建筑专业毕业设计外文翻译12

随着我国经济的发展,建筑行业已经朝着多元化方向发展,建筑行业在我国经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。而建筑工程管理工作直接关系到工程的质量、成本管理、人员的安全、企业的经营效益,甚至关系到企业的生死存亡,但是我国建筑工程管理在现阶段存在许多的不足:管理体制不健全。我国大部分的建筑工程为了节约人员开支,减少了建筑工程管理机构的人员数量和质量。管理制度深入性不足。建筑行业的相关管理制度都是由一些著名的建筑行业专家等共同研究制定的,但是在各建筑单位中就只是一张纸,他们也都只是为了应付上级的检查,并不能应用到建筑工程管理上。 在我国建筑工程管理工作中,难以全面确立我国建筑工程管理思路体系,主要是因为我国缺乏管理理论和经验。建立建筑工程管理思路体系是专业性较强的问题,其实施必须由资深的建筑学科专家和具有丰富工作经验的管理人员来组织,只有这样才能实现。国外建筑行业无论是技术还是理论都比较先进,因此我国在建筑工程管理思路体系的建立过程中,必须借鉴国外的先进理念,另外,还必须吸取先进的建筑工程管理方法,并对各方面的资料加以综合和整体。总之,要想确保我国建筑工程管理工作的有序进行,必须以健全的工程管理思路体系作为建筑工程总体管理水平提升的基本保障

加强施工质量管理,建立合理可行的质量保证体系,将工程的质量工作落到实处。工程施工企业要根据质量保证体系,形成行之有效的质量保证系统,树立质量方针,从而让其更加有指令性、系统性及可操作性。要将人、材料和机械各个要素有效结合起来。首先,人是质量控制的核心,要把人作为控制的推动力,充分调动人的积极性,树立工程质量第一的观念。其次,施工材料作为建筑产品的主体,对材料质量的控制是工程质量控制的关键。最后,工程施工的机械是进行施工机械化的主要标志,对现代化项目施工起到不可缺少的作用,它直接影响了施工项目的进度和质量,所以,选好用好工程机械设备非常重要。所以,应该根据工程项目的具体特点,综合考虑各种环境因素,实施有效的施工现场控制,为保证施工质量及安全创造良好的外部条件。

现阶段建筑工程管理越来越受到人们的重视,项目成本管理是工程管理不可或缺的内容。工程管理本质特征可以由项目成本管理体现出来。首先,建立项目成本管理责任制。项目管理人员的成本责任,不同于工作责任,工作责任完成不等于成本责任完成。在完成工作责任的同时,还应考虑成本责任的实施,进一步明确成本管理责任,使每个管理者都有成本管理意识,做到精打细算。其次,对施工队实行分包成本控制。项目部与施工队之间建立特定劳务合同关系,项目部有权对施工队的进度、质量、安全和现场管理标准进行监督管理,同时按合同支付劳务费用。再次,施工队成本的控制,由施工队自身管理,项目部不应该过多干预。

为了保证政府监督工作的有效性和权威性,应该提高监督队伍的整体素质。因此,加强建筑工程质量监督机构的质量管理的学习,从而使得监督队伍的业务素质得以提高。另外,质量监督手段也要不断进行完善,增加检测设备,使得监督工作具有较大科技的含量,实现监督工作的现代化。从建设市场的整体来看,市场运行的规则不够完善。执法不严,违法不究的现象常常会出现。工程质量受到危害在很大程度上都是由于建设市场的混乱所造成的。因此,政府必须建立健全的运行规则,保证这些规则能够真正落实处。

任何一个建设项目和其他建设项目比来，在规模大小，技术复杂程度，或者工程性质上可能有许多不同之处，但是在工程管理上有许多相同之处。在当前激烈的市场竞争中，有的工程公司在保持发展原有的市场领域上还能够不断地开拓并适应新的市场。在竞争中不断发

展壮大，而有的公司却停滞下前，不断萎缩，甚至退出市场走向衰亡，究其原因就是没有建立起一套先进、科学。灵活的工程管理机制。

影响施工项目质量的因素很多，诸如建筑结构的错位、倾斜、倒塌、破坏、开裂、渗水、漏水、刚度差、强度不足、断面尺寸不精确等，但究其原因，可以归纳如下：

（1）违背建筑程序。如不经可行性论证，不作调查分析就拍板定案；没有搞清工程地质、水文地质就仓促开工；无证设计；无图施工；任意修改设计，不按图施工；工程竣工不进行试车运转，不经验收就交付使用等若干现象，致使不少工程项目留有严重隐患，房屋倒塌事故也时有发生。

（2）工程地质勘察原因。未认真进行地质勘察，提供的地质资料，数据有误。地质勘察时，钻孔间距太大，不能全面反映地基的实际情况，如当基岩面起伏变化较大时，软土层厚薄相差亦甚大；地质勘察钻孔深度不够，没有查地下软土层、滑坡、墓穴、孔洞等地层构造；地质勘察报告不详细、不准确等，均会导致采用错误的基础方案，造成地基不均匀沉降、失稳，使上部结构及墙体开裂、破坏、倒塌。

（3）未加固处理好地基。对软弱土、冲填土、杂填土、湿陷性黄土、膨胀土、岩层出露、溶岩、土洞等不均匀地基未进行加固处理或处理不当，均是导致重大质量问题的原因。必须根据不同地基的工程特点，按照地基处理应与上部结构相结合，使其共同工作的原则，从地基处理、设计措施、结构措施、防水措施、施工措施方面综合考虑治理。

（4）设计计算问题。设计考虑不周，结构构造不合理，计算简图不正确，计算荷载取值过小，内力分析有误，沉降缝及伸缩缝设置不当，悬挑结构未进行抗倾覆验等，都是诱发质量问题的隐患。如某挡土墙工程由于设计时未了解清楚工程地质情况，施工时又未对现场情况进行核实，加上施工队伍在基础开挖时未能及时将现场地质情况反馈给设计人员，因此，尽管上部结构设计、施工质量良好，但因基础设计不合理，以至于使用荷载尚未达到设计值的一半，挡土墙就出现了滑移和倒塌。又如某圆筒仓开裂事故，也是由于设计人员疏忽，在试投产时就简壁开裂，致使建筑物建成后不能满足基本的使用要求。

工程项目管理措施

.1必须建立和完善工程管理责任体系，明确重点，落实责任

建立和完善工程管理责任体系，关系工程管理是否顺畅、责任是否明确、运作是否有效的问题，是加强工程管理必须首先解决的问题。受薪资质标准的限制，象中铁十七局这样的大型建筑施工企业，在今后相当一个时期，得把生存发展的领域定位于铁路、公路、市政等工程建筑市场，这要求企业必须把企业做强，把工程干好，提高核心竞争力。企业改制后，集团公司和子公司同为市场主体。以资产为纽带，不再是行政隶属关系，通过建立和完善工程管理责任体系，把工程管理的各个环节有效形成一个整体，协调运作，更显重要。

.2要建立和完善工程处（子公司）为主体的施工管理体制。

这种体制要求工程处亦即子公司必须对施工方案的制定、生产要素的配置、重难点工程的监控负责。所属工程项目部主要负责施工方案的落实，设计变更、现场日常管理和通通内

外关系；集团公司指挥部主要抓组织协调、重难点工程的突破和监控保障，营造外部环境，注意处理

好与业主、监理、设计单位和当地政府的关系；集团公司主要抓政策措施的制定、高难技术的咨询服务、重点难点工程的监督检查。工程管理部门特别是调度，要随时了解掌握现场情况，通畅信息反馈处理渠道，解决现场不能解决的问题。

With the development of our national economy, the construction industry has been moving in the direction of diversification development, the construction industry in China's economic development plays a very important role. Construction project management is directly related to the project quality, cost management, personnel security, business efficiency, matter to an enterprise even of vital importance, but our country architectural engineering management at present there exist many deficiencies: management system is not perfect. Most of our construction in order to save personnel expenses, reduce construction engineering administration personnel quantity and quality. Management system development of. Construction industry management system are from some famous construction industry experts to jointly study the development, but in the construction units in just a piece of paper, and they are just to cope with the higher level examination, and cannot be applied to construction project management.

In our construction management, to establish a comprehensive project of our country construction management system, mainly because of a lack of management theory and experience in china. Establishment of construction project management system is a specialized and professional issues, its implementation must by the senior building subject experts and has extensive experience in management to organize, the only way to achieve. Foreign construction industry in both technology and theory are more advanced, so our country in construction project management system in establishing a procedure, must draw lessons from foreign advanced concept, in addition, also must absorb the advanced project management method, and information on all aspects of the comprehensive and integral. In short, to ensure that our construction management is orderly undertake, must be in sound engineering management system as construction overall management level of the underlying security

Strengthen the construction of quality management, establishing the quality assurance system, the quality of Engineering work. Engineering construction enterprise according to the quality assurance system, form effective quality assurance system, establish the quality policy, so as to make it more prescriptive, systematization and maneuverability. To be human, material and machinery of various elements of an effective combination of. First of all, one is to control the quality of the core, take them as the control force, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of people, establish quality first concept. Secondly, construction materials building as the main product, the material quality control is the key of project quality control. Finally, construction machinery and construction mechanization is the main mark of modernization, plays an indispensable role in project construction, which directly affects the construction project progress and quality, therefore, select and use of construction machinery equipment is very important. So, should the specific characteristic according to project project, a comprehensive consideration of various factors, the implementation of effective control

of the construction site, in order to ensure the construction quality and safety and create good external conditions.

At this stage of construction project management has been paid more and more attention, project cost management is project management indispensable content. Project management essential characteristic can be reflected by the project cost management. First, establish project cost management responsibility system. Project management cost responsibility, unlike the responsibility, responsibility is not equal to the cost responsibility complete complete. At the completion of work responsibility at the same time, should also consider the cost responsibility implementation, further clarify the responsibility cost management, make every manager has cost management consciousness, so be very careful in reckoning. Secondly, the construction team to execute subcontract cost control. Project department and construction team is established between specific labor contract relationship, project department have the right to the construction team schedule, quality, safety and site management standard of supervision and management, at the same time according to the contract to pay service charges. Once again, teams of construction cost control, the construction team management, project department should not intervene too much.

In order to ensure the government supervision effectiveness and authority, should improve the overall quality of the supervision team. Therefore, strengthening the construction of quality supervision of construction quality management study, so that the supervision and professional qualities. In addition, quality supervision means also to continue to improve, increase the detection equipment, make supervision work has greatly the content of science and technology, to realize the modernization of supervision work. From the construction of the overall market, market operation rule is not perfect. Lax enforcement of the law, the phenomenon of impunity will often appear. Project quality risk is largely due to the construction market confusion caused by. Therefore, the government must establish and improve the operating rules, these rules can really implement service guarantee.

Any construction projects and other construction projects recently, in size, degree of technical complexity, or engineering properties may have many differences, but the project management has a lot in common. In the current fierce competition in the market, some engineering company in maintaining and developing the original market areas can also continue to develop and adapt to the new market. In the competition continue to grow and develop, while others stagnate before, continued to shrink, and even exit the market decline, the reason is not built up a set of advanced, scientific. Agile project management mechanism.

Effects of many factors on the quality of construction projects, such as building structure mismatch,

tilt, collapse, destruction, crack, seepage, water leakage, poor rigidity, strength is insufficient, section size is accurate, however, investigate its reason, can be summarized as follows:

( 1) against the building program. If not through feasibility argumentation, make investigation on decided yet; not clear engineering geology, hydrology geology brash start; undocumented design; without any modifications to the design, construction; not according to the drawings; the completion of the project is to test running, without acceptance on delivery of some phenomenon, cause many project save the serious hidden danger, house collapse accidents have also occurred. Engineering geological investigation of reason ( 2 ). Not serious geological investigation, provide geological data, data error. Geological exploration, borehole spacing is too big, can not fully reflect the actual situation foundation, such as when the bedrock surface fluctuation is large, soft soil layer thickness is also very big; geological exploration drilling depth is not enough, did not find underground soft soil, landslide, grave, hole formation; geological survey report in detail, such as inaccurate, will lead to the error based scheme, caused by the uneven settlement of foundation, instability, the upper structure and wall crack, damage, collapse.

( 3) without reinforcement treatment of foundation. On the weak soil, dredger fill, miscellaneous soil, collapsible loess, expansive soil, rock outcropping, lava, soil hole uneven foundation reinforcement treatment or not handled properly, that led to the great cause of quality problems. According to different characteristics of foundation engineering, foundation treatment should be in accordance with the superstructure and combination, make its work principle, from the foundation treatment measures, design, structural measures, waterproof measures, construction measures considering management.

( 4 ) design calculation problem. Inadequate design, structure unreasonable, the calculation sketch is not correct, computational load is too small, internal force analysis is incorrect, settlement joint and the expansion joint is arranged properly, the overhanging structure without overturning inspection, are induced by the quality problems. Such as a retaining wall engineering design without a clear understanding of the engineering geological conditions, construction and not on site verification, coupled with the construction team in the foundation excavation of the site geological conditions failed to timely feedback to the design staff, therefore, although the upper structure design, the construction of good quality, but the basic design is not reasonable, so that the use of design value of load has not yet reached the half, retaining wall appeared to slip and fall. Another example of a silo cracking accident, but also because design personnel negligence, in the pilot when Jian Bi crack, cause construction completion can not meet the basic requirements for the use of.

Project management measures

. 1 must be built and perfect engineering management responsibility system, make clear a key, fulfil responsibility

The establishment and improvement of project management responsibility system, engineering management is smooth, responsibility is clear, whether the operation is effective, is to strengthen project management must first solve the problem. Salaried qualification standard limit, such as seventeen bureau of China railway construction enterprises, in the future for quite a period, the survival and development of the field of railway, highway, located in the municipal engineering construction market, the enterprise must do the business strong, do well the project, enhance core competitiveness. The company changes after making, group company and subsidiary to the market main body. It is ligament with asset, is no longer the relationship of administrative subordination, through the establishment and improvement of project management responsibility system, the project management effectively to form an overall, coordinated operation, more important.

. 2 to establish and improve the engineering department ( a subsidiary company) as the main body of the construction management system.

This kind of system requirement engineering department or subsidiaries must be to establish the construction scheme, the configuration of factor of production, heavy and difficult engineering monitor. The project is mainly responsible for the Ministry of construction program implementation, design changes, the daily management and all internal and external relations; company headquarters mainly grasps the organization and coordination, heavy and difficult engineering breakthrough and supervision, to create the external environment, pay attention to

Good with the owner, supervision, design units and local government relations; company mainly grasps the policy measures, difficult technical advisory services, key and difficult engineering supervision and inspection. Engineering management department especially scheduling, always grasp the situation, unobstructed information feedback channel, solve the problems that cannot be solved.

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