中考动词语法详解

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中考动词语法详解

考 点 扫 描 1.动词概述 2.系动词 3.时态

(1)一般现在时; (2)一般过去时; (3)一般将来时; (4)过去将来时; (5)现在进行时; (6)过去进行时; (7)现在完成时; (8)过去完成时。 4.语态 5.助动词 6.情态动词 7.不定式 8.动名词 9.主谓一致 一、动词概述

(1)动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。 【说明】在某些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:

We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。) He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。(has是助动词。)

(2)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词vt.、不及物动词vi. 【说明】同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词,例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) (3)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词 二、系动词

系动词不能单独用作谓语后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。 【说明】

有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟表语,说明主语情况。) He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。

初中阶段我们学过的系动词有:be, keep, seem, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come等。例句:

He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与表语一起说明主语的身份。) He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems(to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。

中考动词语法详解

He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 三、时态 一般现在时

(1)一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加-s,另外be和have有特殊的人格形式,见表10.1。

表10.1 一般现在时

表10.2 行为动词形式的变化

(3)一般现在时的否定式见表10.3。

表10.3 一般现在时的否定式

中考动词语法详解

如果have不是表示有的意思,则都用助动词do,does来构成否定式和疑问式。另外英国人口语常以have(has)got代替have(has);其否定式常以haven't got 代替have not ,hasn't got 代替has not。

(4)一般现在时的疑问式及简略回答,见表10.4。

表10.4 一般现在时的疑问式

中考动词语法详解

(5)一般现在时的基本用法如下。

① 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语:every…, at…, on Sunday,every day,once a week(每周一次),often(经常,往往),usually(通常),always(总是),seldom(很少),sometimes(有时)… I leave home for school at 7 every morning. She is at work.

I get up at six every day.

--- How do you usually come to school?

--- I usually come to school by bike ,but I walk sometimes. In the evening I often watch TV,but sometimes I read. I always get to school very early. ② 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.

The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 What's two and three?It's five.

The moon moves round the earth.月亮围着地球转。 Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。 ③ 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

Actions speak louder than words.行动胜过言辞。 ④ 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much.

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. She likes apples. They speak English. John works very hard. ⑤ 一般现在时的其他用法。

第一,在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作,例如: If you jump a queue,the people will not be pleased. I will tell him as soon as he comes back.

When they leave school,they will go back to their hometown. 他们毕业后将回到家乡去。

第二,表示安排或计划好的将来的动作(只限于某些表示来、去、动、停、开始、终于、继续等的动词,如go,come,leave,start等)。例如:

The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning.火车将于上午10点钟开出。 Supper is at five today.今天5点开饭。

When does the Japanese youth delegation leave for Yanan? 日本青年代表团什么时候到延安去?

第三,引用书籍报刊或其作者时,一般需用一般现在时,例如: The story describes how a young scientist develops a new theory.

中考动词语法详解

故事描写一个青年科学家如何建立了一个新的理论。

第四,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也需用过去时态,但宾语从句如果讲的是客观真理,它的谓语动词仍需用一般现在时,例如: Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun. 伽利略坚持地球绕太阳运行的说法。

第五,图片说明,电影说明,故事重述,戏剧的舞台说明以及报纸上的标题和故事的题目也常用一般现在时。小说一般用过去时态,但为了描写生动,也往往用一般现在时和其他现在时态。 第六,在某些常用句子中表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态(即不是经常发生的动作或存在的状态),例如:

Here he comes.他来了。(注意here必须在句首) There goes the bell.铃响了。(注意there必须在句首) What time is it now?现在是几点钟了? 一般过去时

(1) 一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。动词be第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was,其余用were;动词have一律用had,没有人称和数的变化。行为动词一律用过去式,没有人物和数的变化。现将一般过去时在肯定、否定、一般疑问和简略答语等四种结构中的各种形式列表如表10.5和表10.6所示。

表10.5 一般过去时的肯定和否定结构

中考动词语法详解

表10.6 一般过去时的一般疑问和简略答语

中考动词语法详解

(2)一般过去时的用法如下。

①过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。常带有yesterday,the day before yesterday,two days ago,last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等时间状语以及由when等连词引导过去的时间状语从句,例如: Where did you go just now? --- What day was it yesterday? --- It was Tuesday.

Jim was at home yesterday evening.

Last October,the farmers needed help with the apple harvest. --- When did you start in this school? --- About ten months ago.

Lily could swim when she was four years old. ② 叙述过去连续发生的一件事,例如:

Wei Hua had a busy day yesterday.She got up before seven o'clock in the morning,and quickly washed her hands and face.she got to school early.

③ 也可以表示在一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用,例如:

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

中考动词语法详解

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. He always went to work by bus last year.

(3)规则动词过去式的构成和词尾-ed的读音,见表10.7和表10.8所示。

表10.7 规则动词过去式的构成

表10.8 规则动词的读音

(4)常见的不规则动词有:

am/is→was are→were come→came say→said go→went have→had see→saw put→put do→did get→got eat→ate take→took 一般将来时

1.一般将来时由“助动词will+动词原形”构成。在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简缩为“'ll,”will not常常缩为won't

,在疑问句中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词

表10.9 一般将来时的肯定式与否定式

中考动词语法详解

表10.10 一般将来时的一般疑问句和简略回答

中考动词语法详解

① 在书面语中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时常用助动词shall+动词原形,例如: Which paragraph shall I read first?

I shall go to see my grandparents next month. We shall be very pleased to see you. 但在日常口语中,所有人称都可以用will。 ② 在表示“带意愿色彩的将来”时常用will,例如: I will tell you all about it.

③ 在问对方是否愿意,或者表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will,例如: Will you go to the zoo with me? Will you please open the window?

④ 在表示建议或征求对方意见时,可用shall,例如: Shall we go at ten? Shall we get some food? 2.一般将来时的用法

一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week ,next year,from now on(从现在开始),in a month(一个月之后),in the future(将来)等,例如: Beijing will be raining today.

中考动词语法详解

I will go to my hometown next week. We will come to see you every Sunday. We will come and work on this farm every year. 3. 其他表示将来的方法

(1)“to be going+动词不定式”用于口语中较多,表示将要发生的事,或打算、计划、决定要做的事情,例如:

第一,主语的意图,即将做某事。

We are not going to have any classes next week. What are you going to do tomorrow? 第二,计划、安排要发生的事。

They are going to meet outside the school gate. The play is going to be produced next month。 第三,有迹象要发生的事。

Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. It is going to rain.

(2)come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等表示动作的动词的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

(3)go,come,leave,arrive, stay, start等表示动作的动词,可用现在进行时来表示即将发生的动作,例如: I'm leaving tomorrow.

Are you staying here till next week? Jim is coming,too.吉姆也要来。

Are we going there by bus?我们是乘公共汽车去那儿吗? When are you going back to your hometown?你什么时候回家乡? (4)“to be about+动词不定式”表示即将发生的动作。 The English evening is about to begin.英语晚会即将开始。

中考动词语法详解

We are about to leave,so there is no time to visit him now. 我们就要离开了,所以现在没有时间去看他。

(5)“to be +动词不定式”表示安排或计划好了的动作等。

The boys are to go to school next week.这些男孩子下周要上学了。 He and I are to meet at the school gate.他和我约定在学校门口见面。 过去将来时

(1)过去将来时由should(第一人称)和would(第二、第三人称)加动词原形构成。美国英语则不论什么人称,一律用would。现以动词work为例子将过去将来时的肯定和否定结构列表如表10.11所示。

表10.11 过去将来时的肯定和特否定

(would的简略式是 'd,如I'd,you'd,he'd.)

(2)过去将来时的用法。一般过去将来时,表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这个时态一般常用在宾语从句中,例如:

We asked him where we should go work next week.我们问他我们下周上哪儿去劳动。 They wanted to know when you would finish the article.他们想知道你什么时候写完这篇文章。 现在进行时

1.现在进行时由助动词am,is,are加现在分词构成。现以动词work为例,现在进行时的各种形式如表10.12所示。

表10.12 现在进行时的各种形式

中考动词语法详解

2.动词-ing形式的构成,如表10.13所示。 3.现在进行时的用法。

(1)现在进行时表示此时此刻(说话人说话时)正在进行的动作,例如: The students are listening to the teacher. My father is watching TV now.

表10.13

(2)现在进行时可表示现阶段正在进行着的动作,虽然此时此刻这个动作可能并不在进行,例如:

中考动词语法详解

We are working on a farm these days.

They are compiling a Chinese-English dictionary.他们在编一本汉英辞典。

(3)现在进行时有时可表示将来发生的动作(用于go,come,stay,leave,start等表示动作的动词),例如:

He is coming to see you tomorrow.

They are going to the Great Wall this Sunday.

另外,并不是所有的动词都能用进行时态。例如表达状态、感情和感觉的某些动词,通常只能用一般时态而不能用进行时态,因为这些动词不能表示一个正在进行的动作。例如:know(知道)就不能用进行时态表示“正在知道”。这类动词有be(是),have(有),love(爱),hate(恨),want(想要),like(喜欢),think(认为),believe(相信),see(看见),hear(听见)等。 过去进行时

1.过去进行时由was(第一、三人称单数)和were(其余各人称和数)加现在分词构成,现以动词work为例列表如表10.14所示。

表10.14 过去进行时的肯定与否定式

续表

2.过去进行时的用法。

中考动词语法详解

表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间,除有上下文暗示以外,一般用时间状语来表示,例如: --- What were you doing this time yesterday? --- We were working in class.

He was mending his bike at ten o'clock yesterday. I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.

We were cleaning the classroom from three to four yesterday afternoon. 3.一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较。

一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作,例如: Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了) Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完) 现在完成时

1.现在完成时的构成

现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以work为例,现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语,如表10.15所示。

表10.15 现在完成时的构成

中考动词语法详解

2.现在完成时的用法

(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与already,just,yet,ever,never等连用,例如:

----Have you finished your work yet? ----Yes,I have.I have just finished it. ----Have you ever been to a chicken farm?

----Yes,I have.No,I have never been to a chicken farm.

(2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用,如for,since,now,today,this month,this year等,例如:

I have known Li Lei for three years. I have lived here since 1980.

I have been at this school for over fourteen years.

for和表示一段时间的词组连用,例如:for two minutes,for five hours,for ten days,for three weeks,for fourteen months,for twenty years.

since和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用,例如:since eight o'clock this morning,since last Sunday,since five weeks ago,since October等。

(3)have(has) been和have(has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”,要用have(has) been,不能用have(has)gone。例如: Where has he been?他已回来了。 Where has he gone?他现在不在这里。 3.现在完成时和一般过去时的比较

(1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

中考动词语法详解

(2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:具体的时间状语,例如: yesterday, last week,…ago, in 1980, in October, just now… 现在完成时的时间状语:不确定的时间状语,例如:

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always…

(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,例如:live, teach, learn, work, study, know…

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。)

I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了。) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. (三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)

句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

I have seen the film.我了解这部电影的内容。 I saw the film last week.说明什么时间看的电影。 He has lived here since 1980. 他现在还住在这里。 He lived here in 1980. 不涉及他现在是否还住在这里。 4.延续动词与瞬间动词

(1)用于完成时的区别。延续动词表示经验、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)

中考动词语法详解

I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

(2)用于till / until从句的差异。延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……”,瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”

He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 一直睡到10点。 过去完成时

1.过去完成时的构成

过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成。过去完成时在肯定、否定、一般疑问句和简略答语等四种结构中的形式如表10.16所示。

表10.16 过去完成时的构成

2.过去完成时的用法

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by,before等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。

(1)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句,例如: She said(that)she had never been to Paris.

(2)用于状语从句。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先的,用过去完成时;发生在后的,用一般过去时,例如:

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

中考动词语法详解

(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”,例如:

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3.过去完成时的时间状语:before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等,例如: By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. By the end of the match,they had kicked two goals and we had kicked four. We had reached the station before ten o'clock. When I got there,you had already started playing. Wang Lin had mended the radio before his brother returned. 四、语态

1. 语态种类:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象。一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。 2. 被动语态的形式

英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,其变化规则与系动词be完全一样。

现以ask为例,将各种人称、数和时态的被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式如表10.17所示。

表10.17 被动语态的形式

中考动词语法详解

动词

肯 定 式 We are asked... You are asked... They are asked... I was asked... You were asked.

.. He was asked...

否 定 式 We are not asked... You are not asked... They are not asked... I was not asked... You were not asked... He was not asked...

疑 问 式 Are we asked...? Are you asked...? Are they asked...? Was I asked...? Were you asked...? Was he asked...?

She were not asked... 一般过去时 She was asked... We were not asked... We were asked... You were not asked... You were asked... They were not asked... They were asked... I shall be asked… You/He/She will be asked… 一般将来时 We shall be asked… You/They will be asked… Will you /they be asked...? I/You have been asked… 现在 完成 时 Have /we/you /they been asked...? 过去 完成 时 I am being asked… 现在 进行 时 He/She is being asked… We/You/They are being asked… Are we /you /they being asked…? 过去 进行 时 You were being asked… You were not being asked… Were you being asked…? I was being asked… I was not being asked… Was I being asked…? You are being asked… I am not being asked… You are not being asked… He/She is not being asked… We/You/They are not being asked… Is he/she being asked…? Am I being asked…? Are you being asked…? I/You/He/She/We/They/You had been asked… I/You/He/She/We/They/You had not Had I/you /he /she/we /you /they been asked… been asked...? He/She has been asked… We/You/They have been asked… I/You have not been asked… He/She has not been asked… We/You/They have not been asked… Has he /she been asked...? Have I /you been asked? We shall not be asked… You/They will not be asked… Shall we be asked...? I shall not be asked… You/He/She will not be asked… Will you /he /she be asked...? Shall I be asked...? Were they asked...? Were we asked...? Was she asked...?

中考动词语法详解

3. 主动语态变为被动语态其比较见表10-18。

表10.18 主动语态变为被动语态的比较

*by短语有时可省去,上面例句中括号内的部分即表示可以省略的by短语。 4. 被动语态的用法

被动语态常用于下列几种情况:

(1)当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,例如: This jacket is made of cotton. 这件夹克是棉布的。

The book was written for children. 这本书是为儿童而写的。

(2)当我们既关心动作的承受者也关心动作的执行者时,用by加动作执行者来表示,例如: Food is needed by every living thing. 食物是每个生物的必需品。 5. 短语动词的被动语态

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