unit Six How to Prepare for Earthquakes

Unit 6 Section A How to Prepare for Earthquakes

教学任务：

1、 在讲授课文之前，让学生讨论一些课前准备问题，对将要学习的文章有个初步了解。 2、 讲授课文，在讲解课文的过程中，要对文中的重点词汇及语法现象细致剖析。 3、 在整篇文章讲解之后，分析文章结构，写作方法及语言特点。

教学目的：

1、 增强学生的思考问题的能力及用英语表达的能力。 2、 学会关键词汇和短语的用法。 3、 掌握重点的语法现象。 4、 增强分析文章结构的能力。

5、 掌握本课的写作方法，并且能够运用。

6、 增强学生对灾难事件的认识及自我保护能力。

Ⅰ. Warm-up Activity

1. Multiple Choices:

(1) Which city earns the name “Brave City of China”? (C) A. Shanghai B. Tianjin C. Tangshan D. Beijing

(2) The deadliest earthquake hit the sleeping city of Tangshan at 3:42 a.m. on July 28, _____ . (C) A. 1956 B. 1966 C. 1976 D. 1986

(3) Which of the following gave some advance warning of an impending earthquake? (ABCDE) A. Well water rose and fell with cracking or gas B. Chickens refused to eat and ran around chirping C. Mice and yellow weasels ran around to hide D. A goldfish jumped wildly in its bowl

E. Strange lights as well as loud sounds were seen the night preceding the earthquake 2. Picture Illustration (1) railroad lines bent

(2) 93 percent of the residential buildings and 78 percent of the industrial were completely destroyed.

(3) The foundations of bridges gave way and the bridges collapsed. (4) Public buildings were tumbled down.

Ⅱ.Background information:

The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster

At 5:46:51 AM, on January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred around Kobe City in Japan. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) defined the earthquake magnitude. The earthquake was named “the 1995 South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake” (or the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake) by JMA. It was also referred to as “the Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster” by the Japanese government.

Ⅲ. Answer the following questions:

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1. What have the Chinese people traditionally done about earthquakes?

They have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. 2. What should people in areas where earthquakes are common do to prepare their houses?

They should regularly check and reinforce their homes, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten doors so that they will not open accidentally during an earthquakes.

3. What s should people in these regions do to prepare themselves?

People in this region should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. It is best to store several gallons of water per person. It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. Store one week’s food for each person. Earthquake survival supplies include a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope, and warm clothing.

4. What should be a major emphasis for all government programs and earthquake-related research projects?

Education concerning how to survive an earthquake should be.

Ⅳ.Text Structure Analysis

Summary:

At present, people can’t be able to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. However, in both Japan and China, people have long believed that earthquakes can be forecast, such as by watching animals for warning signs of earthquakes. In order to decrease the destruction of property caused by earthquakes, people begin to use new materials and new technologies to construct buildings. Besides, people should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. Experts also have some suggestions about how to deal with earthquakes.

Devices for Developing 1.Questioning (设问法)

The title “How to Prepare for Earthquakes” on, the author guides the reader toward a better understanding of his article through a list of direct or indirect questions, thus reminding the reader of what is to follow what he is to give his ink to next. (Para.1; Para.2; Para3-6) 1. When is an earthquake going to happen? (Para. 1)

Para. One is about some examples of how to predict earthquakes.

2. How to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes? (Para. 2)

Para. Two deals with how to make building structure so strong as to withstand the power of earthquakes.

3. How to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake? (Para. 3-6)

Paras. Three to Six are about how to prepare ourselves for the possibility of a great earthquake.

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2. Deduction (演绎法)

Another characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the writing is a general statement supported by details.

Statement：Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and

how bad it will be. (Para. 1)

Details: 1. Scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements.

2. People have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes.

3. Experimental data show that the amount of radon in the water under the

surface of the Earth waxes before an earthquake.

Statement: People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property

caused by earthquakes. (Para. 2)

Details: 1. Many new structures are built with an I-joint, which appears to be the most durable

type of joint.

2. Architects design buildings so that their columns and horizontal beams are of equal strength, and vertical support columns are inserted deep into solid soil.

3. Many new houses have relatively light roofs and strong walls.

4. Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now enclosed in steel.

Statement：Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where

earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. (Paras. 3-6) Details: 1. Regularly check and reinforce your homes, place heavy objects in low positions,

attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten door. (Para. 3)

2. Have supplies of water and food at home and at work. Keep supplies such as a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope, and warm clothing. (Para. 4)

3. Keep a fire extinguisher and some proper tools to turn off gas and water lines. Arrange an auxiliary cooking and heating source. Keep a pair of heavy shoes or boots to protect your feet. (Para. 5)

4.Have earthquake emergency plans. Make arrangements in case of an earthquake for family members to leave the area in time, to meet at a place, to communicate with each other or to check in with a far-away friend. (Para. 6)

Conclusion：Even if prediction becomes possible, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared. (Para. 7)

Main Idea of the text and each part

Main idea of the text:

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The essay is centered on the main theme — How to predict, prevent, and prepare for earthquakes.

Part I (Para.1): This part is about how to predict an earthquake.

Exemplification (举例法)

Part II (Para.2): This part deals with how to prevent the great destruction of property

caused by earthquakes.

Reasoning（推理法）: Addition（递进法）

Part III (Para.3-6): This part is about how people need to prepare themselves for the

possibility of a great earthquake. Addition（递进法）

Part IV (Para.7): This part serves as a conclusion: even if prediction becomes

possible in the future, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared. Concession (让步法)

Ⅴ.Language points: 1. detect

vt. notice ( sth. That is partly hidden or not clear) or discover (sth.), esp. using a special method

察觉，发现，探测

e.g. The dentist could detect no decay in her teeth.

牙医检查了她的牙， 未见有龋齿。 Do I detect a note of irony in your voice? 听起来你是在说反话吧？

Synonym: discover, perceive, recognize Antonym: conceal, hide

detection n.: discovering, detecting 发现，察觉，探测 detectable adj.: 可查明的，可找出的

2. to watch sth. for…: look at or observe sth. for

留意，观察

e.g. He has been watching for the right moment to express his feeling of love for her. 他一直在等待着恰当的时机来表达对她的爱慕之情。 watch for: look or wait attentively for 盼望，等待

e.g. They are watching for the right moment. watch out: take out 戒备，提防

e.g. You will catch cold if you don’t watch out: you need a warmer coat than that. 你如果不小心就会感冒，你得穿件更暖和的大衣。

3. after all

(1).it must be remembered 应该记住，别忘了

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e.g. After all, an actor’s life is spent working with words.

别忘了，演员的生活就是和语言打交道的。 (2). in spite of everything. 毕竟，终究

e.g. After all, it is not so hard as it looks.

这毕竟不像看上去那么难。

4. withstand

vt. ear or not be changed by ( sth .) or oppose ( a person or thing) successfully 经受，承受，顶住

pt. pp. withstood

e.g. withstand attacks/ pressure 禁得住攻击/压力

shoes that will withstand hard wear 耐穿的鞋

5. joint

n. (1). the place where two bones are connected 关节

e.g. ankle /knee / elbow joints 踝/膝/肘关节

(2). a place where tow things are fixed together 接头，接缝， 接合处 e.g. Check that the joints of the pipes are sealed properly.

检查一下管道的接口是否封严。

a. belonging to or shared between two or more people 共有的，联合的

e.g. a joint venture 合资企业

a joint effort 共同的努力

idiom: out of joint

(1).（指骨）脱臼

e.g. She fell and put her knee out of joint.

她摔的膝关节脱臼了。 (2). (fig.) 混乱，紊乱

e.g. the delays put the whole schedule out of joint.

一再的拖延打乱了全部的安排。

put sb’s nose out of joint

使某人难堪，冒犯或惹恼某人

e.g. He’s no conceited that when she refused his invitation, it really put his nose out of

joint.

他很自负，她没接受他的邀请，可把他的鼻子气歪了。

6. beam

n. (1). a long thick piece of wood or metal, esp. used to support weight in a building or other structure 梁，横梁

e.g. The workers are examining the beams in the ceiling. 工人们在检查天花板的横梁。

(2). a line of light the shines from an object that gives out light 光束

e.g. the beam of the torch/ searchlight

手电筒，探照灯的光束

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vi. (1).smile happily and cheerfully 愉快的微笑

e.g. The winner beamed with satisfaction.

获胜者满意的笑了

(2). send out light and warmth 发光， 发热

e.g. The sun beamed down upon the peaceful village.

阳光照耀着那个宁静的村庄。

vt. broadcast( a message, television programme, etc.) 播送（消息，电视节目等）

beam sth. to/from 播送（消息，节目等）

e.g. The World Cup Final was beamed live from Britain to Japan.

世界杯决赛从英国向日本作了实况转播。

idiom: on the beam 正确的，对

off the beam 不正确的，不对头 beam at 使……对准

beam with 露出（喜色）

7. enclose

vt. (1). surround 围住，包住

e.g. enclose a garden with a wall

在花园周围筑起墙

(2). put inside an envelope or parcel, esp. in addition to sth. else 附寄 e.g. the enclosed 函内附件

A cheque for ten pounds is enclosed. 附上一张十英镑的支票。

n. enclosure

en- prefix en+n./v./adj. ----verbs

e.g. encase / endanger / encourage/enlarge

8. attach sth. to …

(1). Fastenor join sth. to sth. 将某物系在或附在某物上

e.g. attach a label to each piece of luggage. 每件行李上都加上标签 (2). cause to join as a member of

隶属，属于

e.g. The youth division is attached to the club. 青年部是这个俱乐部的下属单位。 attach oneself to … 依附某人/参加某事

e.g. I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.

我随着一队游客混入了博物馆。

attach to sb.

与某人相关联，归于某人

e.g. No blame attaches to you in this affair.

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这件事不怪你

9. cabinet

n. (1). A piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards or drawers which is used for storing or

showing things 橱柜，陈列柜

e.g. a filing cabinet 公文柜

(2). The most important ministers in s government, who have regular meetings with the Prime Minister 内阁

e.g. a cabinet council 内阁会议

a Cabinet Minister内阁大臣 a cabinet member内阁成员

10. handy

a. (1). conveniently placed for being reached or used 手边的，近便的

e.g. Always keep a first-aid kit handy. 手边要经常有个急救箱。

Our flat is very handy for the hospital. 我们的住所离医院很近，非常方便。 (close/near )at hand : near, close by

e.g. He lives close at hand. 他住在附近。 (2). useful or convenient to use 有用的，方便的

e.g. An electric kettle is very handy. 电水壶使用非常方便。 idiom: come in handy 迟早有用

e.g. My extra earnings came in very handy. 我的额外收入可备我不时之需。

11. put out

扑灭 / 生产／投资 ／发挥

e.g. His speech ended in an appeal to college students to put out all their subjective initiative during the course of college studies.

他演讲结束时呼吁大学生在大学学习期间发挥出全部的主观能动性。

12. auxiliary

a. giving help or support; additional 辅助的，补助的，附加的

e.g. auxiliary verbs 助动词 auxiliary troops 辅助部队

auxiliary equipment 辅助设备

an auxiliary generator in case of power cuts 万一断电时使用的备用发电机

13. fragment

n. a small piece or a part, esp. when broken from sth. whole 碎片，碎块，断片

e.g. find several fragments of a Roman vase 发现古罗马花瓶的几块碎片 I heard only a fragment of their conversation.

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我只听到他们谈话的只言片语。

v. break into small pieces or parts 成碎片

e.g. The country is becoming increasingly fragmented by civil war.

这个国家正因为内战而日趋分裂。

The vase fell and fragmented into small pieces. 花瓶掉下来，摔成了碎片。

14. chaos

n. a state of complete confusion and lack of order 混乱， 无秩序 常与介词in 连用。

e.g. create chaos 制造混乱

The meeting ended in chaos. 会议在混乱中结束了。

chaotic adj.

e.g. With no one to keep order the situation in the classroom was chaotic. 因无人维持秩序，教室里一片混乱。

15. agree on / upon: have the same opinion about

就……达成一致意见

e.g. The two sides have agreed on the date of negotiation.

双方商定了谈判的日期。

compare: agree to: accept; approve; promise to follow

同意，赞成

e.g. Do you agree to my plan?

你同意我的计划吗？

agree with: have the same opinion as someone. 与……一致，适应

e.g. I agree with your father; in’t a foolish risk.

我同意的父亲的看法：那是愚蠢的冒险。

I like mushrooms but unfortunately they don’t agree with me. 我喜欢吃蘑菇，可惜吃了难受。

16. sensible

a. based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding 明智的， 合情理

的

synonym: reasonable

e.g. It was sensible of you to lock the door. 你把门锁上了，做得对。

compare: sensitive adj. 敏感的，易受影响的 ~ to sth. sentimental adj. 情绪的，多愁善感的

17. to check in

登记 / 报到

e.g. He checked in at this hotel under a false name last night but this morning he checked out.

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他昨晚在这个旅馆用假名登记住宿但今早他又结帐离开了。

18. accuracy

n. being exact, esp. resulting from careful effort 精确（性），准确（性）

e.g. The satellite system can help man draw maps with great accuracy.

卫星系统可以帮助人类非常精确地绘制地图。

Every bank pays close attention to the speed and accuracy of its staff. 每个银行都密切关注其职员的工作速度和准确性。

antonym: inaccuracy accurate adj.: 精确的

idiom: accuracy in ……精确性，正确性 with accuracy 精确地

19. resistant

a. offering resistance 抵抗的，对抗的

water-resistant 防水的 heat-resistant 防热的 bullet-resistant 防弹的 resistant to sth.

对……有抵抗力，抵制力

e.g. be resistant to change 抗拒变革

Conservative people are usually resistant to change. 保守的人通常反对变化。

resistance n: 抵抗力，阻力，电阻。 resist v: 抗拒，阻挡，抵抗。

20. precaution

n. an action which is done to prevent sth. unpleasant or dangerous from happening 预防措施

e.g. take an umbrella just as a precaution 带把伞，有备无患

We took the precaution of locking our valuables in the hotel safe.

我们采取了防备措施，将贵重物品锁进了旅馆的保险柜里。 idiom: to take precautions 采取措施

by way of precaution 为了小心/预防

precaution against sth. 预措施或方法

e.g. The school is warned to take precautions against fire.

学校被警告要采取防火措施。

21. make a great difference in / to… have an effect on sb. or sth.

在······方面 ／使······大不一样

e.g. The sea air has made a difference to his health. 海上的空气改善了他的健康状况。

You support will certainly make a difference in our cause. 你的支持肯定会对我们的事业起重要作用。

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预防的，

make no difference to: be not important 毫无区别

e.g. It makes no difference to us whether we have a daughter or a son.

对我们来说，生男生女都一样。

Ⅵ. Paraphrase

1. In Japan, scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements. (Para. 1)

Meaning: In Japan, scientists have placed wires on the Earth and in the sea to discover the

movements of the surface of the Earth.

2. … there were reports of large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water. 9 Para.

1)

Meaning: …there were reports saying that large groups of fish were swimming near the

surface of the water.

School: n. group

e.g. The sound of his music attracted a school of dolphins. 他的音乐声引来了一群海豚。

3. Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water

before a quake. (Para. 1)

Meaning: Perhaps what is most interesting and most easily measured is a chemical change in

ground water before an earthquake.

Please note the order of the sentence. It is reversed.

4. After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. (Para. 2)

Meaning: Please remember that most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by

falling buildings.

5. … but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. (Para. 2)

Meaning: … but it is not the best material if it is welded to form a rigid structure.

6. Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now

enclosed in steel. (Para. 2)

Meaning: Concrete pillars used for highway bridges that only contained steel rods in the past

are now wrapped up in steel.

7. One alternative is a portable camp stove with small cans of gas. (Para.5)

Meaning: One choice is a portable camp stove with small cans of gas. Alternative: n. a choice.

8. Also important is an arrangement for family members to communicate if there is an

earthquake. (Para. 6)

Meaning: It is also important to make an arrangement for family members to communicate in

an earthquake.

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Please note the reversed order of the sentence.

9. If an earthquake happens in a large city, many of the telephone lines within the city are likely

to be down. (Para. 6)

Meaning: when an earthquake takes place in a large city, many of the telephone lines within

the city are possibly not working.

Down: a. not working

e.g. My computer was down this morning.

我的计算机今天早上坏了。

10. A sensible arrangement is to have all of the members of the family call to check in with a

friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away. (Para. 6)

Meaning: A reasonable arrangement is that every member of the family should call a friend or

relative who lives more than a hundred miles away to report their situation.

11. However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes

are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared. (Para. 7) Meaning: However, even if it is possible to predict earthquakes, people who live in areas

where earthquakes are frequent will still have to try their best to prevent disasters by building structures strong enough to resist ground movement and by making personal preparations for earthquakes

12. These precautions can make a great difference in saving lives and preventing the loss of

homes. (Para. 7)

Meaning: These precautions can be very important in saving lives and preventing the loss of

homes.

13. Education concerning how to survive an earthquake should be a major emphasis for all

government programs and earthquake-related research projects. (Para. 7)

Meaning: All government programs and earthquake-related research projects should focus on

education concerning how to live through an earthquake.

Concerning: prep. About; with regard to

This book deals with questions concerning the French Revolution. 这本书论及有关法国大革命的一些问题。

Ⅶ. Writing

(原因分析类)

The Changes in something

1． 简述某一事物的变化情况 2． 说明引起变化的原因 3． 分析其影响或走向

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Please note the reversed order of the sentence.

9. If an earthquake happens in a large city, many of the telephone lines within the city are likely

to be down. (Para. 6)

Meaning: when an earthquake takes place in a large city, many of the telephone lines within

the city are possibly not working.

Down: a. not working

e.g. My computer was down this morning.

我的计算机今天早上坏了。

10. A sensible arrangement is to have all of the members of the family call to check in with a

friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away. (Para. 6)

Meaning: A reasonable arrangement is that every member of the family should call a friend or

relative who lives more than a hundred miles away to report their situation.

11. However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes

are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared. (Para. 7) Meaning: However, even if it is possible to predict earthquakes, people who live in areas

where earthquakes are frequent will still have to try their best to prevent disasters by building structures strong enough to resist ground movement and by making personal preparations for earthquakes

12. These precautions can make a great difference in saving lives and preventing the loss of

homes. (Para. 7)

Meaning: These precautions can be very important in saving lives and preventing the loss of

homes.

13. Education concerning how to survive an earthquake should be a major emphasis for all

government programs and earthquake-related research projects. (Para. 7)

Meaning: All government programs and earthquake-related research projects should focus on

education concerning how to live through an earthquake.

Concerning: prep. About; with regard to

This book deals with questions concerning the French Revolution. 这本书论及有关法国大革命的一些问题。

Ⅶ. Writing

(原因分析类)

The Changes in something

1． 简述某一事物的变化情况 2． 说明引起变化的原因 3． 分析其影响或走向

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