10年完形真题逐句解析版考研英语真题2008-1999

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十年考研英语完形真题

逐句解析

(2008——1999)

2008 (翻译见P174)

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】hypothesis n.（名词） 【复数】 hy.poth.e.ses 缩写 hyp.,hypoth. 【考研真相】

【云注】本句主干：The idea is one of those hypotheses. 主语、表语后面都有定语从句。

But Gregory Cochran is prepared to say it anyway. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】be prepared to do sth 打算、准备，愿意做某事。 【考研真相】

He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】rare bird n. 稀有的人或物,珍品。 independently of 独立于...之外。——《朗道》 【考研真相】

He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】bacterium n. 细菌 (复数为bacteria)。 【考研真相】

Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do.

【整句翻译】

【讲词】tremble at 被?吓得发抖。at the thought of 一想到?(就)。 【考研真相】

Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】together with 和?一同, 连同?。bring about 造成, 引起〔导致〕(某事)。 【考研真相】

The group in question are a particular people originated from central Europe.

【整句翻译】

【讲词】originate from 来自?; 源于?。 【考研真相】

The process is natural selection. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】natural selection n. 自然选择,物竞天择说。 【考研真相】

This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, affirm. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】do well in 成绩好,?做得好。mean value n. 平均数[值]。mean n.平均数，平均值。 【考研真相】 【云注】此处scoring?虽为分词短语作状语，但score疑为不及物动词。above the mean value of 100作状语，前面的12-15 points反而是作它的定语。

They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】genetic diseases 遗传疾病。breast cancer n. 乳癌。

suffer from 患(某种病); 受(某种病痛)折磨。You must have suffered from a cold.你一定是感冒了。 【考研真相】

【云注】本句语序有所变化。原顺序是：They also suffer from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer more often than most people.

These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】the former 前者。put down to v. 归因于。 【考研真相】

The latter was seen as a (an) consequence of genetic isolation. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】genetic isolation 遗传隔离。 【考研真相】

Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately linked.

【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】subject to v. 使服从,使遭受。subject vt. 使服从, 征服, 制伏。paradoxical adj. 自相矛盾的。state of affairs n. 事态,情势。 【考研真相】

2007 (翻译见P120)

全文：

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had

become independent nations. The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence shared the ideals of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.

On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the

church, however, there was less agreement among the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one allowed by the Spanish crown. While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often

egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.

逐句解析：

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】look to the future 考虑未来。 【考研真相】

Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence shared the ideals of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】representative adj.由选出之代表组成的; 代议制的: representative elections, governments, institutions 代议制的选举﹑ 政府﹑ 机构。——《牛津高级》

freedom of commerce 通商自由。private property 私有财产,私有制。 【考研真相】

Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】state n. 国家。

【考研真相】sovereign and independent states?是三个并列的表语。

On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the church, however, there was less agreement among the leadership. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one allowed by the Spanish crown. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.

【整句翻译】

【讲词】faith n. 宗教信仰。to the exclusion of adv. 排斥着。

eaten more food than (what) is good for his health.

【云注】此处的than was?中的than为准关系代词，相当于than+前面的名词+关系代词(who,whom,whic)。具体见《赖世雄语法》上册P165。

This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】think v. 认为。influence on 对?有影响。 【考研真相】

Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】child abuse n. 摧残儿童,虐待儿童。abuse n. 虐待。 【考研真相】

All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】causal relationship 因果关系。 【考研真相】

2003 (翻译见P70)

全文：

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best accommodate such changes. Growing bodies need movement and exercise, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it

would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful groups dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the security of some kind of organization with a supportive adult barely visible in the background.

In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have short attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. On the contrary, they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles that are within their capability and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.

逐句解析：

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best accommodate such changes. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

【云注】前后两个they指代的有所不同。后一个指adults。

Growing bodies need movement and exercise, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by

others.

【整句翻译】

【讲词】adjust to 调整, 调节。 【考研真相】

【云注】the confidence与knowing并列，作need的宾语。

However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】book review n. 书评。book club n. 〈美〉读书俱乐部(一种以优待价格向其成员出售书籍的组织)。 【考研真相】

A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful groups dynamics. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】group dynamics 团体动态学;分组动态特性;集体动力学;集团动态。dynamics n.（与复数动词连用）社会力量。 【考研真相】

Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the security of some kind of organization with a supportive adult barely visible in the background. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】make friends 交朋友。make friends with v.与?交友;与?交朋友,和睦。some 某个。kind 类。 【考研真相】

In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have short attention spans. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】attention span 注意广度。 【考研真相】

A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】a variety of adj. 多种的。let down 使失望, 失信。

【考研真相】

This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】irresponsible adj. 不负责任的 n.不负责任 adv. 不负责任地。 【考研真相】

【云注】irresponsible应为adv.。

On the contrary, they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles that are within their capability and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】acquire vt. 养成，获得, 得到。 【考研真相】

2002 (翻译见P122)

全文：

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened between. As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in perspective. It is important to do so.

It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing. They were thought of, like people, in terms of generations, with the distance

between generations much smaller.

It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has influenced both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed against “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.

逐句解析：

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】draw a comparison between 把?加以比较。 【考研真相】

Yet much had happened between. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】in the wake of adv.尾随,紧跟,仿效。in the company of 和?在一起。

【考研真相】

【云注】follow的逻辑主语是newspaper。此处翻译宜参考黄宝书的，即newspaper、periodical是同一阶段的，the pamphlet and the book在它们两者之前。但我不认为newspaper与periodical“一起成为电子时代到来前主要的传播手段”，而应翻译为“报纸成为电子时代到来前主要的传播手段，与它一起的还有期刊。”

It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into

farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be self-sufficient. He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable.

逐句解析：

If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】gap n. 差距。 【考研真相】

He must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】large quantity 大量。 【考研真相】

He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】support n.供养。 【考研真相】

He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】insurance n.保险措施, 安全保障。bad weather 恶劣天气。implement n. 工具, 器具, 用具。chemical fertilizer 化(学)肥(料)。 【考研真相】

He may also need money to construct irrigation channels and improve his farm in other ways. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】irrigation channel 灌渠。 【考研真相】

If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be self-sufficient.

【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】in the form of 用?的形式。 【考研真相】

Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】rate of interest 利率。 【考研真相】

1999(翻译见P11)

全文：

Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies with low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them alive and active. When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.

Successful safety programs may differ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by observing rules or regulations. Still others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.

There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety pays off. The fewer the injury claims, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at a profit or at a loss.

逐句解析：

Industrial safety does not just happen. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】just adv. 只是, 仅仅。happen vi. 发生。 【黄宝书注】译：安全生产并不是偶然事件。

Companies with low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them alive and active.

【整句翻译】

【讲词】accident rate 意外事故率，事故率。safety program 安全规划;安全计划。keep alive 使活[燃]着;使继续着。 【考研真相】

When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】well done 做得不错。accident free 无事故。 【云注】

【考研真相】where time lost due to injuries?为定语从句，修饰climate。 【云注】lost与due due to injuries并列，作time的定语。

Successful safety programs may differ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】differ in 在(某方面)不同。place on 把?放在?上; 把?强加于?。place emphasis on 注重,着重于,强调,加强(语气),重读。 【考研真相】

Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】place emphasis on 注重,着重于,强调,加强(语气),重读。 【考研真相】

Others stress safe work practices by observing rules or regulations. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】safe practice 安全技术[规章]。practice n. 惯例, 常规。observe vt. 遵守; 遵循。regulation n. 1 规章; 规则 2 管理, 控制。 【考研真相】

Still others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】

【考研真相】

But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

There can be no question about the value of a safety program. 【整句翻译】 【讲词】

【考研真相】

From a financial standpoint alone, safety pays off. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】pay off 1 使得益; 有报偿 2 (付清工资后)解雇。 【考研真相】

The fewer the injury claims, the better the workman’s insurance rate. 【整句翻译】

【讲词】insurance rate 保险费率。 【考研真相】

This may mean the difference between operating at a profit or at a loss.

【整句翻译】

【讲词】mean v. 造成：作为结果而具有；引起：Friction means heat.摩擦起热。operate v.管理，经营：operate a business.经营一家企业。 at a loss 1 亏本 2 不知所措。 【考研真相】

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