国际实物配送outcome2

Technical report 1--- International Transport Modes Table – International transport modes

ModTotal e mode cost Sea ￡620 ￡24.8 Cost per Tranpallet sit time 1.slowest 2.vulnerable to bad weather 3.less punctual 4.high risk 4 1.improve efficiency 1.high total cost 2.the weight houroperations 2.increase security limit s 3.use information technology 3.not too far 4.faster speed from the airport 2 1.large capacity 1.confined to railroad days 2.relatively punctual 3.economical 2.less flexible 4.relatively high speed 5.less prone to interruptions by proo wether 3 1.better for short-shipped 1.small capacity 2.high transport days 2.flxible and convenient cost 3.high rate of good s damage 4.disrupted by weather 7 1.reduce handing of cargo 1.investment days 2.permit door-to-door service cost are high 3.reduce the risk of pilferage 2.not all cargo is and with subsequent savings on suitable for 18hoinsurance premiums containersation urs 4.quicker transit times 5.enable the quotation of through rates to the distance 1.lowest expense of freight. days 2. large quantities. 3.long distance Mode advantages Mode disadvantages 7 Air ￡1265 ￡253 Rail ￡1275 ￡51 Direct road ￡1350 ￡67.5 Multi-mode ￡1185 ￡47.4

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The Explanation of Data

Sea: the total cost is ￡620, this is because of the sea transport is 40ft container

carrying 25 pallets and the price is ￡620 per container. Cost per pallet= total mode cost/ pallet, thus the cost per pallet= ￡620/25= ￡24.8. The transit time is 7 days in the basic data.

Air: the total cost is ￡1265, this is because of the air will be by airplane cargo hold , at maximum of five pallet and the price is ￡1265 per 5 pallets. Cost per pallet=total mode cost /pallet, thus the cost per pallet=￡1265/5=￡253. The transit time is 4 hours.

Rail: Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet. Thus the cost per pallet=￡1275/25=￡51.

The transit time is 2 days. the total mode cost is ￡1275, this is due to that the rail transport will be by 40ft container carrying 25 pallets, thus the price is ￡1275.

Direct road: the total mode cost equal to ￡1350, the price is ￡1350 per flat bed

container lorry and the direct road will be by curtain side rigid lorry carrying 20 pallets. Thus the total mode cost is ￡1350. Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet, thus the cost per pallet=￡1350/20=￡67.5, the transmit time is 3 days.

Multi-mode: first of all, the price is ￡125 from the Milan Glass Works to Genoa

Calata , add the sea mode ￡620 and the rail cost ￡295 ,then, add the road form Coatbridge Railport to Kirriemuir Bottling, the cost is ￡145. Thus Total mode cost=￡125+￡620+￡295+￡145=￡1185. Total pallet= 25. The total mode cost = ￡1185/25=￡47.4. The time =6 hours+7days+5 hours+7 hours=7 days and 18 hours. the total cost equal to ￡1185.

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Technical report 2--- Consignment delivery terms Table- Incoterms and their definition

Initial Incoterm Description The buyer is responsible for uploading. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligation on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods ready for collection at his premises on the data greet upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller doesn’t load the goods on collecting vehicles and doesn’t clear them for export. FCA Free Carrier A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods to a named (named place of delivery) airport, terminal, or other place where the carrier operates. Cost for transportation and risk of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the carrier. The seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed the goods over, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place. When used in trade terms, the word “free” means the seller has an obligation to deliver goods to a named place for transfer to carrier. CPT Carriage Paid to (named place of The risk of damage or loss to the goods being transported is transferred from the seller to the buyer as soon as the goods have been delivered to the carrier. The seller is responsible only for arranging freight to the destination, and not for has been designed to suit the needs of modem business. CIP Carriage and

EXW Ex Works (named place of delivery) destination) insuring the goods shipment when it is being transported. It It refers to that the seller deliver the goods to the carrier or first carrier and pay for the carriage of goods up to the named 3

Insurance Paid to (named place of destination) DAT Delivered (named place of place of destination. Meanwhile, the seller must obtain the insurance for the goods while it transit. After the seller deliver the goods to the carrier, the risk will transmit to buyer. It means the seller covers all the costs of transport such as the destination port and destination port charges.meanwhile, it must assumes all risk until destination port or terminal. The Import duty/taxes/customs costs are to be borne by Buyer. The risk is transmit to buyer when the buyer control the goods. at Terminal export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination) terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange. DAP Delivered at place (named place of Refers to the seller to ship the goods within the specified destination, need to prepare for unloading without unloading the complete delivery term referring to the arrival of vehicles including ships, including destination port, the seller shall destination and charges(except import charges) this term applies to any mode of transportation and milti-mode transport by sea. destination) bear all costs and risks of the goods shipped to the specified DDP Delivered Duty Paid (named place of It means the Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. destination, the risk transmit to buyer. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer destination) When the seller complete the deliver in the named place of

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Explanation:

Incoterms 2010 is the eighth set of pre-defined international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce. It include 11 terms, such as the EXW, FCA, FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP,DAP,DAT and DDP. These terms improve the efficiency of international trade and simplify the process and stages.

The previous version, the rules are divided into four categories, but 11 incoterms 2010 predefined terms based on the delivery method only can be divided into two categories. The rules of a larger group of seven (g7) can be informs The chopped of The method of transmission, and a small group of four applies only to The sales, only involves The transport of water can verify The condition of The goods The loaded on board The ship. They therefore is not 2 for container transportation.

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Table – Allocations of cost buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010

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Explanation:

EXW is ex factory (place of delivery). Where the word's biggest obligation to the buyer and the seller's minimum obligations. The buyer will pay the cost of many parts, such as the export declaration, transportation, port of export, etc.

FCA is free carrier (designated place of delivery), the seller is responsible for the shipment, the carrier of the buyer, the buyer is responsible for unloading and loading the goods to the carrier. When the goods delivered to the carrier, the risk will transfer the buyer.

The CPT is carriage paid to (destination) is responsible for the origin of the shipper cost includes transportation export customs clearance and freight named place (usually a destination port or airport). The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final destination (usually the buyer's facilities), or to buy insurance. CIP is the freight and insurance paid to (designated destination), the seller is responsible for most, such as the export customs declaration form, loading and unloading charges at the port of import and export. Insurance is the responsibility of the seller. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.

The delivery DAT is terminal (designated destination), the seller is to cover all shipping costs such as export charges, transportation, unloading from the main carrier at the port of destination and the destination port cost. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.

Bounce is (specify the destination of delivery), the seller is responsible for arranging transportation and delivery of goods, from traffic tools ready at discharge, at the specified place. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.

DDP delivery duty paid (designated destination), the seller is responsible for the goods sent to the designated place in China buyers, the goods to the destination and pay all fees including import duties and taxes. Where the word's largest responsibility on the seller and the buyer minimum obligation. \\

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3.0 Technical report 3---Consolidation and groupage arrangements Chart – Consolidation and groupage arrangements Definition of Groupage To fill a whole box of goods receipts. This kind of goods usually by the carrier, respectively, inland freight and in container freight station or freight station, and then will be more than two ticket cargo in a container, also want to stand at the destination of inland container depot or devanning delivery respectively. For this king of goods, the carrier should afford to boxing and unboxing operations, loading devanning fee still charge the goods the responsibility of the carrier for LCL goods, basically the same as the traditional cargo transportation. This type of cargo suits well micro, small and medium-sized enterprise(SMEs) where most of the time cargo to export or import is much less than the required weight or volume to be efficient. Consolidation Consolidation is refers to that the consolidator will form a whole batch of many different and separate batches of goods shipped, then it will shipment in the airline ,using an air waybill and shipped to the same destination.By the air freight representative company to the destination specified in the agent receiving, then make 8

customs clearance and distribution to the mode of transportation of the actual consignee. This is one of the main business of air freight agent. The periods of consolidation can be found in charts covering any time interval, such as the hours and days. These period can last for days, months or even a year.. Circumstances when they could be used 1In less than one FCL loaded small consignment situation, usually are canvassing by the carrier and container freight station or inland freight stations concentrated, and after more than two votes cargo consolidation in a container, the same should in container freight station or inland stations were unpacking destination delivery. could be used. 2. When to be required faster than multi-mode transport, consolidation could be used. 3. Air transport could be used in case of emergency . Cost effective pallet load level From the report 1, we can know the cost is ￡1350, and we can know the ￡108 per pallet. Then we calculate the 1350/108, it can get the answer 12.5. And then it should acquire the effective pallet load level, so it should choose the best answer, and the best is cost effective load level is 12.

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Explanation:

from the first report, we can get the total cost of ￡1350, as a result, we can know each tray ￡108. As a result, cost effective pallet load level [1] = total price = ￡1350 / bed/tray ￡108 = 12.5. Thus the cost effective pallet load level = 12.

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