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《诗 经》(Classic of Poetry)是中国最早的诗歌总集,确切地说,它是一部古代歌谣的总集。它包含300多首诗歌,最早的作品大约出现在西周初期。《诗经》中诗歌的作者大 多数不得而知。其中的诗歌从音乐角度可分为“风(Airs of the States)”“雅(Hymns)”“颂(Eulogies)”,“赋(straightforward narrative)”“比(explicit comparisons)”“兴(implied comparisons)”是诗歌的三种文学手段。《诗经》开启了中国数千年来文学的先河,而且它也是以现实主义为主流的文学作品的开端。它对研究我国的 古代历史,尤其是文学历史,是必不可少的材料。

诗经The Classic of Poetry is the earliest collection of Chinese poetry, and to be precise, it is a collection of ancient songs. It comprises more than 300 poems, with the earliest works appearing at the early period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Most of the authors of the poems in the Classic of Poetry are unknown. The poems in it can be classified into “Airs of the States”, “Hymns” and “Eulogies” from the perspective of music, and “straightforward narrative”, “explicit comparisons” and “implied comparisons” are three literary devices of poetry. The Classic of Poetry opens the literature of several thousands of years in China and it is also the beginning of the literature works with the realism as the mainstream. It is the essential material to study our country’s ancient history, especially the literature history.

广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈,通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识,社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰,因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。

广场舞The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities.

据报道,今年中国快递服务(courier service)将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能赶超美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日,中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此,快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。

快递服务It is reported that China's courier service will deliver about 12 billion parcels this year, which means most probably China will surpass America and become the world's largest express market. Most packages contain goods ordered online. China provides opportunities for millions of online retailers to sell goods at extremely competitive prices. Only on November 11th, Chinese consumers brought commodities worth $9 billon from the largest shopping platform of China. There are a lot of such special shopping days in China. As a result, the expansion of express industry is not surprising at all in China.

中国家庭一向尊老爱幼。在大家庭里(extended family),老一辈人的意见受到尊重,小一辈的人得到全家的爱护。而随着改革开放和经济的发展,人口众多的大家庭开始分解,出现了越来越多的核心家庭(nuclear family)。在城市里,不和家里老人一起住的年轻夫妇给老人生活费,并常去探望,帮他们干些家务活。在农村,尽管相当多的大家庭已经解体了,许多结了婚的儿子和他的家人还是和父母住在同一个院子里,这样父母、子女可以互相帮助。 尊老爱幼In the Chinese family, the old is usually respected and the young is loved. In an extended family, the opinions of old people are respected and the youngest members are taken good care of by all family members. With the reform and opening up and economic development, large extended families began to divide into more and more nuclear families. In cities, young couples who do not live together with their aged parents give their parents living expenses and often visit them and help them do some household chores. In the countryside, although many extended families have broken up, many married sons and their families continue to live in the same courtyard with their parents, which makes it convenient for both parents and children to help each other.

最近,一些地方大学开始将方言列为某些学生的必修课程,学生们要学习当地方言,然后被评分以作为毕业的依据之一。一方面,支持此种做法的人认为,将方言列为必修课可防止其消失,从而使当地传统文化和文化多样性得以弘扬,同时城市独特的个性得以保留。另一方面,反对此种做法的人争论说,当地学生与外地学生相比有很多绝对优势,因此将方言列为必修课会引起教育不公平的问题。而且,将方言列为必修课程还会引起一些其他问题,如教材使用、师资问题和考试标准等。在我看来,方言作为传统文化不可缺少的一部分和一种交流工具,可以让学生自愿学习和使用,而不是强制完成。

方言课程Recently, it has been practiced by some local universities that dialect is made a compulsory course for some students, under which students are subject to learning the local dialect and then graded as one of the judging factors for them to graduate. On the one hand, people approving the practice maintain that it will help to prevent the dialect from extinguishing so that the local traditional culture and the cultural diversity can be enhanced, and the unique urban identity can be preserved simultaneously. On the other hand, people in opposition to the practice contend that it will give rise to the appearance of educational inequality, for the local students will enjoy absolute advantages over those from other places. Moreover, the inclusion of dialect in compulsory courses will bring forth other problems like teaching material, teachers and examination standards. As far as I am concerned, dialects, as an indispensable part of local traditional culture as well as a tool for communication, can be acquired and used voluntarily, not compulsorily.

中国将努力确保到2015年就业者接受过平均13.3年的教育。如果这一目标得以实现,今后大部分进入劳动力市场的人都需获得大学文凭。在未来几年,中国将着力增加职业学院的招生人数:除了关注高等教育外,还将寻找新的突破以确保教育制度更加公平。中国正在努力最佳地利用教育资源,这样农村和欠发达地区将获得更多的支持。教育部还决定改善欠发达地区学生的营养,并为外来务工人员的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等机会。

教育与就业China will make an effort to ensure that employees receive an average of 13.3 years’ education by 2015. If the goal is to be achieved, most people entering the labor market must obtain a university diploma in future. In the next few years, China will take great pains to increase the enrolments of vocational colleges; apart from paying attention to higher education, China will also look for new breakthroughs to ensure more equality in the education system. China is striving to optimize educational resources so that rural and underdeveloped areas will gain more support. The Ministry of Education has also decided to improve the nutrition of students in underdeveloped areas and provide equal opportunities for the children of migrant workers to receive education in cities.

中国悠久的历史、广袤的国土、与世界各国和海外文化的广泛接触,孕育了中餐的独特艺术。中国有一句古话至今还广为流传,叫作“民以食为天”。几千年的推陈出新和不断累积,使中餐受到越来越多的海外人士的青睐,成为了我国对外文化交流的一个友好使者。现代中国已享有“烹饪王国“之美誉,精致的烹调艺术盛行全球,中餐烹饪已名列世界顶尖菜系(culinary style)之林。中餐烹调所用的天然配料,品种繁多;烹调方法,亦层出不穷。

中餐文化China's long history, vast territory and extensive contact with other nations and cultures have given birth unique Chinese culinary art. An ancient Chinese saying, which is still popular today, goes, \and accumulation, the Chinese cuisine has become increasingly popular among more and more foreign people, becoming an envoy of friendship of China’s cultural exchanges with foreign countries. Modern China enjoys a worldwide reputation as the \of cuisine”. The exquisite Chinese culinary art has prevailed all over the world, which is one of the world’s top culinary styles. The kinds of natural ingredients and methods of cooking seem endless.

中国传统的待客之道要求饭菜丰富多样,让客人吃不完。中国宴席上典型的菜单包括开席的一套凉菜及其后的热菜。例如肉类、鸡鸭、蔬菜等。大多数宴席上,全鱼被认为是必不可少的,除非已经上过各式海鲜。如今,中国人喜欢把西方特色菜和传统中式菜肴融于一席。因此牛排上桌也不少见。沙拉也已流行起来。尽管传统中国人一般不吃任何未经烹饪的菜肴。

宴席通常至少有一道汤,可以最先或最后上桌,甜点和水果通常标志宴席的结束。

传统待客之道.In China, variety of foods and dishes is needed in traditional ways of entertaining guests and makes them impossible to finish the dinner. Typical menus of Chinese banquet include cold dishes to start and the following hot ones. For example,meat, chicken, duck and vegetables. In most banquets, a whole fish dish is considered indispensable, unless various kinds of seafood have been served. Nowadays, Chinese people tend to mix Western specials with traditional Chinese cuisine. Thus, steak is not rare. Traditionally,although the Chinese do not eat any of the uncooked dishes,salads have also become popular. The banquet usually has at least a bowl of soup that can be offered as the first or the final dish. Desserts and fruits usually mean the end of the feast.

中国武术As one of the main birth places of Oriental martial arts, China has the unique \culture\Chinese culture, a major part of Chinese national sport, as well as a way for Chinese people to build their bodies and defend themselves over the past thousands of years. In the past, the influence of Chinese martial arts could be felt only in books or performances. Nowadays, the influence has found expression in some movies and television programs, so that it is reaching a much wider audience. As a result, Chinese martial arts have spread beyond China’s borders and captured the wide attention of the people around the world.

普通话Mandarin, the Standard Chinese, is the sole official language of China. It takes Beijing phonetics as the standard pronunciation, the dialect of the northern part of our country as the basic dialect and the typical works in the modern vernacular Chinese as grammar norms. Generally speaking, there is one syllable in a single character in Chinese. The structure of a Chinese syllable is quite simple, composed of an initial consonant, a vowel and a tone. In Mandarin, the rise and fall of tones can differentiate the purposes of a speaker. Like any other language, Mandarin has always been developing with the development of times.

饺子A dumpling (jiaozi) is a kind of food filled with fillings, which is eaten more in North China traditionally. As early as the Three Kingdom Period, there had been records about dumplings. The fillings of dumplings are usually made of meat and vegetable, which are wrapped in a piece of dough that is rolled thin and round, and then the edges of the dough are pressed together. There are many ways to cook dumplings, such as boiling, steaming and frying. In the past, Chinese usually ate dumplings during traditional holidays like the Spring Festival; nowadays, dumplings have become a kind of ordinary food in Chinese daily diet.

丝绸之路The famous Silk Road is composed of a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It originates from silk trade in ancient China. The commerce on the Silk Road plays an important role in China, South Asia and Europe, for it is by the Silk Road, the papermaking technology, the gunpowder and the compass spread from China to every corner of the earth. In addition, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread across the world. Europe also took advantage of the Silk Road to export goods and plants to meet the needs of Chinese Market.

倡导低碳生活,提升公民节能减排意识是应对全球变暖的重要措施。低碳生活并非什么难事,只要人人都树立绿色环保意识,坚持从我做起、从身边小事做起,那么久一定能促成共享低碳生活。共享低碳生活,要让绿色环保理念深入人心。要把绿色环保活动融入工作生活的方方面面,要有针对性地开展低碳生活的知识培训;要积极倡导志愿者活动,全面宣传节能减排、环境保护等方面的知识,提高全社会的低碳环保意识。

低碳生活Advocating low-carbon lifestyle and promoting citizens' consciousness of energy conservation and emissions reduction are important measures against global warming. Leading a low-carbon life is not difficult. Only if everyone establishes the consciousness of green environment protection and keeps starting from ourselves to pay attention to everything around us can we make low-carbon life available to all. To achieve that, we should make the ideas of green environmental protection popular. We should integrate green environmental protection activities into every aspect of work and life; we should carry out the targeted knowledge training of low-carbon lifestyle; we should actively advocate volunteer activities, comprehensively publicize

the knowledge of energy conservation and emissions reduction, environmental protection so as to improve the low-carbon consciousness environmental protection of the whole society.

越来越多的中国互联网用户发现了网购的乐趣。中国互联网络信息中心称,上半年有超过8700万的中国人网络购物,这意味着四分之一的中国网民有网络购物的经历。大多数网络购物者为18--30岁的学生和白领,月收入在1000--3000元不等。女性网购多于男性。衣服和家用产品是在网上购买最多的东西。预计网络购物这一趋势在将来只增不减,这反映出中国经济的强劲发展劲头。

网购A growing number of Chinese Internet users have discovered the joy of online shopping. The China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) announced that more than 87 million Chinese made purchase on the Internet in the first half year, which means one out of four Chinese netizen have online shopping experience. Most online shoppers are students and white-collar workers aged 18 to 30 with a monthly income of 1,000 to 3,000. Women shop online more than men do. Clothing and home-use products are the most popular goods bought online. It is predicted that the trend of online shopping will grow rather than drop in the future. This reveals the strong development momentum of China 's economy.

劳动力China is a very diverse place with large variations in culture, language, customs and economic levels. The economic landscape is particularly diverse. The major cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are modern and comparatively wealthy. However, about 50% of Chinese still live in rural areas even though only 10% of China’s land is arable. Hundreds of millions of rural residents still farm with physical labour or draft animals. Some 200 to 300 million former peasants have moved to townships and cities in search of work. Generally the southern and eastern coastal regions are wealthier while inland areas, the far west and north, and the southwest are much less developed.

城市化2011 was a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China as its population exceeded the rural population for the first time. In the next 20 years, about 350 million rural populations will move into the city. Such scale of urban development is both a challenge and an opportunity for urban transportation. The Chinese government has always advocated the idea that \for the construction of \cities in China can better plan their development and turn a lot of investment to the safe, clean and economic transportation system.

儒家和道家The ideal of rural life reflected in the art and literature is a key characteristic of Chinese civilization. To a large extent, it is attributed to Taoism’s emotions at nature. There are two most preferred themes in Chinese traditional paintings, one of which is various happy scenes in family life, often with the elderly playing chess or drinking tea, men plowing or harvesting, women weaving cloth or sewing clothes, and kids playing outdoors in the paintings. The other is all sorts of pleasure in rural life, with fishermen fishing in the lake, farmers cutting firewood or collecting medical herbs in the mountains, or scholars reciting poems or painting pictures sitting under pine trees in the paintings. The two themes respectively represent life ideals of Confucianism and Taoism.

中国人的人生哲学Chinese people has never thought of human being as the highest creature among everything since ancient times, whose reflection takes a quite appropriate proportion with all others in our natural world in both aspects of philosophy and arts, but not as an absolute dominant ruler. Therefore, our bitterness and depression are basically less than those of westerners, because the intensity of which is growing with the expansion of one's desire and ambition. People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their wants are far less either. Besides, ancient Chinese always regard \material, not driven by material\Mauriac and Balzac's miser and aspirant, that is dwarfed. Chinese people almost characterized by moderation, peacefulness, insecure, plainness and easier to get satisfied than westerners.

一个人的生命究竟有多大意义这有什么标准可以衡量吗提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难但是大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。 古来一切有成就的人都很严肃地对待自己的生命当他活着一天总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习不肯虚度年华不让时间白白地浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。

生命的意义How significant is a person's life? Is there any standard to measure? It It will be very difficult to put forward an absolute standard but in general the significance of one's existence can be estimated by how he treats his life, by what attitude he takes to work and what ways he chooses to live. From ancient times up to now all the accomplished people treat their lives very seriously. They work and learn as much as possible. They hate to spend the best of their lives in vain and they do not want to let their time slip by. All the laboring people, great statesmen and thinkers of our country at all ages treasure their time in this way.

在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的,往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候,印象很好。吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静,吃完了这顿宴席,缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。这是因为,第一,开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态,而饿了吃糠甜如蜜,饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二,你初到一个餐馆,开始举筷时有新鲜感,新盖的茅房三天香,这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。

人际关系We shouldn’t be too romantic about human relationships. Human beings are funny. Usually, when they meet a person they will first notice his or her merits. It’s just like the experience of dinning in a restaurant. The starter or cold dish will leave you a very good impression. You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. The more you eat, the calmer you will become. At the end of the dinner all the shortcomings come out. Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nitpicking, and head consent to headshaking. This is because: first, you are hungry when you begin eating. When you are hungry, the bran tastes as sweet as honey; when you are full, even the honey tastes insipid.

在西方人心目中,和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来,大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位,以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻,人们通常以大米为食;而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或干燥,无法种植水稻,那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国,有些人用面粉做面包,但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。

大米In the eyes of Westerners, the basic food that have the closest connection with China is rice. For a long time, rice is of great significance in the Chinese diet. There is even a saying that \a capable housewife cannot cook a meal without rice\on rice, while people in the most areas of North China plant wheat instead because of the excessively cold and dry climate. In China, some people use flour to make bread, while some people make steamed buns and noodles with flour.

现代人的生活节奏Being in haste and at leisure are two distinct lifestyles. But in real life, people have to shuttle between these two lifestyles frequently, without knowing whether they are \leisure\For instance, when we are enjoying our holidays in a tourist attraction, a phone call from the boss tells us contingencies have happened with our clients or work. The hideous and gloomy side of the convenient modern high-tech device drives away all the interest. The following leisure time can only be reduced to the pure form, because we are already in a restless and anxious state of mind.

年轻人的旅游More and more Chinese young people are gaining interest in tourism, which is a new trend recently. The rising number of young tourists can be attributed to their rapidly increasing income and the curiosity of exploring the outside world. With the increase of traveling, young people spend less time in big cities and famous scenic spots, instead they are more attracted by remote locations. Some even choose long-distance backpacking trip. A recent survey shows that many young people want to experience different culture, enrich knowledge and expand their horizon via traveling.

扇子A fan is an implement used to stir airflow to make people feel cool. Chinese fan culture has deep cultural deposits and it has a close relationship with bamboo culture and Buddhist culture. Since ancient times, China has had the name of “the kingdom of making fans”. The main materials of fans include bamboo, wood, paper, etc. Fans have appealing designs and delicate structures, and are made elaborately by skillful craftsmen. Men of literature and writing often write poems and create paintings on them, making them have very high art values. In ancient times, the fan was also the symbol of power. Chinese fans have also spread into many other countries and exerted a certain influence on the culture there.

Monday \\ Tuesday \\ Wednesday \\ Thursday \\ Friday \\ Saturday \\ Sunday 12月份的英文:

一月:January 简写Jan. 二月:February 简写Feb. 三月:March 简写Mar. 四月:April 简写Apr. 五月:May 简写May. 六月:June 简写Jun. 七月:July 简写Jul.

八月:August 简写Aug.

九月:September 简写Sep. / Sept. 十月:October 简写Oct.

十一月:November 简写Nov. 十二月:December 简写Dec.

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