2018年中考英语语法知识点总结(绝对精品)

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2018年中考英语语法知识点总结 (名师总结教材重点,绝对精品,建议大家下载打印背诵)

名词

名词的种类 专有名词 国名、地名、人名、 团体、机构名称 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词、集体名词 不可数名词 抽象名词、物质名词 考点1:可数名词 一、基本用法

(1)可数名词后可以加-s或-es构成复数形式,用于表达超过―一个‖的数的概念。 (2)只与可数名词复数连用的单词:few(几乎没有),a few(一些), many/a great many(许多)

(3)既能与可数名词连用也能与不可数名词连用的单词:some, any, a lot of/lots of, plenty of。例如:

There is some/a lot of milk in the bottle. There are some/a lot of flowers in the garden. 二、 名词单复数规则变化

规 律 ① 一般在词尾直接加s ② 以s, x,o, sh, ch结尾的单词通常在词尾加es ③ 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y改i,再加es 但以元音+y结尾的词,则直接在词尾加s ④ 以o结尾的词,有生命的名词加es 但无生命名词则直接加s,如: ⑤ 以f或fe结尾的词,改f或fe为v 加es 三、 名词复数的不规则变化 规律 例词 例 词 book—books chair—chairs class—classes box—boxes brush—brushes watch—watches family—families factory—factories key—keys monkey—monkeys potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes radio—radios zoo—zoos leaf—leaves thief—thieves ① 变中间的元音字母 man—men, woman—women,foot—feet, tooth—teeth, child—children, mouse—mice ②表示―某国人‖的名词单复变化 Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese ( 记忆口决:中日不变英法变,其余s Frenchman—Frenchmen Englishman—Englishmen German—Germans American—Americans 加后面。) Indian—Indians Australian—Australians ③单复数一样的名词 Chinese and Japanese 吃 sheep , deer and fish 如:a Chinese -- two Chinese , a sheep -- many sheep ④ 有的名词只有复数形式 ⑤ 有的名词即可表整体,也可表成员 ⑥ 由两个名词组成的名词词组,通常只变后面一个名词为复数; 注意:但如果前面名词是man或woman时,则两个名词都要变成复数 people, police, clothes, trousers , pants , jeans , scissors, shorts family, class, team, group an apple tree—two apple trees a girl student—many girl students a man teacher—some men teachers a woman doctor—ten women teachers 考点2:不可数名词 一、基本用法

(1) 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能与a/an或具体数字连用,但特指某物时可以与定冠 词the连用。

(2) 要表示一定的数量时,常与a cup of, a bottle of, a piece of 等量词连用,如a cup of tea

一杯茶; two bottles of water两瓶水

注意:区别two boxes of chalk与two boxes of apples。

(3) 只能修饰不可数名词的词有:a little(一点),little(几乎没有),much/a great deal of(许

多)

(4) 常考的不可数名词有:

food, drink (饮料), orange(橙汁), milk, rice, bread, meat(肉), chicken (鸡肉), pork(猪肉), beef(牛肉),work, homework, news(新闻) advice (建议), information(信息), weather(天气), Chinese(汉语), knowledge(知

考点3:名词所有格

在英语中,有生命的名词及表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,常在词尾加’s 表示所属关系,叫做名词的所有格。翻译成:―的‖。如:Tom’s bike (汤姆的单车) 名词的所有格 ① 直接在词尾加's. 例词、例句 Kate's bag, Children's Day, Women's Day Teachers' Day, students' books ② 以s结尾的名词所有格,在词尾加 ' ③ 表示两人共同拥有的人或物,在后一个人名后加's ④ 表示两人分别拥有的人或物,则两个人名后都要加's ⑤ 表某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面的名词常常省略: ⑥ 表示无生命名词的所有格,用of 表达 Lucy and Lily's mother (共同的妈妈) Tom's and Jim's rooms (各自的房间) at the doctor's(在医务室); at Tom’s (在汤姆的家) the door of the room, the color of the clothes A friend of my father's a book of mine ⑦ 双重所有格:用’s所有格/ 与 of 所有格相结合。 注意: 但是有些表示时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城市等无生命的名词,也可加's构成所有格: 如: today's newspaper今天的报纸 eight days' holiday = an 8-day holiday八天的假期 five minutes' walk = a five-minute walk 五分钟的步行路程 识) 等

(1) sound,voice,noise

① sound ―声音‖,指耳朵能听到的各种声音。I heard the sound of the bell. ② voice ―声音‖,主要指人的声音。She has a beautiful voice. ③ noise 指―噪音‖。词组有:make a noise等。 (2) job, work

① job ―工作‖,是可数名词。

②work ―工作‖,可以作名词或动词;作名词表示―工作‖时是不可数的;作名词表示―著作‖时是可数的。

(3) a number of, the number of

① a number of 表示―大量的;许多‖,谓语动词用复数。 如:A number of persons are playing chess.

② the number of 表示―……的数量‖,谓语动词用单数。 (4) idea, advice

① idea 表示―主意‖,是可数名词。 如:a good idea 一个好主意 ② advice表示―建议;忠告‖,是不可数名词。如:a piece of advice (5) news, information, message, instruction

① news 表示―新闻;消息‖,是不可数名词。如:two pieces of news

② information 表示―信息;资料‖, 侧重信息的价值,是不可数名词。如: some information

③ message 表示―消息;音信‖,侧重信息的简短,是可数名词。 常用词组:leave a message(留言); give a message to…(捎口信给……)

④ instruction 表示―说明;须知;教导‖, 是可数名词。如:some instructions (6) house, family, home

① house 表示―住宅‖,指的是具体的房子或建筑物。 ② family 表示―家;家庭‖,也可指全体家庭成员。 ③ home 意为―家‖,带有眷恋等感情色彩。 (7) 部分单词作可数名词和不可数名词时的含义不同:

room 房间(可数);空间(不可数)。 glass玻璃杯(可数);玻璃(不可数)。 orange橙子(可数);橙汁(不可数)。 chicken小鸡(可数);鸡肉(不可数)。 time 次数(可数); 时间(不可数)。

名词

考点

1:人称代词 、物主代词和反身代词

人称代词 主格 宾格 me us 物主代词 形容词性 my our 名词性 mine ours myself ourselves 反身代词 (1)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的基本变化形式 第一人称 单数 复数 I we 第二人称 单数 复数 you you he she it they you you him her it them your yours his her its their yours yours his hers its theirs yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves 第三人称 单数 单数 单数 复数 (2) 人称代词的用法: ① 主格通常放在动词前面。宾格一般放在动词或介词后面。 如:She is very friendly and we all like her. All of us are Chinese. ② 人称代词的排列:

单数:you, he and I(二、三、一) 复数:we, you and they(一、二、三)

(3) 物主代词译成―……的‖。形容词性物主代词+名词。名词性物主代词后面不能有名词,

如:This is my book = This book is mine. Their room is bigger than ours. (4) 反身代词意思是―本人,亲自‖。必须与被指代的人在人称和数上保持一致。

如:He can do it himself. They enjoyed themselves at the party yesterday.

反身代词常用词组:teach oneself = learn sth. by oneself 自学 ;enjoy oneself = have a good time / have fun doing 玩得开心; help oneself to sth. 请自便;随便吃; look after oneself = take care of oneself 照顾自己 ;say to oneself 自言自语;by oneself 独自地 ; dress oneself 给自己穿衣

考点2:指示代词、疑问代词和it 的用法

(1) 指示代词的形式:this(单数)—these(复数), that(单数)—those(复数) 如:This is my watch. That is his watch. These are my books. Those are his books.

打电话时,常用―that‖询问对方是―谁‖, 用―this‖介绍自己。 如:—Hello, is that Lucy? —Hello, this is Lucy.

(2 ) 疑问代词指人:who, whom, whose, which ;指物:what, which (3 ) it 的用法

① 指时间、天气或距离等

如:It's eight o'clock now. It's time for class. It's getting hotter and hotter. It's five miles from my home to the school. ② 指谈话双方都知道的或都不知道的人或事 如:—Who is knocking at the door?

—It must be Li Lei. He said he would come tonight. ③ 作形式主语或形式宾语

考点1 基数词

(1) 基数词表示数量,后面一般接复数名词(―一‖除外)。如: seven days (2) 基数词的读法:

① 从右向左看,每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。

如: 7,258,366,200 可读为: seven billion,two hundred and fifty-eight million,three hundred

and sixty-six thousand,two hundred

② 百位与十位之间要加and。 如:one hundred and twenty-five;十位与个位之间要加连词符。如:seventy-four

(3) hundred,thousand, million,billion, dozen前面有具体数字时,后面不加s 和of;如果没有具体数字, 后面必须加s 和of。如:five hundred (五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(上百万的) (4) 时间的读法

顺读法: 点钟+分钟 如:2:05 two five 3:50 three fifty 逆读法:

① 分钟 ≤ 30,用―past‖:分钟 + past + 点钟 (几点过几分)

如:4:15 four fifteen / a quarter past four 6:30 half past six = thirty past six ② 分钟> 30分钟,用―to‖:分钟(60-分钟数) + to +(点钟+1) (几点差几分) 如:7:40 twenty to eight 8:45 a quarter to nine = fifteen to nine 整点的表达 :点钟 + o'clock。 如:9:00 nine o'clock

(5) 编号的表达 名词+基数词 = the+序数词+名词

如:Lesson One = the first lesson

(6) 小数点用―point‖ ; 百分数用―percent‖的表达。如:1.4 one point four;

60% sixty percent

(7) 与表示度量衡单位的词连用:10米深/长/宽/高 ten meters deep /long /wide / tall

考点2 序数词

(1) 序数词表示顺序,前面一般有―the‖ 或代词修饰,后面一般接名词单数。

如:Monday is the second day of the week. Today is his seventeenth birthday. 注意:a / an + 序数词表示:又一,再一 (表示泛指)

I have failed twice, but I want to try a third time.

(2) 分数的表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1,分母+s。

如:1/3 one third; 3/4 three fourths / three quarters (3) 日期的表达 月-日-年

如: It happened on January the second, 1990. / It happened on January 2,1990.

考点3 其他重点表达

半小时 half an hour 半天 half a day 两天半 two and a half days = two days and a half 一至两天 one or two days = one day or two 在20世纪90年代 in the 1990s 在他30多岁 in his thirties

再多两天 two more days = another two days

考点1:形容词、副词的基本用法

(1) 形容词一般放在名词前面, be动词后面。副词一般放在动词后面或形容词前面 ,副词一

般以ly结尾。

但有的动词后面只能用形容词。如常考词:五个感官动词:look, feel,smell, taste, sound;四个变得 :turn, get, become,go (变质); 四个句型: keep, make,think, make /stay

如:The book is interesting. This is an interesting book.

The boy looks sad.

(2) 形容词修饰复合不定代词 (something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody

anybody, nobody, everybody, everyone)时,要放在不定代词的后面。 如:The teacher has something important to tell us. (3) enough (足够) 放在名词前面,形容词、副词后面。 如:I don't have enough money to buy the bike.

考点2:形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的变化规则

基 本 变 化 规 则 (1) 一般情况下比较级在词尾直接加er,最高级加est。 (2) 以e结尾的词,在词尾加r构成比较级,加st构成最高级。 (3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y改i, 再加er构成比较级,加est构成最高级。 例 词 small—smaller—smallest stronger—strongest nice—nicer—nicest l ate—later—latest heavy—heavier—heaviesteasier—easiest big—bigger—biggest hot—hotter—hottest easy— strong—(4) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写辅音字母, 再加er或est构成比较级和最高级。 (5) 其他双音节或多音节词在词前加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级。 important—more important—most important strongly—more strongly—most strongly 不 规 则 变 化 的 词 many / much – more – most bad / badly / ill – worse –worst far—farther—farthest (距离远) old—older—oldest (岁数大,东西旧)/ good / well – better - best little—less—least far—further—furthest (深入的,) old—elder—eldest (辈份大) 形容词等级口诀 比较级要变化,一般词尾加-er,词尾若有哑音就可以直接加r。 一辅重读闭音节,辅音字母要双写。辅音字母后有y,把y改成i。 最高级加-est,莫忘前面加the。形容词若是多音节,记得前面加more、most。 考点3:形容词、副词的基本句型

(1) 原级的用法

句型 例句 ① very, quite, rather, too, enough, so ① The street is very busy. 等词修饰原级 ② The book is quite interesting. ② 表示 A 与B一样时,用: A …+as+原级 +as +B (和……一样) ① Tom is as tall as Kate. ② Tom runs as quickly as Kate ③ 表示 A 不如B 时, 用: A…+not +as / so +原级 +as+B (不如) ① This story isn't as / so interesting as that one. ② My brother doesn't write as / so well as me. (2) 比较级的用法 (两者的比较或选择)

句型 例句 ① 比较级 + than + 被比较的对象 ① He is taller than his father. ② Who jumps higher, Tom or Jim? ② 比较级+ and + 比较级 more and more +原级 ③ the + 比较级, the + 比较级 (越……,越……) ④ less +原级+ than (不如) ① hotter and hotter 越来越热 ② more and more useful 越来越有用 ① The more you take exercise, the healthier you will be. ① The room is less beautiful than that one. ⑤ the + 比较级 + of the two (两者中更…:) 注意: 比较级前面还可以用以下词来修饰:much(得多), a little/a bit ( 有点), even(甚至), far(远远地), still(仍然), three times (三倍)等。 例如: Why not get up a little earlier? The book is twice cheaper than that one.

① Jim is the taller of the two. (3) 最高级的用法 (三者或以上的比较或选择)

句型 ① the + 最高级 +of / in +比较的范围 例句 ① I am the earliest in my class every day. ② Which do you like best, English , Chinese or math? ② one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数 (最……之一) ③ the + 序数词 + 最高级 + 名词单数 (第几最……) 注意: (1) 形容词最高级前有物主代词修饰时不用the:He is my best friend.

(2) 同类事物才能够相比较:The weather in Guangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing. (3) 最高级与比较级的转换: Shanghai is the largest city in China.

=Shanghai is larger than any other city in China. (上海属于中国) 区别:Shanghai is larger than any city in Japan. (上海不属于日本)

① This is one of the most expensive paintings in the world. ① Shanghai is the first largest city in China. 【易混词辨析】

(1)alone, lonely

① alone 形容词,―单独的,独自的‖。副词,―独自地‖。 ② lonely 形容词,―孤独的,寂寞的,荒凉的‖。 (2) good, well

① good 形容词,―好的‖。

② well 副词,是―好地 ‖意思。作形容词时是―身体健康的‖。作名词时是―井‖。 (3) interesting, interested, interest ① interesting 形容词,―有趣的‖。

② interested 形容词,―感到有趣的‖。常用词组:be interested in (对……感兴趣) ③ interest 名词,―兴趣,爱好‖。动词,―使某人感兴趣‖。

注意:-ing 类形容词常用来形容物。-ed类形容词常用来形容人的感觉。

Most students are excited about the exciting film.

(4) hard, hardly

① hard形容词,―大的,困难的,硬的‖。副词,―大地,努力地‖。 ② hardly 副词,―几乎不‖。

(5) some times, sometimes, some time, sometime

① some times 几次或几倍 ②sometimes 有时=at times ③ sometime 过去或将来的某个时候 ④some time 一段时间 (6) much too, too much, too many

① much too +形容词、副词原级;表示―非常,极其,太‖ ②too much + 不可数名词;表示―太多‖。 ③too many + 名词复数; 表示―太多‖。 (7) so, such 如此;这样 ① so+adj. /adv. ; ② such (+a/an)+adj. +n. (8) either, too, also

① either和 too都放于句尾。either用于否定句,too用于肯定句。 ② also用于句子中间。We also went to see a film.

介词

考点1 表示时间的介词

① in, after, later表示时间的区别

in +时间段, 用于将来时,表示―过……后‖。 He will come back in an hour. after+一段时间,用于过去时,表示―在……以后‖。After an hour, he came back. after+时间点, 用于将来时,表示―在……以后‖。 He will come back after 5 o'clock. 时间段+ later,表示―在……之后‖。 An hour later, he came back. ② in, on, at表示时间的区别

in 主要表达周、月、季节、年代;泛指上午、下午、晚上。 on 主要表示具体的某一天,也可表示某一天的某个时候。 at 表示某一时刻。 ③ for, since 表时间的区别

for + 一段时间 since + 时间点 / 句子 ④ to,past,pass表时间的区别

to 介词,大于30分钟时, 表示―差‖。 ten to seven 6:50 past介词,小于30分钟时, 表示―过‖。 ten past six 6:10 pass 动词,表示―经过,过去‖。 He passed by me.

考点2 表示地点和方位的介词

① above, over, on 在……上面

above 在……上方 (与物体表面不接触)。 over 在……正上方 (与物体表面不接触)。 on 在……上面 (与物体表面接触)。 ② through, across, cross 穿过

through 介词,纵穿(从空间穿过)。 The soldiers went through the forest. across 介词,横穿(横过某个平面)。 He is walking across the street. cross 动词,横穿(横过某个平面)。 = He is crossing the street. ③ among, between 在……之间

among 在(三者或三者以上)之间;between 在(两者)之间。常用词组: between…and… ④ in, on, to

in 表示在范围之内(属于该范围);on 表示与某一地区接壤; to 表示隔海相望。 如: Guangdong is in the south of China. (广东属于中国)

Guangdong is on the south of Hunan. (广东不属于湖南,但与湖南是毗邻关系) Japan is to the east of China. (日本不属于中国,而且隔海相望) ⑤ 表方位的介词 on, in, behind, after

on 表示在某人、某物的左边或右边 in 用来表示在第几排 behind 用来表示在……之后 after 表示顺序

考点3:其他介词的用法

① except, besides

except ―除去‖,表示不包括后面所提到的人或物在内的。

besides ―除……以外还有‖,表示包括后面所提到的人或物在内的。 ② with 介词,表示―用(工具)‖。 We walk with our feet. in 介词,表示―用(材料、语言、声音)‖。 Can you say it in English? use 动词,―用‖。 May I use your dictionary?

by 介词,表示―以……方式、方法、手段‖,或表交通工具。

考点4 固定搭配

agree with 同意 arrive at / in 到达 at once 立刻 at the same time 同时 at the age of 在…岁时 be angry with 升…的气 be good at / do well in擅长于 be interested in 对…感兴趣 be late for 迟到 be strict with 对…严格 by the way 顺便说 on one’s way to… 在…的路上 by mistake 错误地 catch up with 赶上 cheer up 使…高兴 come up with 提出 depend on 依靠 be different from 与…不同 fall off 掉下来 get along with与…相处 hear of 听说 hear from 收到…来信 help with 帮助 in public 在公共场合 in trouble 处于困境中 in surprise 惊奇地 in time 及时 learn from 向…学习 laugh at 嘲笑 make friends with 与…交朋友 on foot 步行 regard as 把…当作 to one’s surprise 使…惊奇的是 with a smile 微笑着 ④ on the wall 紧贴在墙表面上的,表示―在墙上‖。 in the wall 镶嵌在墙里的,表示―在 墙上‖。

⑤ on the tree 长在树上的果、叶等,表示―在树上‖。 in the tree 外来的东西,表示―在 树上‖。

⑥ with的意思是―有‖,表示伴随; without的意思是―没有‖。

③ in front of 在……的前面 (物体外面的前面)。in the front of 在……的前部 (物体里面 的前面)

连词

考点1 并列连词的基本用法

(1) 表示平行关系的词有:and(和,又,而),or (或者,否则),either…or (不是……就是;

要么……要么) both…and(两者……都), not only …but also (不仅……而且), neither…nor (既不……也不), as well as (也,而且)

如:You should do some housework. You can either clean the room or wash the dishes.

The boy is not only naughty but also clever. = The boy is naughty as well as clever.

(2) 表示转折关系的词有:though / although (虽然),even if (即使),but(但是), yet(然而),

while(而),however (然而)

如:Though he is very tired, he is still practising the piano. I like English, but he doesn't.

(3) 表示因果关系的词:because, since(由于, 既然),for (因为), as(由于,鉴于), so (所

以),

如:It's raining so hard, so I can't go home now.

Since you have a bad cold, you needn't go to school today. As it was late, I had to go.

注意:because 与 so, though / although 与but不能同时出现在一个句子里。

如:Though he is very old, he still works = He is very old , but he still works

考点2 从属连词的基本用法

(1) 引导时间状语从句的词有:when(当……时候), while(当……时候), after(在……之后),

before(在……之前), as soon as(一……就), until(直到),since(自从), as(一边……一边), till/until(直到……才)

注意: 区别when(当……时候)和while(当……时候): 如:I was doing my homework when my mother came back. = While I was doing my homework, my mother came back. (2) so that / in order that + 句子 (为了,(以便),) so + 形容词/副词 + that…(如此……以致);

such +(a / an)+ 形容词 + 名词 + that…(如此……以致)

注意:当名词前面有many, much, few, little 修饰时,则用―so‖,不用 ―such‖。 如:Tom is so clever that he learns Chinese very well.

He has so little money that he can't buy the bike. Jim sat in front so that he could hear the teacher clearly.

动词

考点1 常考动词短语

1.. care for/about 喜欢,照顾(病人) 3. cheer up 使振奋;使高兴起来 5. come on 加油;快点 7. come true 实现;达到 2. catch up with 赶上;追上 4. close to 靠近 6. come out 出来,出版,长出 8. come up with 提出;想出 9. fall asleep = go to sleep 入睡 11. finish doing 做完某事 13. get along/on with 15. get off 下车 17. get ready for 为……准备 19. give away 赠送 21. give out 发出 (气味、热等);分发 23. hand in 上交,交纳 25. hear about/of 听说 27. help oneself to sth. 请随便吃点 29. look up 查找 31. make friends with 33. make progress 与……交友 取得进步 与……相处 10. find out 寻找;查找 12. fix up 修理 14. get back 回来 16. get on 上车 18. get up 起来 20. give in 屈服,让步 22. give up 放弃; 抛弃 24. hand out 分发; 发放 26. hear from sb. 收到……的来信 28. look through 浏览 30. look over (医生) 检查 32. make mistakes 犯错;出错 34. make up one's mind to do 下决心 36. sb. pay for 付款 38. put away 整理,收起来 40. put out 熄灭 42. put off 推迟 44. run after 追,追赶 46. run out (of) = use up 用完,耗尽 48. set up 建立,创立,开办 50. turn down / up / on /off 调小/调大/打开/关掉 35. mix up 混淆,搅匀 37. pick up 捡起,开车去接…… 39. put on 穿上 41. put up 张贴、公布 43. ring up 打电话给 45. run away 逃跑,失控 47. try on 试穿 49. stay up 不去睡,熬夜 考点2 动词的分类 (1 实义动词

又称为行为动词,表示事物的动作和状态,在句中能独立作谓语。它又分为及物动词和 不及物动词。及物动词后面可跟宾语,如:like, see, watch, bring等。不及物动词 后面不能直接接宾语,如:happen, run, stand等。

如:I like English. I am reading an interesting book. He is running. The story happened on a rainy night. (2) 连系动词

又称为系动词,不能直接作谓语。常考的系动词有:be, become, get, turn, look, smell, sound, taste, feel, keep, seem, grow 等。

注意:系动词不能有被动语态,也不能用于进行时态。 如:He looked very excited. The fish smelt delicious.

(3) 助动词

没有实际意义,只能和实义动词一起连用,在句中帮助提问和否定以及构成相应的时态 和语态。常用的助动词有:be, do, will, have 等。

如:How do you go to school? He has lived here for three years. (4) 情态动词

表示讲话人的态度、请求、愿望、可能等。本身具有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,且后面必须跟动词原形。常用的情态动词有:may, can, must, should, need, have to 等。

常用情态动词一览表

原形 should may 过去式 / might 词义 应该 ① 可以,允许 例句 We should study hard. —May I smoke here? —Yes, you may. / No, you mustn't / can’t . ② 可能 (用于肯定句) ③ 表祝愿 can could ① 许可表示许可时 = may ② 表示能力时 = —Can you dance? be able to ③ 可能 (用于否定句和疑问句 ) Must / ① 必须(强调主观看法) ② 一定 (用于肯定句) ③ mustn’t 表示禁止,不允许 have to had to ① 不得不(强调客观需要 ) I have to leave now. It's too late. —Yes, I can. / No, I can't. The man can't be Mr. Zhang. He has gone to Beijing. —Must we finish the work at once? —Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. The French book must be Jim's. Only he is learning French now. We mustn't play ball games in the street. May you be happy. You can sit here. Jim didn't come to school. He may be ill.

need ① 做情态动词时,后接动词原形,否定形式:needn't (不必)。 ② 做实义动词时,后接 to do 或名词。 ③ need + doing 表被动。 Today we needn't go to school because it is raining too heavily. I needn't buy the book = I don't need to buy the book. The trees need watering. (树需要被浇水) = The trees need to be watered. 考点3 动词的时态 (1) 一般现在时

用法 标志词 表示习惯性或经常性发生的动作或状态,也可表示普遍真理和自然规律。 often, usually, sometimes, always,seldom , every day, twice a week, how often ① 主 + 动词原形 肯定式 ② 主 + 动词 (-s / -es) (主语是第三人称单数) ③ 主 + am / is / are + 表语 ① 主 + don't + 动词原形 否定式 ② 主 + doesn't + 动词原形 (主语是第三人称单数) ③ 主+am not / isn't / aren't+表语 ① Do + 主 + 动词原形? ② Does + 主 + 动词原形? 疑问式 (主语是第三人称单数) ③ Am / Is / Are + 主 + 表语? ① Do they often ride a bike to school? ② Does he usually walk to school? ③ Are you free? ① They don't often ride a bike to school. ② He doesn't usually walk to school. ③ He is not a student. ① They often ride a bike to school. ② He usually walks to school. ③ I'm a boy. (2)一般过去时 用法 标志词 表示过去习惯性或经常性发生的动作或状态。 yesterday, last week, ago, just now, in +过去的年份,the other day, this morning ① 主 + 动词过去式 (-ed) ② 主 + was / were + 表语 ① We saw a film last night. ② She was a little girl 3 yeas ago. 肯定式 否定式 ① 主 + didn't + 动词原形 ② 主+ wasn't / weren't+表语 ① Did + 主 + 动词原形? ② Was / Were + 主 + 表语? ① We didn't see a film last night. ② I wasn't at school yesterday. ① Did you see a film last night?② Were you OK? 疑问式 (3)一般将来时 用法 标志词 表示将要发生的动作或状态。 tomorrow, from now on, next year, this evening, tonight, in the future, soon, in+一段时间, how soon will / shall + 动词原形 第一种 (shall一般用于第一人称的疑问句,表建议) 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 第二种 主 + will / shall + 动词原形 主 + won't + 动词原形 Will + 主 + 动词原形? be going to + 动词原形 (强调计划或打算要做的事) —Shall we go to the movies ? — Good idea ! I will help you. She won't come. Will you help us? We are going to have an English party this Saturday. 注意:① 短暂性动词的现在进行时表将来。常用词有come, go, arrive, leave 等。 如:The bus is coming. He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.

② 在when, until, if, as soon as, before, after, unless 等引导的时间或条件状语从句中,从句要用一般现在时表将来。

如:I will come to see you if I have time this Sunday.

You won't pass the exam unless you study harder.

(4) 现在进行时

用法 标志词 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 表示现在正在进行或发生的动作和状态。 now, look, listen, at eight, at the moment, be quiet, keep silent , all the time , these days , at present 主 + be (am / is / are)+ 动词-ing 主+ am not / isn't / aren't + 动词-ing Am / Is / Are + 主 + 动词-ing? I'm listening to music. She isn't reading books. Are you playing games? (5)过去进行时 用法 标志词 肯定式 表示过去某个时候正在进行或发生的动作和状态。 then, at that time, at this time yesterday, at eight last night, when, while 主+ be (was / were)+ 动词-ing He was listening to the radio when his mother came back. 否定式 疑问式 主+ wasn't / weren't + 动词-ing Was / Were + 主 + 动词-ing? He was not listening to the radio then. Was he listening to the radio? (6) 现在完成时 用法 标志词 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在,或者对现在造成的影响。 for, since, ever, never, just, before, already, yet, in the past/last …years, so far, twice 主 + have / has + 动词的过去分词 主 + haven't / hasn't + 动词的过去分词 Have / Has + 主 + 动词的过去分词? I have finished my homework. I haven't finished my work. Have you finished your work? 注意:① for, since for + 一段时间: I have worked here for a year.

since + 时间点 / 句子 I have worked here since a year ago / since 2009.

I have worked here since I came here last year.

It is +一段时间 + since +句子(一般过去时) It's a year since I worked here. ② already, yet

already 已经 (用于肯定句,放句中) I have already read the book. yet 还(用于否定句和疑问句,放句尾) I haven't read the book yet. ③ have/has been to, have/has gone to, have/has been in have/has been to 曾经去过某地(已返回) have/has gone to 去了某地(还没回)

have/has been in +一段时间 去或来到……(一直待在那儿) 如:—Have you been to Beijing? —I have been there twice. —Where is Jim? —He has gone to the library. My uncle has been in Shanghai for a week.

④ 短暂性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语( for , since , how long ) 连用

有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, borrow, die, buy, join, begin, start, end等,它们不能和表示一段时间的状语连用在现在完成时态中。可以通过三种方法:第一改用一般过去时。第二改变动词,把这些短暂性动词改变成相对应的延续性动词,与表示一段时间的状语连用在现在完成时态中。第三改用句型―It is +一段时间 + since +句子(一般过去时)‖来表示。

短暂性动词与延续性动词之间的转换:

come/go/arrive—be (in) leave—be away from borrow—keep die—be dead buy—have join—be a…/be in… open – be open

begin/start—be on end/ finish—be over close – be closed 如:1) 电影已经开始十分钟了。

The film began ten minutes ago. = The film has been on for ten minutes. = It's ten minutes since the film began. 2) 这只狗死了两天了。

The dog died two days ago. = The dog has been dead for two days. = It's two days since the dog died. 3) 这辆自行车他买了三年了。

He bought the bike three years ago. = He has had the bike for three years. = It's three years since he bought the bike. 4) 李明入团一年了。

Li Ming joined the League a year ago. = Li Ming has been in the League for a year. = Li Ming has been a League member for a year. = It's a year since Li Ming joined the League. 5) 我们达到学校半小时了。

We arrived at the school half an hour ago. = We have been in the school for half an hour. =It's half an hour since we arrived at the school. 6) ——这本书我能借多久?——你能借一个星期。 —How long can I keep the book?—You can keep it for a week. 【易混词辨析】

(1) arrive, get to, reach 到达

① arrive at + 小地点/arrive in +大地点 My uncle arrived in Beijing yesterday. ② get to + 地点 My uncle got to Beijing yesterday. ③ reach + 地点;另外,reach还有―够到,达到‖之意 My uncle reached Beijing yesterday.

注意:如果动词后面接副词―home, here, there‖时, 则省略介词。如:come here,

arrive there, get home

(2) beat, win 赢,打败

① beat的宾语是对手,可以是物,也可以是人 (beat sb );beat还可表示―用力击打‖或―(心脏)跳动‖等。

② win的宾语是赢来的东西或打赢的比赛或战争。 Class One won the basketball match. (3) borrow, lend, keep 借

① borrow 借进;常用词组:borrow…from I borrowed a book from him. ② lend 借出去;常用词组:lend…to He lent a book to me.

③ keep借;后面+ 一段时间 You can keep the book for a week. (4) bring, take, fetch, get, carry 带,拿

① bring 拿来 (由远到近,单程)。 ② take 带走 (由近到远,单程)。

③ fetch = get 去拿来 (由说话者所在地去别处拿东西再返回,双程)。 ④ carry 携带,运载,不表示带到何处。 (5) cost, pay, spend, take 花费

① cost常用句型: sth costs sb money ② pay 常用句型: sb pays money for sth

③ spend 常用句型: sb spends money on sth / sb spends time (in) doing sth ④ take 常用句型:It takes sb some time to do sth (6) dress, put on, wear, in

① dress + 人,―穿,给……穿‖。 ② put on + 衣服,―穿上‖,表动作。 ③ wear + 衣服,―穿着,戴着‖,表状态。 ④ in + 颜色/衣服,―穿着‖,表状态。 (7) look for, find, find out

① look for 寻找,强调动作。 ② find 找到, 强调结果。

③ find out 查明,找出 (经过调查,访问等努力之后发现事实)。 (8) listen to, hear, sound

① listen to 听, 强调动作。 ② hear 听见,强调结果。 ③ sound 听起来,后接形容词。 (9) look at, see, look

① look at 看,强调动作。 ② see 看见,强调结果。 ③ look 看起来,后接形容词。 (10) forget, leave , lose

① forget ―忘记‖,常用词组:forget to do / forget doing

② leave 短暂性动词,表示―离开‖; leave A for B 表示―离开A地去B地‖;还可以表示―遗忘,落下,丢下‖,后面接地点,而forget不可以。 leave sth somewhere 把某物落在某处。

③ lose 指不小心丢失某样东西。

(11) look, see, read, watch 看

① look 看,强调动作。 ② see 看见,强调结果。

③ read 看,读,主要指看书、看报等。

④ watch 观看,注视,主要指观看电视、比赛等。 watch sb do / doing sth (12) say, speak, talk, tell 说

① say 一般要接说的内容。 Please say it in English. ② speak 主要指说某种语言。 He can speak English well. ③ talk 谈论。 talk about sth; talk with / to sb

④ tell 告诉,讲述。 tell sb sth / tell sb to do sth; tell a story; tell a lie (13)join, take part in 参加

① join 加入并成为其中的成员。 join the army / club ② take part in 参加某项活动。 take part in the sports meeting

语态

【满分点拨】 1.动词语态的分类

英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。

(1)主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如:Many people speak English there.那儿很多人说英语。

(2)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动词的对象。如:Chinese is spoken by many people.汉语被很多人说。(Chinese是动词speak的承受者)

2.被动语态的构成

被动语态由―助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(用done表示)‖构成。常见的4种时态的被动结构如下:

时态 一般 现在时 一般 过去时 一般 将来时 情态 被动结构 am/is/are+done 例句 This kind of car is made in China.这种车是中国制造的。 The flying disk was invented by college students.这种飞碟游戏是大学生们发明的。 The bridge will be finished in a month.这座桥将在一个月内竣工。 Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制was/were+done will/shall+ be+done 情态动词+ 动词 be+done 造。 3.主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)图示

(2)口诀:宾变主,主变宾,谓语动词用被动。 (3)变换步骤:

①将主动句的宾语变为主语。

注意:如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格。如:Tom killed him.→He was killed by Tom.汤姆杀了他。

②将动词改为―be+过去分词‖。

注意:be动词与新主语相一致,时态不变。如:They held a meeting yesterday.→A meeting was__held by them yesterday.他们昨天开会了 。

③将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。

注意:如果原主语是代词,则应由主格变为宾格。如He sang a song.→A song was sung by__him.他唱了一首歌。

【方法突破】

分析河北近5年考情发现,涉及语态的试题的选项中通常有两个主动和两个被动,并且有现在时态和过去时态。学生在做题时,可从以下角度入手分析:

判断句子是主动语态还是被动语态

读懂句意,确定主语,判断主语表示人还是物,主语是动作的执行者还是承受者。一般人作主语时,谓语动词用主动语态。当主语为人时,需根据句意及谓语动词判断该动作是否是主语发出:若为主语发出,用主动语态;若不是主语发出,用被动语态。物作主语的时候,谓语动词要用被动语态,由此可排除掉主动语态的选项。对于被动语态来说,试题主要是让大家找出谓语动作的执行者或承受者,这就要根据句子的意思进行判断,然后根据句中的时间状语做出正确选择。

确定句子的时态

被动语态的使用离不开时态,所以应根据句中的时间状语、上下文的暗示或发生动作的时态来分析判断应使用哪种时态的被动语态。再结合句意给出的时间状语或已发生动作的时态,选取对应的时态。

4.常见主动语态变被动语态的特殊结构

(1)含有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子,多把间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语不变。如:Jack told us the truth.→We were told the truth by Jack.杰克告诉了我们真相。

(2)主动语态中有些感官动词(如:hear,see,watch,notice等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态时,要把不定式符号to还原。即:hear(see) sb.do sth.→sb. be heard(seen)to do sth.如:We heard the girl play the piano in the music classroom.→The girl was heard to play the piano in the music classroom.我们听见那女孩在音乐教室弹钢琴。

(3)主动语态中有些使役动词(如:make,let等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态时,同样要把不定式符号to还原。即:make sb.do sth.→sb. be made to do sth.如:The teacher makes his students do much homework every day.→His students are made to do much homework by the teacher every day.那位老师让他的学生每天做很多家庭作业。

5.不能使用被动结构的情况

(1)连系动词,如:look,feel,smell等,以主动形式表示被动含义。如:The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。

(2)有些动词的主动形式表被动含义,如:need doing(需要做某事),be worth doing(值得做某事)等。如:Your bedroom is in a terrible mess.It needs cleaning right now.你的卧室太乱了,需要马上清理一下。

(3)表示―发生‖的happen或take place,无被动结构。如:The story happened on a cold night.故事发生在一个寒冷的夜晚。

非谓语动词

非谓语动词是动词的形式,在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用。不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化。分为动词不定式、动名词和分词三种。 考点1 动词不定式

(1) 构成: to + 动词原形, 否定式:not to + 动词原形

(2) 用法:常在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、目的状语和定语等。

① 作主语 如:To learn English well is very important

.= It’s very important to learn English well

② 作表语 如:My dream is to be a reporter. ③ 作宾语 如:I want to be an actor. I find it interesting to play basketball.

④ 作宾补 如:The teacher asked us to finish the homework in time. ⑤ 作目的状语 如:He went there to see his uncle. ⑥ 作定语 如:Would you like something to drink? (3) 常考词组和句型:

① 后面常用动词不定式作宾语的词有: would like to do sth want to do sth (想要做某事) decide to do sth (决定做某事) (乐意做某事) plan to do sth (计划做某事) begin / start to do sth (开始做某事) pretend to do sth(假装做某事) hope to do sth (希望做某事) agree to do sth (同意做某事) learn to do sth (学会做某事) need to do sth (需要做某事) promise to do sth (答应做某事) refuse to do sth (拒绝做某事) used to do sth (过去常做某事) ② 后面常用动词不定式作宾补的词有: ask sb. to do sth. (叫某人做某事) allow sb. to do sth. (允许某人做某事) want sb. to do sth. (想要某人做某事) invite sb. to do sth. (邀请某人做某事) Encourage sb to do sth (鼓励某人做某事) ③ It代替动词不定式做形式主语和形式宾语。 (it….. to do )

如:It's useful to learn a foreign language. (It代替动词不定式做形式主语) He found it difficult to finish the work by himself. (it代替动词不定式做形式宾语) 注意:It's important for us to study English well. 学好英语对我们来说是重要的。

(用介词―for‖,表示动词不定式与形容词有主谓关系)

It's clever of him to work out the problem. 他太聪明了,能算出了这道难题。 (用介词―of‖,表示of后面的名词或代词与形容词有主谓关系)

④ 特殊疑问词(what, when, which, where, who, how)+ to do (why 除外)

如:I don't know when to go / where to go / which to buy.

She didn't tell me what to do / how to do it.

(4) 几个固定不定式的词组,常放在句首,作独立成分。

to one's surprise 使某人惊奇的是 to begin with 首先 to be honest 老实说 to tell the truth 说实话 考点2 省to 的动词不定式

(1) 使役动词和感官动词,带动词不定式做宾补时,主动语态时不定式省―to ‖, 被动语态时要补―to ‖

常考句型和词组:

make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 see sb. do / doing sth tell sb. to do sth. (告诉某人做某事) wish sb to do sth (希望做某事) advise sb to do sth (建议某人做某事) expect sb to do sth (期待某人做某事) Teach sb to do sth (教某人做某事) Afford to do sth (负担得起做某事) Try to do sth (设法做某事) 看见某人/做了/ 正在做某事 let/have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 watch sb do / doing sth 观看某人做了/ 正在做某事 have sb. do sth. 请某人做某事 find sb do / doing sth. 发现某人做了/ 正在做某事 had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事 Hear sb do / doing sth. 听见某人做了/ 正在做某事 prefer to do rather than do sth. 宁愿做……而不愿 Why don’t you do …?=Why not do sth.? 为什么不做……? 考点3 动名词 (动词ing形式) (1) 结构: do+ing

(2) 用法: 常在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、伴随状语和定语 ① 作主语 如:Doing sports is good for our health. ② 作宾语 如:I have finished reading the book.

③ 作宾补 如:I found him playing basketball on the playground just now. 后面常跟动名词作宾语的词有:

hear/find/see/watch/notice sb doing sth 听见/发现/看见/观看/注意到某人正在做某事 ④ 作伴随状语 如:The little boy sat under the tree alone, reading a story book. ⑤ 作定语 如:My father is watching TV in the living room. ⑥ 作表语 如:My hobby is playing football. (3) 常考词组和句型:

enjoy / like doing sth (喜欢做某事) keep doing sth (保持做某事) mind doing sth (介意做某事) finish doing sth (完成做某事) consider doing sth (考虑做某事) be busy doing sth (忙于做某事) have fun doing sth (玩得开心) 注意:所有的介词(in, at, for, of, from, up, about, to)后+ doing,下列几个词组的“to”为介词

feel like doing sth (想要做某事) hate doing sth (讨厌做某事) spend time doing sth (花时间做某事) practise doing sth (练习做某事) can't help doing sth (禁不住做某事) be worth doing sth (值得做某事) have problems/trouble doing sth (做某事有困难) would rather do sth. than do sth. 宁愿做……而不愿 Would / could you please (not) do sth.? 请你(不)……好吗?

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