释放内啡肽：这些化学物质可以有效缓解疼痛和压力，让你感到愉快。在大约公元前1500年，居住在墨西哥和中关洲的奥尔梅克人首次开始种植可可豆，并且在可可风靡欧洲之前玛雅人已经饮用无糖可可好几百年了。 1544年，一个玛雅贵族代表团觐见西班牙国王菲利普时送给他一罐可可作为礼物。很快，可可便在西班牙和葡萄牙流行起来，西班牙人最早在他们的可可饮料里加糖。

到了世纪中叶，固体可可开始为人们所熟知。1765年，James Baker和John Harian在美国开办了第一个巧克力作坊，将巧克力介绍给了普通人。1896年，瑞士的Daniel Peter想出了在巧克力制作过程中加牛奶的点子，并生产出了第一块牛奶巧克力。 从此，巧克力变得越来越受人们欢迎。巧克力的最大消费国之一是英国。那里的普通人，不论男女还是孩子每年都要吃9公斤的巧克力。实际上，巧克力是顶级的抚慰食品，并且英国是全世界巧克力迷最多的国家。研究者们警告虽然巧克力对我们有好处，但应该少量食用而且不应另加牛奶。

第5部分：补全短文

46．E [解

析] He said that the expression of theses feelings was universal and recognizable by anyone，

from any culture．他说这种感情的表达普遍存在，可以在任何人和任何文化中找到。上一句列举了六种表情，而this正是指以上的感情的表达。 47．C [解

析]Research has also been done to find out which areas of brain read the emotion-al expressions．人们做了研究以期发现大脑的哪个区域读取表情。该题考察上下文之间的意义关系,这与后文对于头脑阅读的内容从意义上讲是一脉相承的。

48．D [解

析] They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by \ sounds\．他们认定情感是一种心理状态，常以\我觉得\他认为\她听起来\开头，这与前文要定义\情感\和后文\按照这种界定方式\相符合。

49．F [解析] Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，

would have been far less effective．要展示412种表情，其他任何的方法远没有它有效。文章接下来给出了理由。

50．B [解析] These particular muscles are difficult to control，and few people can do it．这些特殊的肌肉很难控制，少数人才能做到这一点。该句前面讲到面部肌肉的控制，因此，选B。

参考译文

我懂你的心你觉得难过，快乐，灰心，漫不经心，生气吗?你可能认为自己表达这些情感的方式是独一无二的。哦，再想想吧。即使是最为私密的个人感情也可分类。这周推出的Mindl Reacling(头脑阅读仪)，一种可以显示人类每一种可能的情绪的DVD。这种仪器准确地展示我们412种不同的表情，它是第一部可以感受人类内心活动的可视字典。

对于人类表情划分的尝试源自于达尔文1872年出版的《人和动物的情感与表达》。这本书中将人的表情划分为六种类型--愤怒、恐惧、悲伤、厌恶、惊喜和快乐。他表示这种感情的表达普遍存在，可以在任何人和任何文化中找到。其他不同的感觉被认为来自于达尔文的分类。更复杂的情感表达或许是后天习得的，因此在不同的文化中具有自己的特色。一个抱着怀疑或愤怒态度的太平洋上的岛民是无法传递给英国埃塞克斯郡的女孩她的感受的。 但是现在看来：尽管手势不能很好的跨越文化的界限，但比达尔文所说的六类情感更多的面部表情是为人类所共享的。人们做了研究以期发现大脑的哪个区域读取表情。头脑阅读是一种系统的视觉表情的记录。

该项目由剑桥大学自闭症研究中心的教授simon Baron-Collen构想，此中心对自闭症患者，即在阅读和表达情感方面有困难的人，进行一种辅助治疗。但是很快它有了很多更为广泛且显而易见的用途。小说家、演员和肖像画家都需要利用多种的情感表情，甚至老师们把它应用于教授个人和社会发展知识的课堂。

Baron-Colaen和他的研究小组首先定义了\情感\，他们认定情感是一种心理状态，常以\我觉得\他认为\她听起来\开头。他们用这种界定方式对1512种情感进行了界定，并呈交给一个评审团，由他们来决定每种情感是一个单独的感情还是都属于同类感情。最终，这个列表减少到412种表情，分成24类，从\害怕\到\希望\。

一旦这些情感被定义和归类，那么DVD似乎就成为最为快捷的展示情感的方式了。在头脑阅读中，每种表情都由6个不同的演员在3秒内表演出来。要展示412种表情，其他任何的方法远没有这样有效。原因很简单：我们很难用语言来形容感情，但是当它们出现在某人的脸部时我们会立刻辨认出来，\很明显，演员的表演是到位的。\的导演凯西科利说到。\虽然给了他们一些指示，但并没有告诉演员他们应该动用面部的哪块肌肉。\科利斯女士补充说。这些特殊的肌肉难以控制，只有少数人才能做到这一点。例如，当有人感到不屑一顾时不能确定他们的眉毛总是向下撇。

美国人保罗·埃克曼教授试图建立这样的规则，他曾创建了一个描述表达每个情感时面部变化的数据库，人的脸部可以做出43种截然不同的叫做\行动单位\的肌肉运动。这些\行动单位\能组合成超过l o000种的可见的面部形态。埃克曼教授已经编写出面部肌肉的运动模式来代表每个情感。 第6部分：完形填空

51．A way是“方式、方法”的意思。其他几个词义都不合适，channel意为“通道、频道”，road 和path都是“道路”的意思。 52．B 此处是列举可再生能源，所以用such as ，意国“例如??”。Because of 意为“因为”，in spite of “尽管”，as a result of “由于”。 53．A 这里需要一个引导非限定性定语从句的引导词，先行词为一句话，只能用which。

54．D 从本段开头可以看出，这里介绍的是一种”process”，意为“方法、步骤”。Progress “进步”、product“产品”、prospect “前景”，词义均与上下文不符。

55．D 从本段开头可以看出，这里介绍的是一种”process”，意为“方法、步骤”。Progress “进步”、product“产品”、prospect“前景”，词义均与上下文不符。

56．A 该句的意思是：盐水经过塔形装置、从空气中吸收水分后，被吸入离地面几米高的水相中，只有介词into“进入”符合句意。

57．D 这里heat up 意为“加热”，即太阳能集热器中的能量将盐水加热。Bring up “提出、养育”、break up “粉碎、解散”、keep up “保持、继续”均不符合句意。 58．B 根据上下文，本句意思为：盐水被所吸收的水分衡释。四个选项的意思分别是“影响”、“吸收”、“允许”、和“吸引”，B选项最合适。

59．D 本句子意思应为：由于真空，该液体的沸点低于正常气压下的沸点。四个选项意思分别为different“不同”、easy“容易、简单”、available“可得的”、normal“正常”，normal最恰当。

60．C 原句意思应为：水柱的重力作用不断保持着真空，答案应为constantly“不断”，而不是suddenly“突然”、typically“代表性地”和seriously“严重地”。

61．A 这里需要动词的第三人称单数，四个选项分别为run“流淌”、fly“飞翔”、take“拿”和put“放”，本句的意思是浓缩的盐水沿塔的表面流下来，再次吸收空气中的水分，所以答案为A。

62．B 本空需要一个名词，四个选项分别为owner“所有者”、user“使用者”、worker“工人”、designer“设计者”，全句的意思是该方法适合各种使用水的人，因此选项B正确。

63．D 该装置包括两部分，即空气水分吸收装置和真空蒸发装置，该句的意思是两种装置的原型都已经建好，因此应选both“都”，而same“同样”、either“也”、every“每一个”均不符合上下文的意思。 64．C 该句的意思是研究人员已经在实验室里检验了两种装置的相互作用，因此应选test“检验”，而copy“复制”、repair“修理”和cancel“取消”均不符合句意。

65．B 该句的意思是研究人员下一步打算开发演示装置，四个选项分别为case“情况、案例”、step“步骤”、ground“地面”和instrument“器械、工具”，根据句意应选B。 参考译文

从空气湿气中获得饮用水

沙漠的地面非常干，以至于连植物的影子都没有。但空气中却含有水分。并且，科研人员发现了一种可以从空气的水分中获取饮用水的方法。这一系统完全基于可再生能源，因此是自主的。

崩裂声弥漫在干涸的沙地上，地面上的景象证明了这里水的缺乏。但即使在这样一个没有湖泊、河流、地表水的地方，大量的水就存储于空气中。例如，在以色列的内盖夫沙漠，年平均相对空气湿度是64％--每立方空气中含有11．5毫升的水。

德国科研人员发现了一种将空气中的水气自动转化为饮用水的方法。该研究小组的组长Siegfried Egner说：\我们开发的这套工序完全基于诸如太阳热能收集器和光生伏打电池的可再生能源。这使得该方法在能量方面完全自主，即使在没有电力基础设施的地方仍可起到作用。\这套工序的原理如下：吸湿盐水--能够吸收湿气的盐水溶液--沿着一塔状结构容器下流时在空气中吸收水分。水被吸到地下几米深的一个真空水箱中。来自于太阳能收集器的能量将盐水加热，这样盐水就将会稀释它所吸收的水。

在真空环境中，液体的沸点要比在正常大气压下的要低。这一效果可以在山区了解到：由于山上的大气压比山谷的要低，因此水的沸点明显低于100摄氏度。这些蒸发了的、不是盐水的水被浓缩后沿着一支充满蒸汽的管子慢慢向下流。水柱的重力持续制造真空状态，所以不需要真空泵。经过再次浓缩的盐水会沿着塔状物再次向下流去吸收空气中的水分。 Egnerr说：\这一理念适用于各类使用水的人群。单人房以及可以为整个宾馆供应水的工厂都成为可能。\这套系统的两个构件--空气水汽吸收器和真空蒸汽机的样机已经制造出来。科研人员也已经在实验室范围内测试了它们相互作用的效果。研究者们计划在下一步的研究中开发出一套用于展示的设备。

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