剑桥初级语法 整理笔记

现在时

3、现在进行时：I am doing

以下动词不可用于现在进行时： like love remember mean depend believe want prefer forget know hate understand need 4、现在进行时的疑问式：Are you doing? 5、一般现在时：I do/work/like等

一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：I like big cities. Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用：I nevereatbreakfast. 6、一般现在时的否定式：I don’t/he doesn’t + 动词原形 I don’thave a bath every day.

【every day 表每天，作状语; everyday 表每天的，形容词】 7、一般现在时的疑问式：Do you…? Where How often What How much Do/does Do Do Does do do does does 主语 you your friends Anne Your friends you This word it 动词原形 work live play live wash mean cost on Sundays near here tennis your hair to fly to Rome *What do you do? 表示“你是做什么工作的？” 8、have/have got （1） have=have got has=has got Don’t have=haven’t got Do you have=have you got （2）have 表“吃、喝、拿”时，不能用have got代替 have havebreakfast/lunch/dinner have a meal/a pizza/a sandwich have a cup of coffee have sth to eat/drink （3）下列短语中，要用have have have a bath/a shower have a rest/a holiday/a party have a nice time/a good trip/fun have a walk/a swim/a game have a dream/an accident have a baby Doesn’t have=hasn’t got Does he have=has he got have a look 15、现在完成时 （1）havedone

（2）just/already/yet Just表“刚才”：we’ve just arrived. Already表“已经”（在预料之前）：they’ve already arrived.（=before you expected） Yet表“直到现在”（用于否定句和疑问句中）：they haven’t arrived yet.

（3）现在完成时与ever（用于疑问句中）/never连用：Have you ever played golf？ （4）gone表“去而未归”：she has gone to China. Been表“去而已归”：he hasbeen to China. （5）How long have you…?

She has been in Ireland since Monday/for three days. 一般现在时 Dan and Kate are married. Are you married? 现在进行时 I’m learning English. 现在完成时 They have been married for four years. How long have you been married? 现在完成进行时 How long have you been learning English? 25、what are you doing tomorrow?

I am doing something tomorrow 表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事” I am going to do something.同上（be going to 与 will的区别）

注意：用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：The train arrives at 7.30.

27、will/shall

（1） I shall =I will、weshall=we will ：

I shall be late tomorrow. = I will be late tomorrow.

在构成将来时的时候，不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用： Tom will be late. (而不能 Tom shall be late.)

（2）I’ll …表“提议或决定做某事”:I’ll phone you tomorrow. I think I’ll/I don’t think I’ll…表“决定做某事”：I think I’ll go to bed early tonight. （3）Shall I…/Shall we…? 表“你认为…好吗？”

28、might=may

29、can/could：could为过去式

30、must/mustn’t/don’t need to

（1）表示过去时，用hadto而不用must：We had to walk home last night. （2）don’t need to = don’t have to

31、should

（1）I think…should/I don’t think….should/do you think…should?

（2）oughtto=should

32、I haveto

（1）表过去时，用hadto

（2）表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时，must或haveto都可以 不是表个人看法时，只能用haveto：

Eg: You can’t park your car here for nothing. You have to pay. （非个人看法） It’s a fantastic film. You must see it./You have to see it.

33、I used to/I didn’tusedto/did you use to…？

38、there has been/there have been 一般过去时 There was an accident last night. When we arrived at the theatre,there was a long queue outside. 现在完成时 Look! There’s been an accident. This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents. Why are those policemen outside the bank? There’s been/there was a robbery. 41、反义疑问句

Have you?/are you?/don’t you? 表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”： ——I’ve bought a new car. ——Oh,have you?

记住：前否后肯，前肯后否 It’s a nice day, isn’t it? That isn’t your car, is it?

42、too/either so am I/neither do I （1） 句尾 I’ m happy. too（肯定） either（否定） So am I I’m not I’m not happy Neither am I I am （2）both+复数名词

either/neither单数名词，谓语动词用单数 both （of） either neither of I’m happy too. I’m not happy either. (so was he/so do I/sowould I) (可用nor代替neither) the… these/those… my/your/Paul’s…

44、疑问句

（1）is it…?/have you…?/do they…?why isn’t…?/why don’t…?

（2）who saw you?/who did you see?

（3）以特殊疑问词开头的句子，介词位于句尾：where are you from?

（4）what’s it like?/what are they like? 表询问某事物的情况——新旧、好坏、大小等 （5）疑问词 what What time…/what size What+名词 不加名词 which Which+名词（物/人） 不加名词时，不指代人 how How+形容词/副词 What’s your name? Which train did you catch? Which is biggest? How tall are you? How deep/how heavy/how high/how big… What （范围更广） Which（选择较少） 52、不定式与-ing形式 动词+不定式 want hope need 动词+-ing enjoy mind 动词+-ing或不定式 like prefer 55、 go to love hate plan expect promise What’s the capital of Argentina? Which colour do you prefer, pink or yellow? decide offer refuse try forget learn +to…(to work/to do/to be) stop finish suggest +-ing(doing/working) start begin continue +-ing/to… go to work go to school go to university go to hospital go to prison go to bed go to sleep go to church go to the bank/the theatre/the airport go home go to the doctor/dentist (be)at work (be)at school (be)at university (be)in hospital (be)in prison (be)in bed (be)in/at church (be)at home go on go on holiday go on a trip go on a tour go on an excursion go on a cruise go on a strike go for a walk go for a run go for a swim go for a drink go for meal shopping swimming fishing sailing skiing jogging go for go(going/went/gone) 56、 get + 名词（收到/买到/找到某物） get + 交通工具 get a job/get a letter get a bus get a train get a taxi get hungry get cold get tired get to work get to NY (get here/get home) get in a car get out of a car get on a bus get off a bus get married（结婚） get dressed（穿衣） get lost（迷路） 57、do 与 make do get + 形容词（变得..） get to + 地点（到达） get的短语 do an exam do a test do a course do homework

do housework do somebody a favour do an exercise do the shopping do the washing 洗衣服 do the washing-up 洗碗 do the ironing 熨烫 do the cooking make make a mistake make an appointment make a phone call make a list make a noise make a bed make a film 拍电影 take a photograph拍照 66、名词

在英语中，下列词语以复数出现：

scissors glasses trousers jeans shorts tights pyjamas people police 以下名词通常不可数 advice breadfurniture hair information news weather work a bottle of water a piece of cheese a bowl of rice

73、the的用法 the sun the moon the world the sky the sea the country the police the fire brigade the army the top the end the middle the left the piano the guitar the trumpet the radio the Internet 注意： 1. television/TV 不用the：I watch TV a lot. 但是 can you turn off the TV(=the TV set) 2. breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the 3. next/last + week/month/year/summer等不加the 4. 球类名词前不加the 5. 学科名词前不加the a carton of milk a bottle of perfume a cup of coffee a bar of chocolate/ a box of chocolates a piece of music a game of tennis the?（地名） 1.地域名称前一般不用the 2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用 3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用the 4.街道、广场等名称前不用the 5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用the 6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用the France/Japan/Peru the Alps/the Philippines/the Netherlands/the Canary Islands the Atlantic/the Amazon/the Nile/the Black sea lives in Newton Street/Highfield Road/Times Square Kennedy Airport/London Zoo/Victoria Station the Regent Hotel/the National Theatre/the Science Museum the north/south/east/west of… 7.表方位时用the 77、not+any/no/more

（1）not + any=no….=not a

（2）no…通常用于have（got）与there is/are之后 （3）动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no （4）no之后接名词、none可单独使用 None表示“无”；no-one表示“没人 nobody = not + anybody no-one =not + anyone nothing = not + anything 80、every/all

（1）every +单数名词，谓语动词用单数 （2）everywhere 是副词 all + most some any no all most some any none 83、a lot/ much/many/(a)little/(a)few

（1）a lot of + 可数/不可数，也可不跟名词

（2）much+不可数，用于否定句与疑问句，也可不跟名词 （3）many+复数 （4）

(of) of the… this/that… these/those… my/your… cities children books money a little+不可数表“有一点但不多” little+不可数表“几乎没有” a few+复数表“有一点但是不多” few+复数表“几乎没有” 88、a bit older/ much older A bit older than….

A bit more difficult than… Much better than…

Much more expensive than… 89、not as…as Not as much as…. Not as many as… The same as….

90、the oldest/ the most expensive

可用最高级+I’ve ever…./ you’ve ever….等：

The film was very bad. I think it’s the worst film I’ve ever seen. What is the most unusual thing you’ve ever done?

91、enough/too enough for sb/sth enough to do sth enough for sb/sth to do sth 93、词序

（1）地点状语位于时间状语之前：we went to a party last night.

（2）always/never/often等词用于动词之前，be动词之后，两个动词之间：

always often ever rarely also already all

usually sometimes never seldom just still

both e.g. I always

drink coffee in the morning.

I am always tired.

I will always remember you. / I can never find my keys. 96、give/ lend/pass/send/show/buy/get give sth to sb give sb sth

注意：当某物为代词it或them时，用第一种结构比较好：I gave it to my father.

98、when

（1）当以when开头时，两部分用逗号隔开：When I went out, it was raining. （2）一般现在时用于when之后表示将来： Lisa will be in Mexico when Sarah is in New York. When I get home this evening, I’m going to have a shower. too…for sb/sth too…to do sth too…for sb to do sth （3）before/while/after/until的用法类似： Please close the window before you go out. I’ll wait here until you come back.

99、if

（1）if之后常用一般现在时：

If you see Ann tomorrow, can you ask her to call me? What shall we do if it rains?

（2）if I/you/he/she/they/it had……I/you/he would….

if I/it/he/she was…或if I/it/he/she were….(这里的动词都是过去式) If I had/knew/lived/went… I wouldydidn’t have/didn’t you (n’t) ou know… it could(it were… they n’t) tcould… … hey … 在这种句子里，句意表示事实上这个假设不成立：

If I had the money, I would buy a fast car.事实上我没有钱买车。 I wouldn’t go out if I were you.事实上我不是你。 （3）比较 if I have/ if it is if I had/if it was ·I must go and see Helen. If I have time, I ·I must go and see Helen. If I had time, I will go today. (=maybe I’ll have time, so would go today. (=I don’t have time today, so I maybe I’ll go) will not go) ·I’ll help you if I can.(=maybe I can help ·I’d help you if I could, but I can’t. you) 103、at/on/in （1） at（时间点） 8 o’clock 10.30 midnight Sunday/Monday… 25 April/6 June New Year’s Day April/June 2003/1998 summer/spring buy… be… have… go…. on（星期、日期、节日） in（月份、年份、季节） （2）固定搭配 at the weekend at night in the morning in the afternoon on Monday morning on Tuesday afternoon at Christmas at the end of at the moment in the evening in five minutes 注意：this、last、next、every等前不用介词，如nextyear 106、in/at/on (1) in in a room in a shop in the water in Brazil in the field at the bus stop at the door at the traffic lights at her desk at the top/bottom/end of… (at the age of 21/at 50kilometres an hour/at 100 degrees) on a shelf on a plate on a balcony on the floor on a wall on a door on the ceiling on a horse/bicycle/motorbike on foot on holiday on television on the phone on time on fire in bed in hospital in the sky in the world’ in a newspaper in a car in the middle of… at home at work/school at university/at college at on (2) in at at the station/airport at Jane’s house at the doctor’s at the hairdresser’s at a concert at a party at a football match on on a bus/train/plane on the ground floor/first floor on the way (to…)/on the way home 备注：in或at可用于建筑物（宾馆、餐馆前）：We stayed at a nice hotel. / We stayed in a nice hotel. with 可用 a man with a beard/ a woman with glasses/a house with a big garden等结构 112、动词短语 （1） afraid of… angry with sb angry about sth different from… =different to… fed up with…（厌烦） （2）

look at… listen to… ask (sb) for… belong to… happen to… speak/talk to sb about sth thank sb for… think about…/think of… wait for… write to sb （3） get in a car get on the bus go away

ran away/run off drive away/drive off

turn over and look at the next page

look for…(寻找) look after…(照顾) depend on 注意：phone/call sb fullof… good at… interested in… married to… nice/kind of sb to… be nice/kind to sb sorry about… sorry for/about doing sth be/feel sorry for sb

at the station/airport at Jane’s house at the doctor’s at the hairdresser’s at a concert at a party at a football match on on a bus/train/plane on the ground floor/first floor on the way (to…)/on the way home 备注：in或at可用于建筑物（宾馆、餐馆前）：We stayed at a nice hotel. / We stayed in a nice hotel. with 可用 a man with a beard/ a woman with glasses/a house with a big garden等结构 112、动词短语 （1） afraid of… angry with sb angry about sth different from… =different to… fed up with…（厌烦） （2）

look at… listen to… ask (sb) for… belong to… happen to… speak/talk to sb about sth thank sb for… think about…/think of… wait for… write to sb （3） get in a car get on the bus go away

ran away/run off drive away/drive off

turn over and look at the next page

look for…(寻找) look after…(照顾) depend on 注意：phone/call sb fullof… good at… interested in… married to… nice/kind of sb to… be nice/kind to sb sorry about… sorry for/about doing sth be/feel sorry for sb

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