初中英语笔记大全 (超级精华版)

1 初中英语笔记大全（超级精华版）

● This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。

● ??

???电话号码电话号码at .sth .sb call

call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up

please give me a call .请打电话给我

● family 指家庭时是单数，谓语动词用“is ”，family 指家人时是复数，谓语动词用“are ”。 ● of 表示无生命物体的所有格，s 表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of ，但有生命物体后要加“s ”。

● 以副词there 或here 开头的句子常要倒装，以示强调。

● What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please?

● Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you.

● 写启示的方法：

1.启示的主题；

2.描述细节；

3.留下联系方式。

● 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等，可以用dear 作感叹词。

●

名词如果有数量词修饰它，使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词，如： ???

keys of sets two are here keys of set a is here

● get to somewhere (get home 除外)到达……

● ?

??)无生命物体的“有”( is there )有生命物体的“有”( have 有 ● 肯定：Let+宾语（人称代词的宾格或名词）+ V 原型+……

否定：Don’t let +宾语+V 原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V 原型+…… ● have 表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。

● ???????？ you will 问： )

听话的人include 不(us Let ？ we shall 问： )说话的人和听话的人(include s Let' ●

● myself （我自己） yourself （你自己） himself （他自己） herself （她自己） itself

2 （它自己） ourselves （我们自己） yourselves （你们自己） themselves （他们自己） ●

How much + be + 商品？（答：It’s/They’re……） = What is the price of ……？（答：It ’s ……） ●

cent 美分 One dollar =100 cents ●

other(两者中的另一个) another （三者中的另一个） ●

越接近物品本身性质的形容词越靠近物品，如：big blue hat ●

帮助某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. help sb. with sth. with the help (n.) of sb. e.g. He studies math well, with the help of teacher. ●

一般将来时的一般形式：主语+will+动词原形+…… ●

Can I help you? = What can I do for you? = (Is there) anything I can do for you? ●

● ● “hundred ，thousand ”与基数词一起表示具体数字时不加“s ”。

hundreds of 上百 thousands of 上千

● buy sth. for sb. = buy sb.（间接宾语） sth.（直接宾语）

为某人买某物 ● any body 在肯定句中表示任何人，在否定句和疑问句中不是。

● for 表示动词的对象或接受者，表示用途，表示目的，表示等价交换或标注价格，表示

时间持续多久，表示距离，表示理由或原因。

● There are many trees on each side of the road

There are many trees on both sides of the road

● the price is low(high) 价格低（高）

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

●含有think的宾语从句中如果从句中有否定，要否定前移，如：She doesn’t think they

are boring.(她认为他们不无聊)

●问：How are you？

答：I’m fine. (我很好。)/Just so so.(一般般。)

●表示时间、价格、距离的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Two dollars is enough(足

够)。

●怎么判断双音节单词中第一个音节是开音节还是闭音节：双音节单词中的两个元音是两

个音节的中心，元音是由元音字母或元音字母组合发出的音，因此，首先找到单词中的两个元音字母或元音字母组合，两个中心就清楚了。两个中心之间的辅音字母（不是字母组合）则分别划归两个音节，第一个音节即为闭音节，如果两个中心之间的辅音字母为双写字母（包括“r”），分别划归前后，第一个音节按闭音节读音。如：

paper /’peip?/ (pa为开音节) member /’memb?/ (mem为闭音节) happy /’hæpi/ (hap为闭音节) sorry /’s?ri/ (sor为闭音节) certainly /’s?:tnil/

●I am sorry. I can’t go with you. （对不起。我不能和你一起去。）

●Thanks. / Thank you. / Thank you very much. / Thank a lot. / Many thanks.

●You are wel come. / That’s OK. / That’s all right.

●It’s my pleasure. / With pleasure. （这是我的荣幸。）

●make friend with sb. （和……交朋友）

●Thanks for + n. / v.ing = Thanks sb. for + n. / v.ing

●below 在……下方（非正下方）

反义词：above 在……上面（非正上方，没有接触面）

under 在……下面（正下方）

反义词：on（有接触面），over（没有接触面）在……上面（正上方）

●keep + sth. + adj. 使某物保持某状态。

keep + adj. 保持某状态。

●表示请求、建议、希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句用“some”。

●问：Let……

答：OK. / All right. / That’s a good idea. / That sounds good. / Sorry.

●sport用来修饰名词要变为sports。

●play + the + 乐器 Erhu除外

●be动词后叫表语，修饰名词叫定语，修饰动词叫状语，前后两词对等叫同位语。

●人民币和日元变复数不变，其他要。

●be good with sb. = get on well with sb. 与某人相处的很好

●问：How often does Rick run on weekend?

答：Rick usually runs on weekend.

●always(总是) usually(通常) often（经常） sometime（有时） seldom（很少）

never（从不）

●频度副词放在be动词或助动词之后，实意动词或行为动词之前。

●感叹句：

What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + (主) + （谓）！

如：What beautiful flowers they are!

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How + adj. /adv. + (主) + （谓）！

如：How beautiful the flowers are!

●Can you think what his job is? 含有宾语从句的复合句，宾语从句的从句必须是陈

述句。

●Start to do sth. 开始做某事

●be famous for……因……出名

●

●

●

●for + 时间段……做某事持续多久

●问：How long do you have volleyball?

答：I have volleyball for two hours.

●ask sb. some questions. 问某人一些问题

ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事

●no =not any

●because不和so同时使用，although(尽管)不和but同时使用。

●

●

neither：两者中的任何一个都不。

●用“may”提问的句子回答用can/can ‘ t或must / mustn’ t;用“can”提问的句

子回答用can/can’t;用“must”提问的句子回答用need/needn’t.

如：1. May I park my car here?

Yes, you can / must. / No, you can’t / mustn’t.

2. Can I watch TV?

Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

3. Must I clean the classroom this morning?

Yes, you need. / No, you needn’t.

●be afraid of doing sth. / be afraid of sth. 害怕做某事/某物

●be fond of = like

●make a continuation to sth. 对……有贡献

●do well in = be good at 擅长……

●比较级 + and + 比较级越来越……

●give back = return 归还

●法国人单数：Frenchman/Frenchwoman

英国人单数：Englishman/Englishwoman

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5 Chinese 和Japanese 单复数同形 ●

in the world 在世界上 all over the world / around the world / the whole word 全世界 ●

in the school 在学校里 in school 在学校学习 ●

outside 在……外面 outside the gate to the park 在公园门外 ●

turning 转角 ●

go down + …… 沿着 …… 路走 go straight down + …… 沿着 …… 路直走 ●

enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun ●

take a walk = go for a walk = have a walk ●

the beginning of ……的开始 at the beginning of 强调在……开始的那一刻 in the beginning 起初，一开始 from the beginning 开始时 from beginning to end 从开始到结束 ●

visit + 地点、参观某地 a visit to + 地点、参观某地 ●

have fun doing sth. 做……很开心 ●

地点 + is a great place to do sth. ……是一个做……的地方 ●

be busy with sth. 忙于某事 ● the way to ……去……的路

on the way to + 地点 在去……的路上

on one’s way to + 地点 某人在去……的路上 on my way to home 在我回家的路上 ● 把某物递给某人sth. sb. pass sb. to sth. pass ?

?? ●

???++++小地方at 大地方in arrive ● ??

???school reach school to get school at arrive 到达学校

● 主语 + hope(that) + 从句

主语 + hope + to do sth.

● live on ……靠……为生

6 ● {{{

?????????++???++主语为人主语为物（强调金钱）

时间、金钱主语为人时间、金钱做某事要花某人多少时间、金钱主语为物花费pay yuan. 3 me costs book T his cost sth. doing sth./(in)on spend spend sth. do .to sb. It takes take ●

● ● ??

???触面指从上空穿过、没有接指从内部穿过面指在表面穿过、有接触over through

across ● Why not do sth. ？ 表建议：为什么不做……呢？

Why don’t you do sth. ? 表疑问：你为什么不要……？

● ???++代词

名词短语名词句子//because because ???illness. the of because school

to go t didn' I ill. was I because school to go t didn' I ，，如 ● .n of kinds all of kinds many of kind a adj. of kind +??

?

????+

如：People like this kind of animals, because they’re kind of cute. ● in the south of 在……南部

● asleep 睡着的 adj. fall asleep 入睡 be asleep 正睡着

● be friendly to sb. 对某人友好

● don’t forget to do sth. 不要忘记做某事

●

tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人去做某事

tell sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不去做某事 ●

???停下正在做的是事停下正在做的，去做某 sth. doing stop sth. do to stop ●

介词 + doing sth. ●

would like to do sth. 想要做某事 ●

Which place do you live in = Where do you live ? ●

Isn’t he cute ? 否定疑问句 ●

Sam wants to play basketball, doesn’t he ? 翻译疑问句 ●

Why not do sth. ? = Why don’t you do sth. ?

7 ●

practice doing sth. 练习做某事 ●

use sth. to do sth. ●

比较级中的代词用that ， 如：The map of Beijing is better than that of Tianjin. ●

said to oneself 自言自语 ●

be careful not to do sth. 小心别做某事 ● do one’s best 尽某人的全力

● ?????看不出原材料的看得出原材料的制作的由 from make

be of made be ● be satisfied with …… 对……满意

● be full of 满是……

● ???在外部的前面在内部的前面 of front

in of front in the ● 条件状语从句：主语为将来时，从句为一般现在时。如：We’ll have a sports meeting

if it doesn’t rai n tomorrow.

● It’s (形式主语) + adj. + （for sb.） + to do sth.(主语) 做某事怎么样。

如：It’s important for him to play the piano . 弹钢琴对他很重要。

It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. （adj.应为sb.的本身性质）

如：It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助了我，你真好。

● go across the bridge 过桥

● in + 时间段（将来时）多久后

● ?????（放在时间后）（放在时间前）之后，多久之后在later

after ● What does she do ? = What’s she? = What’s her job?

● ???(CN)

job UN)work （ ● ???

????一些时间几次间某时，某个不确定的时频度副词；有时 time some times

some sometime sometimes 如：I hope I can visit Hong Kong sometime. ● 从某人那里得到某物

间接宾语）直接宾语，给某人某物（.sb from .sth get .sb .sth sb. to .sth give .sth .sb give ?

????? ● ???穿上穿的状态on

put wear ● talk to / with sb. 与某人交谈

● ???脱离危险处于危险中danger

of out be danger in be

8 ● be out 外出

● ???叫某人做某事问某人某事sth.

do to .sb ask .sth .sb ask ● waitress 女服务员

● ??? sth.work with

sb.work with 工作与某物有关与某人工作 ● be late for …… 做……迟到了

● 花需要被浇水。

如：需要被需要做某事需要某物（实义动词） . watering need flowers T he doing need sth. do to need sth. need need ??

????? ● learn by oneself = teach oneself 自学

● ??? sth. do to sb.teach

.sth sb.teach 教某人去做某事教某人某事 ●

???????阅读强调看的过程、动作强调看的结果长时间的看看 read look

see watch ● show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.

● lately 最近

● ??

???迫不及待地想要做某事等待做某事看到某人正做某事 sth. do to cawt wait sth. do wait to

sth. doing .sb see ● thanks for + n. / 动名词

● 表语一般放在be 动词后，定语一般放在名词前。

● be with sb. 与某人在一起

● ???=可以指人，也可以指物指人 one every

body every one every ● 描述头发：漂亮 + 长短 + 形状 + 颜色

描述人的长相：have / has + …… hair / eyes / ears / mouth / nose …… is / am / are + tall / short / thin / heavy / good-looking / of medium height …… ● strong 的反义词：weak 虚弱的

● love to do sth. 喜爱做某事

● wear 用进行时态时表示短时间内的状态。

如：Miss Li is wearing a new dress today. 李老师今天穿着一件新裙子。 ● popular 流行；受欢迎的 pop 流行

9 ● ?????????漂亮；英俊的相貌不好看的；相貌丑相貌平平性或物）外在美或内在美（指女）外在美（指男性或女性 handsome

looking -ugly looking

-ordinary beautiful looking -good ● kind of = a little bit + adj. / adv. = a little bit of + n. ●

?????别和别人开这种玩笑和某人开玩笑给某人讲笑话 others with jokes of kind such make t Don' sb. with joke a make

joke .sb tell ● 多个形容词修饰名词时，顺序为：限定词（the ；a ……） 数词 描绘词 （大小、长

短、形状、新旧、颜色） 出处 材料性质、类别 名词

??

???.car sports Japanese expensive an . school medical German famous

a . table round small a 如： ● ???记得做过某事记得去做某事 sth. doing remember

sth. do o remember t ●

???. did students T he - classroom the cleaned Who -？ ● ??

?????????all at like t don't doesn'little a like much lot / very a like ）一点都不喜欢：（有一点喜欢：

特别喜欢： ● outgoing 外向的

● What fine weather it is ！ = How fine the weather is ！

● ??

???+++sth. do to sb. sth. do to sth. like would

●

??????????????? I but to like d I / to.like d I Yes - sth. do to like you Would -. thanks No / . please Yes - sth. like you Would -，’’，？，，？ ● round the world 全世界

● junk food 垃圾食物

10 ● .

late being for reasons your me give /sth. doing for reason the give sth.for reason the give sth. do reason to a make 如：做某事的理由给出某事为做某事编一个理由??

?????? ● be on a visit (n.) to …… = visit (v.) …… ● stay + adj. 保持……

● 熟能生巧如：没有perfect makes Practice practise)(n.)( practice sth. /doing pron. / n. .)v ( practice

practice .)v (practise ??

???+=

● ??

???mountain the of foot at the mountain the

up way half mountain the of top on the 在山脚下在半山腰在山顶上 ● be angry with sb. ● ???????????+++???++???+++++钱物金钱人金钱时间人做某事花某人多少时间时间 sb.cost .sb sth.for pay sth. doing (in)sth.on / spend sth. do to sb. It takes

● most of …… ……中的大多数

● ???+)

.(sth doing ).(sth do .sth /.sb watch 看见正在做看见经常做或做过 ● ?????sth.

do to sb.for sth.

for sth. do to time is It ● He doesn’t want to do anything. = He wants to do nothing. ● Help oneself to sth. 受……欢迎

● play a joke on sb. 和某人开玩笑

● dress sb. 为某人穿衣打扮

● 动词原型及其过去式

●

to + v.（不定式） 可加可不加

的不定式省略 sth. do (to) sb. help sth. do sb. have sth. do sb.let sth. do sb. make to ??

???

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● another + n.（单） | |

●

??

???sth. doing fun have sth. do fun to s 'it sth. do to sb. like would

● It’s time for sb. to do sth.

● be worry (adj.) about (担心……) = worry (v.) about ●

??

?结束去做某件事

继续做同一件事

sth. do on to go sth. doing on go

12 ●

● so ……that 如此……以致

● discuss with sb. sth.

● ??

???sth. doing sb.watch sth. doing sb. see sth. doing sb. find

●

???)sth.( do sb. see )sth.( doing sb. see 看见整个过程经过时看到正在做 ●

as soon as 一 …… 就 ●

Stand sth. ●

Maybe adv. ● exercise (v.) = do exercise (n.) / do sports

●

???(cn.)][ exercises eyes / morning Do healthier. be you will , (un.) exercise more Do 有修饰词作为 ●

● How often

How many

How much

How long 时间多久

How far 距离多远

How soon 多快 例：How soon will you come back ？ In two days. How many times 多少次

● result for do sth.

● want sb. to do sth.

● ???感到谁很有趣

东西令人觉得很有趣 intered g interestin ● Thanks for doing sth. ● ?

??尝试做某事尽力做某事 sth. doing thy sth. do try to ● ???.)

un (f ruit .)cn ( vegetable

13 ● be different from 与……不同

● look after = take care of 照顾（重视） ● ???adj.

healthy n.health ● style 风格、方式 ● ?

??直观的分数评价mark grade ● ???sth.

with sb. help sth. (v.) do (to) sb. help ● the old 老人

● kind person 热心人

● the same as 与……一样

● kind of = a little (bit)

● keep in good healthy = keep healthy ● make a plan for 为……做计划

●

although = though 让步状语从句：虽然、尽管 ● ?????????????????雨下很大

努力地努力的硬的

难的 hard rainy s It' hard work .adv working -hard stone hard a job hard a .adj hard ● ?

????????+student a be may He student a is he Maybe ).(v .v be may .adv maybe 例原情态 ● be good at sth. / doing sth.

● advice (un.) 建议 a piece of advice. ● ?

??部位后连续疼痛，多加在身体肌肉引发炎症，酸痛 ache sore ● lots of = a lot of

● ????

????????=f ine .adj .adv well f ine good 表示身体好

14 ● ？

’？’？’？’sb. to happened s What sb. with .) wrong(adj s What sb. with trouble the s What sb.h matter wit the s What ??

??? ● ?

??令人感到疲劳主观感受到疲劳 tieing .)adj ( tired .)n (tire ● certainly 当然

● sound like + 名词 / 名词词组

● ???????完成时一段时间，常用于现在

时某个时候，常用于将来

几次时有时，常用于一般现在

time some sometime times some sometimes ● want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 = would like sb. to do sth.

● ???尽力不做某事

尽力做某事 sth. do not to try sth. do try to ● hope 表示有可能实现的愿望。hope to do sth.希望去做某事；hope + that 从句（that

可以省略）。另外，hope 后面+so 表示“希望如此”；hope not 表示“希望不是这样。wish 表示的愿望有点难实现。wish to do sth.希望做某事；wish sb. to do sth.希望某人做某事；wish that 从句，从句所表示的希望一般是不可能实现的，故用虚拟语气。

● ???(adj.) balanced

of balance a ●

???.)n (tradition .)adj ( l traditiona ● ?

??++句子名词短语像example f or like ● Need sth. / to do sth.

● Be good for sth. / doing sth.

● get 变得

● ???+)

v.(may (adv.) maybe 原 ● be …… with sth.

● ??

???+++adj.much too n.(cn)many too (un) n.much too

15 ●

western 西方的 ●

形式主语→It’s + adj. to do sth. ●

improve 提高 ●

have a pain in the + 身体部位 ● 名词修饰名词：①修饰词总为单数

②woman man 跟着所修饰词单复数变化 ③sport 作为修饰词总为复数 ● there be + 主语 + doing sth.

● if ：条件状语从句，用一般现在时表将来时。 ● {??

??????boy.sick a is This sick. is boy The sick ill. is boy The ill 定语：表语：表语： ● 不擅长：be weak is

擅长：be good at

● Angry with sb. about sb. 为某事生某人的气。 ● for 表目的，例：We come here for vacation.

● ??

??????sth. doing (in)sth.on spend sb. sb. with time spend spend 花时间在某人身上花费 ● 将来时：1. will + v.(原)

2. be going to do sth.

3. 用现在进行时表将来时?

??计划好的事有方向性的词 ● ???babysat

g babysittin babysit ● sb. pay 钱 for sth.

● on

.adj morning. cold a on leaving is He .th 28 of morning on the leaving is He morning. in the leaving is He 修饰表示天气气候用有???

???? ●

go away 离开 ●

Have a good time = Enjoy yourself ●

send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. ● show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.

16 ●

● {??

??????????song. his f or f amous is Jaychou beach. beautif ul f or the f amous is Shantou f or f amous be singer. a as f amous is Jaychou as f amous be .)( f amous 而出名因出名作为adj ●

think (过去式：thought) ：think about sth. / doing sth. 思考…… ●

think of ：想起 ●

decide (决定) to do sth. / on sth. / on doing sth. ●

在某大洲中心in ：Greece is in Europe.（European 欧洲的） ●

leave somewhere 离开某地 —————— leave for somewhere 离开去某地 ●

plan →planned →planning ●

natural 自然的 ●

finish doing sth. 完成某事 ● hope to do sth. / 从句

● ??????

??sth.plan sth. do plan to .v .n plan

● I can’t wait to do sth. 我迫不及待想做某事 ● the number of ……的数量

● depend on 依赖于

●

in the mountain 在山区 ● 以致如此???????

??to too that so ● keep + 宾语 + adj.（宾补）

● ??

??????closed ) adj. closed (adj.v.open is windows The 关着的开着的

●

decide to do sth. / on sth. /on doing sth. ●

宾语从句：陈述句语序 ●

get to = reach = arrive in / at ●

Would / Will you please + v(原) ●

sit at the table 用餐 ●

the final(adj. 最后的) exam 期末考试 ● How 提问方式方法

17 ● s 前面加确数不加十亿 billion 百万 million 千 thousand ??

????????

● △A 地 + is + 距离 + (away) from B 地

△有具体距离不再用far

?

??school.my f rom (away) kilometers 10 home My school.my f rom (away)f ar is home My It’s + 距离 + from A to B

划线部分提问：

It’s ten kilometres from my home to school.

How far is it from your home to school ？

● It take sb.……to do sth. 例：It takes him about 10 minutes to ride to the station. ● ride 车程 ：An hour’s bus ride will take you there.

● ??? walk.

minutes 10 s It'.kilometers 10 s It' school to home your f rom it is f ar How ？ ● final = at last =in the end

● not all （部分否定）并非所有：Not all students are here.

● ???

(adj.) dif f erence f rom (adj.)dif f erent be ● ???spend.

to going are you money much how on depends It weather.on the depends It depend 决定 ●

?????不能是可能

肯定推测t can' be may be must ● a lot / far / much 用来修饰比较级表示差别程度大，差别程度小用 a bit / a little ● n.(pl.) of number large great / a of number small a of number a +?

?????少数的许多 ● What do you think of ？ = How do you like ？

● need （实义动词） + sth. / to do sth.

● the number of ……的数量，谓动用单数（is ）The number of the students is 100.

● worry （v.））

（.adj worry be t Don' ● invite (v.) → invitation (n.)

● ???+++++++谓

主谓主.adj How ).(n .adj )an /a (What

18 ● ??????????00.5 bef ore home get to have t don' She do st 00:12 untill study to had I 00.5 bef ore home get to has She to have ：

：③否定借助动词：②人称及时态变化①不得不（客观） ● discuss sth. 讨论某事 ●

?????.adv &.adj f ast .

adj quick soon 移动速度快反应快间隔快 ● 训练员训练火车trainer .)n (training .v .n train →→?

?????

●

???照的照片：这是的照片：这是一张照Tom photo s Tom' is This Tom Tom of photo a is This ● on one’s way to ： 谁在前往……的路上

by the way ： 顺便提一下

in ……ways ： 方面

Excuse , you’re i n my way ： 你挡到我了 ● th 24 the Oct.Oct.th 24th 24 )the ( Oct.读：??

??? ●

一个整体

days two another ●

● enjoy doing sth.

● be good at = as …… as

● sth. do sb. make to （原型）的不定式：省略 ● ????

????????++==+= / v.adv. / adj. lot a n. of s lot' of lot a bit a adj. of bit a n. little a

● ?

??：像：喜欢prop.v. like ● ???++对手

项目奖项beat win

19 ● on the farm : 在农场上

● take part in = join in

● like helping others

● however △

, = but ● ????

????????=？宾格：？主格：谁的宾格谁 with going you are Whom best the is Who who who

whom whose who ● make sb. adj. (宾补)

● lie →lying

● another + 数字 + 复数名词

● by plane = by air

● break →broke →broken

●

be + 过去分词 → 被动语态 ● ?

??it do to How do What to ● healthy →healthier

● ???→→beat

beat won win ●

?????????????????=?? g interestin sth. doing sth.in interested be interested lot. a me interests movie This .v .n interest 感兴趣：使 ● ???????=caref ully

adj.caref ul

adj.af ter look of care take n.about care .v care ：：：：

●

would like to do sth. ●

You’d better do sth. / not do sth. ●

view [vju:] n. 观点 ●

face to face 面对面 ● another 在做形容词时意为“又一个，再一个，另外的”，其后可以接可数名词的单数

或复数。如：I have another two books to read.

●another ，the other ，others ，the others

①another既可作形容词又可作代词，泛指“再一个，又一个”，表示“总数为三个或

三个以上中任意的另一个”，表示泛指，可以单独使用；作定语时，修饰可数名词

单数，其前不加冠词。

如：This dress is dirty ，please change another one for me.

②the other表示“两个中的另一个”，表示特指，总数为两个；它可以单独使用，也

可用the other + 可数名词单数。

如：His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is

a nurse.

③others用于泛指一些人或事物中其他的，可单独使用或用other + 可数名词复数

来代替。注意others后面不可直接加名词。

如：Some students like English and other students (others) like physics.

④the others指一定范围内其余所有的人或物，表示特指。

如：This dictionary is better than the others.

●形容词、副词的比较级

1.比较级的定义

大多数形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更……”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更……”。比较级前面一般用much ，even ，a little修饰。

2.比较级的构成

(1)规则变化

①单音节和部分双音节的形容词或副词一般在词尾加er

如：calm—calmer tall—taller smart—smarter

②以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加r

如：nice—nicer fine—finer large—larger

③以辅音+y结尾的词，变y为i，再加er

如：early—earlier happy—happier busy—busier

④以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词，双写辅音字母，再加er

如：big—bigger thin—thinner hot—hotter

⑤多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more

如：popular—more popular important—more important

(2)不规则变化

少数形容词、副词的比较级变化是不规则的：good—better bad/ill—worse

many/much—more little—less far—farther/further old—older/elder

3.比较级的用法

(1)当两个人或事物（A和B）进行比较时，我们需要用到形容词或副词的原级或比

较级。

①表达“A和B一样”，用as……as的结构。

公式：A + be动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B

A + 实义动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B

如：I am as tall as you.

He runs as fast as I.

②表达“A不如B”用not as/so…as的结构。

公式：A + be动词的否定形式 + as + 形容词原级 + as +B

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A + 助动词的否定形式 + 动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B

如：I am not as tall as you.

He doesn’t run as fast as I.

③表达“A大于B”用“比较级+than”的结构

公式：A + be动词 + 形容词比较级 + than + B

A + 实义动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B

如：I am taller than you.

He runs faster than I.

(2)关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法

①比较级前面可以加上表示“优劣程度”的词或短语，意思是“更……”，“……

得……”。常见词有much ，a little ，even ，a lot ，a great deal等。

如：He is much taller than I.

I jump a little higher than he.

②比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构，表示具体“大多少”，“长

多少”，“短多少”等。

如：I am two years older than he.

This building is 20 meters higher than that one.

③表示“越来越……”

比较级 + and + 比较级（单音节词）；more and more + 原级（多音节词）

如：It is getting warmer and warmer.

He is running faster and faster.

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.

④表示“越……就越……”；the+比较级…，the+比较级…

如：The more ，the better

The more careful you are ，the fewer mistakes you will make.

⑤the+比较级…of the two…表示两个当中较……的一个

如：The taller of the two boys is my brothers.

4.运用形容词、副词比较级应当注意的问题

(1)按语法规则，than后面的人称代词应当用主格，但口语当中有时会用宾格代替

主格。

如：He is more careful than I (me).

(2)只有同类的事物才能比较

如：Her bag is bigger than mine.

≠Her bag is bigger than I.

The weather of Kun Ming is much better than that of Shenyang.

≠The weather of Kun Ming is much better than Shenyang.

5.加er的双音节词大多以y、ow、er、ple、ble结尾

6.由词根+前缀/后缀形成的形容词+more

一般现在时

一般现在时是指经常发生的动作或存在的状态，其谓语动词用原形，当主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词有三单变化。

1.一般现在时态的句型：

(1)动词为be动词时：主语 + be动词（am/is/are） + 其他部分

否定句在be动词后面加not；一般疑问句把be动词提到句首。

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