状语从句讲解与陷阱题

状语与状语从句

考情分析：历年高考考查的热点语法项目之一，考查主要体现在对连词的选择以及时态的正确使用上。因此，弄清连词的意思，根据语境选用合适的连词，注意主从句时态的呼应是解题的关键。

状语（adverbial)

英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。

状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。

副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 1. Naturally, our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call. (副词) 2. We worked hard, from sunrise to sunset. (介词短语)

3. Seen from a distance, the farmhouse looked deserted. (过去分词)

状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。

状语从句 （Adverbial Clause）

状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 状语从句种类 常用连接词 特殊连接词 常用连接词特殊连接词 1).一些表示时间的名词：the moment，the instant，the minute, the day, next time, every time 2).一些副词: instantly, immediately, directly 3).固定搭配的连词：no sooner...than, hardly...when，scarcely.. .when wherever, anywhere, everywhere seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, 时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after since, till, until, as soon as 地点状语从句 where 原因状语从句 because, as, for, since 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, that lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that so 结果状语从句 so...that, such...that; 条件状语从句 if, unless, that, such...that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a 1degree that, to such an extent that as long as , so long as , suppose, supposing, providing, provided, on condition that, 以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 1

让步状语从句 although, though, even 1).While（一般用在句首），as（用于倒装结构） though; even if 2)Wh-ever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether...or. 3)as adj. as +主谓结构用在句首 比较状语从句 as，than 方式状语从句 as，the way 其他比较句型：the more..., the more...; just as?，so?；A is to B what/as C is to D, no more...than..., not A so much as B/not so much A as B 命题趋势：

从测试的方向来看，主要测试状语从句中从属连词的使用，动词时态的一致性，状语从句的省略等几种情况。

预计高考将更加注重对状语从句的考核，将在状语从句的连接词选用，如：as, unless, where, in case, on condition that, the moment, however, whatever等将继续成为考查的要点和热点，状语从句中的主句和从句的时态语态以及与定语从句、名词性从句的综合考查也将成为测试的重点，即：

1、各种从属连词的含义及用法 比较；

2、no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 引导的从句的区别； 3、状语从句的时态问题； 4、状语从句倒装及紧缩问题； 5、状语从句与其它从句的区别

考查要点： 一、时间状语从句

1．when

1)主句一般过去时+从句-般过去时(从句动作先发生）

I started my dinner when he left. He left when I got there. 2)主句一般过去时+从句过去完成时(从句动作先发生）

When I had opened all the windows I sat down and had a cup of tea.（从句在前） When I opened the window the cat jumped out.（两个紧接着发生的动作） When I had written my letters I did some gardening.（从先主后）

When I wrote him a letter, he came at once.（我写信他就来---因果关系） 3)主句过去完成时+从句一般过去时（主先从后）

I had started my dinner when he left. He had already left when I got there. 4)主句一般过去时+从句过去进行时（内包关系） The doorbell rang when I was telephoning. 5)主句过去进行时+从句一般过去时

I was telephoning when the doorbell rang.（突然） I was telephoning when suddenly the doorbell rang. The doorbell rang when suddenly I was telephoning. * 6)主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时（主将从现） I'll tell him about it when he comes back.

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 2

7)主句一般将来时+从句现在完成时

（尽管都是将来，但从句动作结束后，主句动作才发生） I'll go when I have had my dinner.

I'll give you a call when I have finished the work.

The winner will be declared when every competitor has finished the course.

在将来的动作中，若要表示主句动作先发生，则主句要用将来完成时，如下： 8)主句将来完成时+从句一般将来时

The performer will already have played the music when we get there. 9)主句将来进行时+从句一般现在时

The performer will be playing the music when we get there.

10)主从句都用一般现在时: 表示现在一般动作的时态搭配是，主从句都用一般现在时 态。表示一般动作的when 引导的从句往往是说一般情况，阐明一个道理，因而常出 现在名言警句、谚语或格言中。

When you were born, you cried and the world rejoiced. Live your life so that when you die, the world cries and you rejoice.

出生的时候，你是哭着来到这个世界，而周围的人都在欢笑。要好好度过此生，以便在 你去世的时候，全世界都为你哭泣，而你却微笑着离开。

Happiness is like a visitor. You can't command her appearance. You can only appreciate her when she does show up. And you can't force happiness to happen---but you can make sure you are aware of it when it does. Happiness is an attitude, not a condition.

幸福如同一位访客，你无法要求她到来，而是在她到来时，好好享受与她在一起的时光。 你无法强迫幸福出现，不过当幸福来临时，你能确信你会感受到。幸福是一种心态，不 是一个条件。

When my attitudes are right, there is no barrier too high, no valley too deep, no dream too extreme, no challenge too great for me.

当我拥有正确的心态时，没有什么障碍不可逾越，没有什么困难不可克服，没有什么梦想 过于狂妄，没有什么挑战不可战胜。 11)此外when还表示原因―既然‖。

It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes. 12)whenever引导时间状语从句

Whenever you say \ in the eyes.

Whenever someone asks you something you don't want to answer, smile and ask, \ want to know?\

Smile whenever you pick up the phone, for the caller will be able to notice it.

2.while

时间连词while的用法特点: while引导的从句的谓语动词动作必须是持续的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比，同时while引导的从句一般用进行时。while作为并列连词使用，意为―而，却‖，表示对比。

The phone rang while I was taking my bath. The doorbell rang while we were watching TV. Please do not talk so loud while others are working.

While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his place. He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.

3. as

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 3

引导一个持续性动作，多用于主句和从句动作同时发生。

He hurried home, looking behind as he went. John sings as he works.

如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进 行的动作时，when, while ,as.可互换使用。

When/While/ As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.

4. before

用作连词引导时间状语从句时，由于汉英表达习惯的不同，在译成汉语时，其用法可以分成下列10种情况：

1）在…之前：We were advised of the dangers before we began this work. 2）（先…）而后： A1l things are difficult before they are easy. 3）直到…才；…（之后）才：

We waited a long time before the train arrived.

He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner. I didn't know any English before I came here.

4）不等…就，还来不及…就 [表示从句动作发生之前，主句动作已发生，并强调主句行为发生得迅速和突然，突出时间的短暂性]：

Before he could stop me, I ran out of the room.

Before I could say\

Before most of the students understood the first problem, the teacher proceeded to the next one. 5）（不多久）就 [主句通常用否定形式,强调时间短暂] It has not been long before he won recognition. I had not waited long before she came. I had not gone a mile before I felt tired.

6）宁愿…而不[意义相当于would rather . .than;这种从句表示的行为是不可能实现的，因为它受主句行为的排斥，从内容上看，实际上主句和从句的行为都不可能实现。在这种句型中，从句动作先于主句动作]： I will die before I submit.

He'll beg for food before he'1l ask his parents for money. They will break every taboo they own before they surrender.

7）在…之前，应该…，否则就 [意义相当于otherwise；这种句型多为表示命令、威胁和顾虑。从句说明主句行为必要的理由，同时主句包含着条件。不实现这个条件，就要实行从句的行为。这样两个行为形成相互排斥J： Shut your mouth before I put you out.

I tell you better get out of here before I break you in half. Buy it now before the price goes up.

8）刚…就[同hardly/scarcely连用，意义相当于hardly/scarcely...when] We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.

9）有时before引导的从句表示一段时间，在这段时间结束之前就发生了主句的行为。 He reflected tensely that they might need all their spirit before the month was past.

10) before的其他用法：除了上述列举的九种意义，before-从句的用法还有以下几点值得注意：

①有时before还含有―难以置信‖的意思。如： Pigs will fly before he'll become a mathematician. =He'll never become a mathematician.

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 4

②带有before-从句的句子中，有时主句的情境可能阻止从句中情境的发生。 He died before he could write a will.

Sally stopped Ted before he had a chance to reply. ③before-从句有时隐含着目的或结果。

I had to put my complaint in writing before they would take any action.

④当主句是祈使句，表示命令时，before-从句不仅表时间，而且含有条件意义。 Go before I call the police.出去，否则我就叫警察。 =Go! If you don't go, I'll call the police.

⑤before前可用just, a long time, a week/year, immediately, many days, right，right now，some time等修饰语，以表示时间的精确性。

I took the examination a year before my brother did. He had left for New York just before the letter arrived. Let's go right now before it gets too late.

⑥在表达同…意义时，注意before与after所引导的两个句子中主从句以及时间的转化： I shaved before I went to the party. I went to the party after I shaved.

11）It will be +一段时间+before somebody does,―多久之后才……‖。 It will be half a year before I come back. It will not be long before we meet again.

5.after:

I moved to America after I had learned English for years.

6.Since

1)现在完成时态+since+短暂动词的一般过去时 I have worked in this company since I graduated.

A:I must admit that since I started the exercises I've been feeling less tired. B: What did I tell you?

2)现在完成时态+since+延续动词的一般过去时。 若since后面的延续动词用一般过去时 态，则表示从句动作“结束”以来，主句活动还在持续。 He hasn't contacted me since I worked in that company. 从我离开那家公司后，他就再没有和我联系过。 3)现在完成时态+since+延续动词的现在完成时。若since后面的延续动词用现在完成时态， 则表示从句动作“开始”以来，主句活动在持续。

He hasn't contacted me since I have worked in that company.自从我开始在那家公司工作后， 他就再没有和我联系过。

A: You look great since you've been taking those exercise classes. B: Thanks. I've never felt better in my life.

A:自从你经常参加那些锻炼以来，你的气色看起来好极了。 B：谢谢。我比以前感觉好多了。 4)在It is +时间+since从句句型中，时间的计算一般从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时 算起。

It is three years since the war broke out.

7.表示“一...就...”的结构

（1）从句动作先于主句动作: as soon as, immediately, directly, the moment, the minute, once Once you remember it, you will never forget it.

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 5

The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming. The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.

（2）主句动作先于从句动作:no sooner…than…；hardly/ scarcely…when…, No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

8.till, until和not…until

1)肯定句：主句谓语动词必需是延续性动词，主从句都为肯定式，意为―某动作一直延续到 某时间才停止‖ He remained there until she arrived. You may stay here until the rain stops.

2)否定句：主句谓语动词必需是非延续性动词，从句是肯定式，意为―某动作直到某时间才 开始‖。 He will not go to bed till (until) she returns. He didn't leave the office until his boss came back.

I did not realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

I didn't go to bed until 12 o 'clock last night. (until用做介词，后跟名词短语） 3)till不可以放在句首，而until可以放在句首。 Until you told me I had no idea of it. not… until句型四种不同句式 （1）结构一：正常结构

The little boy didn't smile until he saw mother.

The exact time of dying was not of great importance until recently. (2)结构二：until置于句首

Until he saw mother，the little boy didn't smile.

Until recently, the exact time of dying was not of great importance.

Until recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. 结构三：倒装结构(not until置于句首主句要倒装） Not until he saw his mother, did the little boy smile. Not until you told me did I have any idea of it. (4)结构四：强调句型

It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled.

It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. (强调句型)

9. by the time

（1）表示过去的动作：主句用had done + by the time +从句用一般过去时态 We had already left by the time they arrived.

（2）表示将来的动作：主句用will have done + by the time +从句用一般现在时 We will have already left by the time they arrive.

10. every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示―每当……，每次……，下次……‖。 Every /Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out. Next time you come, remember to bring along your sister. The day he returned, his father was already dead.

A: Hey, Dan. I hear you're meeting Susan's parents for the first time.

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 6

B: Yeah, next weekend. Fortunately her father loves to fish so we'll have something to talk about.

这里for the first time后面并没有连接句子。

二、地点状语从句

1地点状语从句通常是由where引导，用来表达主句的动作发生的场所，其结构通常是 ―where+陈述句‖，从句可以在句首或句末。 Stay where you are.

A driver should slow down where there are schools. 表示抽象条件的含义时，从句要放在句首。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竞成。 Where there is smoke, there is a fire.无风不起浪。

Where there is pain, we wish you peace and mercy.当你感到痛苦时，祝福你能保持内心的平 静安宁并学会宽恕。

Where there is self doubting, we wish you a renewed confidence in your ability to work through them.当你对自己感到怀疑时，祝福你能重新找回对自己能力的信心并奋力开创 新局面。

Where there is tiredness, or exhaustion, we wish you understanding, patience and renewed strength.当你感到身心疲惫，祝福你能理解、忍耐并重新获取力量。

Where there is fear, we wish you love and courage.当你感到恐惧，祝福你得到爱和勇气。 2另外，也可由wherever，anywhere和everywhere引导地点状语从句。 Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home. Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.(热烈欢迎)

Wherever your school is located, the most likely event is that you will be met by the Foreign Affairs Officer, or their representative, at the final point of your journey. 3注意区分由where引导的定语从句和状语从句的区别： You had better make a mark where you have any questions. ( 从句) You had better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.（ 从句）

三．原因状语从句（只有because前可以加强调词only, just或perhaps)

1.—Why are you absent from the meeting? —Because I am ill. As it is raining, we shall not go to the park. Now that/Since everybody is here, Let’s begin our meeting.

Perhaps because most of today's cross-cultural marriages occur because of \ couples work hard to overcome their difference.

2.其它表示原因的方式：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。 (1) We had an accident because he was careless. (2) We had an accident due to his carelessness. Owing to his carelessness we had an accident. 其他复合连词表示原因 (1)in that 原因在于

English has an advantage over most of the other languages in that it has become, so to speak, an international language.

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 7

E-mail is different from the traditional mail in that it sends and receives mails in a second.

(2)seeing ( that), now ( that), considering ( that), given ( that)这些连词与since相似，它们都有 “鉴于某个事实，考虑到”的意思。

Seeing that it's raining hard, we'll have to stay here for the night. They did the job very well, considering that they had no experience. Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job. Now that you are sixteen, you can get a driver's license. (3)not that...but that“不是因为??而是因为??”。

I haven't finished writing the report yet, not that I'm lazy, but that I have no time. 4.because的否定转移

You don't love a woman because she is beautiful. 你不是因为一个女人的美貌而爱她。 You don't love a woman because she is beautiful, but she is beautiful because you love her. 你不是因为一个女人的美貌才爱她，而是因为你爱她才觉得她美。

1)I don 't study English just because it is so difficult.我不学英文，因为它太难了。 2)I don 't study English just because I like to.我学英文并不是因为我喜欢英文（而是因为其 他原因，比如工作需要）。

3)I didn't attend the meeting because he was present, too.

正常理解：因为当时他也出席了，所以我就没有参加那个会议。 否定转移：我出席那次会议并不是因为他也参加。 4) I did not marry her because I loved her.

正常理解：因为我爱她，所以我决定不跟她结婚。 否定转移：我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚。

四、目的状语从句和结果状语从句

1.目的状语从句 从句中常常含有情态动词may/might 或 can/could等 I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me. In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early. 2.for fear that （生怕）, in case（万一）与lest(以免） 这些从属连词引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即：(should)+动词原形， 它本身带有否定意义，相当于so that… not…或in order that… not… The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him. 3.目的状语从句的简化 (1)in order to/ so as to do

We climbed high in order to get a better view.

We climbed high so that we could get a better view. (2)直接用动词不定式

I'd climb the highest mountain, just to see you smile. I'd swim the ocean, just to hold your hand. I'd run a million miles, just to be with you forever.

我愿意翻越最高的山脉，就是为了目睹你的微笑；我愿意橫渡海洋，就是为了与你牵手； 我愿意跨越万里，只是为了与你共度此生。 (3)in order for sb to do sth

I spoke slowly and clearly in order for the audience to understand me.

They carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.

以 生 命 激 情 学 习 以 科 学 方 法 学 习 8

I turned off the TV in order for my roommate to study in peace and quiet.

The teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly. 2.结果状语从句 结果状语从句结构形式： so +形容词/副词+ that从句 so +形容词+ a/an+可数名词单数形式+that从句 so + many/much/few/little +名词+ that从句 such + a/an +形容词+可数名词的单数形式+that从句 such +形容词+不可数名词+that从句 such +形容词+复数名词形式/不可数名词+that从句 such + a lot of /lots of +名词+that从句 限定词+such+名词+that从句:

no such man(不说no such a man)

one such man(不说one such a man，但说such a man) every such fool(不说 every such a fool) three such men all such men

five hundred such planes( 500架这样的飞机) Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him. = Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.

His anger was such that he lost control of himself (such作表语）

1) The weather is such that we can only stay in air-conditioned places. (such作表语） 2) The weather is so hot that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.

These Ministers used \ King's new clothes. 注意：当so或such放在句首时，主句用倒装语序:

So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. Such a fool was he that he believed her.

除结果状语从句以外，too… to… (太……而不能……)，enough to… (达到某种程度可以……)，so… as to… (那么……以致于……)等不定式西方结构同样可以表示结果， He didn’t get up early enough to catch the bus.

= He got up too late to catch the bus. = He got up so late as to miss the bus. 其他短语连接的结果状语从句

这些结构有：to the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree ( that), to such an extent (that)当它位于句首表示强调时，主句同样需要到装。请看例句：

The bereaved mother was grieved to the degree that she couldn't eat anything for 3 days. 这位痛失亲人的母亲是如此的悲痛，以至于连着三天没吃东西。

To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze. 这句话的正常语序为：

He went on with his empty speech to such an extent that some of us began to doze．

五、条件状语从句

1.真实条件状语从句

引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless (=if… not)（除非），so (as) long as (只要)，in case (万一)，on condition that (条件是)， suppose/supposing (假设，用于文句)，providing that/

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provided that, only if(只有），if only(只要）等

In politics, if you want someone to make a speech, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman.在政治领域，如果你想要有人发表演说，那就找男士去；而如果你想真正把事 情解决，那就找女士。(英国前首相撒切尔夫人对男人和女人的评价语） You’ll fail the exam unless you study hard. = if you don’t study hard, you’ll fail the exam . 其他表示条件意味的句型

(1)祈使句／省略句+and=if从句+主句 Spare the rod and spoil the child.

Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back! Let us help you realize your dreams! 这是一个美容广告的广告词。该句相当于If you give us 20 minutes，we will give you 10 years back!给我20分钟，还你10岁年轻！让我们帮助你实现梦想。 (2)祈使句／省略句+or/or else=unless从句+主句

Give it back to me or ( else) 1'11 tell your parents. ( =Unless you give it back to me, I'll tell your parents.)把它还给我，不然我就告诉你父母。

六、让步状语从句

1.although/though (尽管，虽然)，even though/even if (即使).although与though两者意思相 同，一般可互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless等副词连用，但不能与but连用（连 词）。 He is unhappy though/although he has a lot of money. Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football. 注：though还可以作副词使用，意为：可是，然而，放在句末。 He said he would come; he didn’t, though. no matter wh-

在英文中，我们可以用no matter+what, who, when, where, which, how或者whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever，whichever, however来引导让步状语从句，表示“无论”。 请注意，这几个连词除了however外，一般都是单独使用，而however后面通常要接形 容词或副词，不单独使用。whether… or (不管……，还是……)； We have decided to do so, whatever happens.

Whoever may trouble you, I will help you to the last. Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 3.as引导的倒装句表示让步

as引导的倒装句可表示让步，这一结构有： adj. adv.

分词 +as+主语十谓语动词 名词(无冠词)，

短语 (1)形容词提置旬首

Oldest in our workshop as he is, he works hardest. (2)副词提置句首

Much as I respect him, I can not agree with him. (3)分词提置旬首

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Praised as he was, he remained modest. (4)名词提置句首(注意有无冠词） Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.

Lazy a boy as he is, he is kind to help others. (5)动词原形提置句首 此时句子的结构为：V+as+主语+助动词（may，might，will，would，can，could, do, does, did) Fail as I did, I would never stop trying.

Lose money as I did, I got a lot of experience.

4.as/so +形容词+as+主谓结构，放在句首表示让步

As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.尽管约翰不愿意，但 他今晚还是得待在家里学习。 句首用be的倒装句表示让步

Be he rich or poor, I will marry him all the same. 6.表示让步转折关系的介词和副词

介词主要有despite，in spite of, for all， even.

1)Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job. 2 ) In spite of his inexperience, he did a very good job.

3) In spite of his being inexperienced, he did a very good job.

Even after all that, no one could give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.

练习:All science students, ______, should have a good foundation in basic sciences. A. whether they are future physicists and chemists B. they are future physicists of chemists

C. they should be future physicists of chemists D. be they future physicists or chemists Whatever (= No matter what ) you said, he won’t believe you. Whoever you are (= No matter who you are), you must obey the rules. 注：whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever等还可以引导名词性从句。

七.比较状语从句

1.连词as的基本用法

(1)结构1：as+形容词或副词+as

The work is not as difficult as you think. (2)结构2：as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as

So don’t feel sorry for the disabled or make fun of them, and don’t ignore them either. Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.

Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as the growth of electronics.

Americans tend to think from small to large. Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes.

在否定句中第一个as可用so代替

No other modem nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public health as the United States does.

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为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用倒装结构 此时的结构是“as?as+助动词+主语”。

Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth. (3) as句型一：as much as结构

英语里的as much as往往是表示两个事物之间程度的比较，表示“在同等程度上” Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth. 尽管蚂蚁很小，但是它同地球上的任何其他动物一样，也是一种动物。

The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.

The ―failed‖ experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately ―works‖.

(4) as句型二：not so much…as结构

(a)．从结构上来看，not…so much as可以有两种结构：not A so much as B或者not so much A as B；

(b)．从意思上来看，该句型的基本含义为：“与其说A倒不如说B”，或者“是B，而不是A”；

(c)．A和B是两个被比较的平行结构，如：同为介词短语、动词不定式、名词短语或其他平行结构。

Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 学校教育的伟大作用不在于教会你多少东西，而在于教会你学习的技巧。 (5).as句型三：(just) as…so…结构 (a)基本意思是“正如??，所以”；(b)．第二句可用倒装结构。

Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact.乌云遮不住太 阳，谎言掩盖不了事实。 2.连词than的基本用法

The weather of the South is wetter than the North.(请改正此句)

On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.( are those with little ambition----倒装)

The surface conditions on the planet Mars are more like the earth’s than are those of any other planet in the solar system.( are those of any other planet in the solar system---倒装) 3.表示倍数比较的三种句型结构 (1)．“倍数十比较级”结构：A is three times bigger（或其他形容词的比较级）than B (2)．“倍数+as?as”结构：A is three times as big（或其他形容词的原级）as B (3)．“倍数+名词”结构：A is three times the size（或其他形容词对应的名词形式）of B When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.

4.the more…, the more…结构

―你用词越准确，人们就能越容易理解你的意思。‖ 对这句话的翻译有以下四种,请判断下列四个句子正误:

(1) The more exact you use your words, the easier people will understand you.

(2) The more exactly you use your words, the more easily people will understand you.

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(3) The more exact your words are, the easier it is for people to understand you. (4) The more exact words you use, the more easily people will understand you.

The more we help others, the more we receive in return. We advance ourselves as we help others. Friends are lights in winter: the older the friend, the brighter the light. 朋友犹如冬日里的暖阳，越是老朋友，就越让你感觉温暖。

In the case of public speaking ―familiarity breeds confidence‖, so the more familiar you become with what you want to say and the more you practice it, the more confidence you will acquire. You never stop learning. All the time, everything becomes more interesting and beautiful the more you understand it.

A is to B what /as C is to D结构

The people is to the people’s army what water is to fish.

Case study is to Harvard what/as the Leaning Tower is to Pisa. Personality is to man what /as perfume is to a flower.

这一句型有一个变体结构，可以改写为“what/ as C is to D，so is A to B或A is to B”。 As water is to fish, so is the people to the people’s army (或 the people is to the people’s army).b

八.方式状语从句 引导词有as，like，as if , as though和the way

When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Do it the way you were taught.

He looks as though / as if he is an actor.

Work like you don’t need the money.去工作吧，犹如你不需要金钱。 Love like you’ve never been hurt.去爱吧，犹如你从未曾被伤害过。 Dance like nobody’s watching.去舞蹈吧，犹如无人在一旁观看。 Sing like nobody’s listening.去歌唱吧，犹如无人在一边谛听。 Live like it’s heaven on earth.热爱生活吧，犹如这里是人间乐土。

as引导方式状语从句是用来修饰句子的谓语部分的。

Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ―look at an organic being as a savage looks at as hip, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension‖.

达尔文有句话描写那些不懂得进化论的人们：他们“看待一种生物就像野蛮人看着船一样，把它视为他们完全不能理解的东西”。

As used in this context, the word ―challenging‖ means ―demanding‖ . The author is fairly skilled at word diction.这里的challenging –词用在这样一个上下文中，意思是demanding。从这能看出作者是很善于措辞的。

重点解读

一、状语从句中的倒装现象

请看下面一道考题：

______, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student 解析：

这道题很有一定难度。具体说来，它主要涉及两个考点：一是让步状语从句倒装后的词序问题。让步状语从句之所以要采用倒装结构，主要是为了强调位于句首的名词、形容词、副词、

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动词等，其词序形式为：被强调的成分+as / though + 主语+动词。二是在倒装的让步状语从句中，位于句首的单数可数名词是否带冠词的问题。按照英语习惯，英语中的单数可数名词在泛指时，一般要有不定冠词的修饰，但是位于倒装让步状语从句句首的单数可数名词是个例外，即使泛指其前也不加不定冠词。由此可知，上面这道考题的答案应为B。 这类语法现象可归纳为以下五种句型： 一）、名词+as / though+主语+动词

King as he was, he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。

Child as he is, he knows to help other. 他虽是个孩子，但却知道帮助别人。

Teacher though he is, he can’t know everything. 他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂。 【说明】其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。另外，要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词。比较：

Boy as [though] he is, he likes to play with girls.=Though [Although] he is a boy, he likes to play with girls.

Strong man as [though] he is, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks.= Though [Although] he is a strong man, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，但在过去的数周里也受到了严峻的考验。 二）、形容词+as / though+主语+动词

Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。

Improbable as it seems, it’s true. 虽然看起来不太可能，但却是真的。 Stupid as it sounds，I was so in love with her that I believed her. 尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。

Patient as he was，he didn’t like waiting that long. 他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长。 Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over-priced. 那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高。 【说明】其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语。 三）、副词+as / though+主语+动词

Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。 Hard though they tried, they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。 Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。 He was unable to make much progress, hard as he tried. 尽管他做了努力，却未能取得很大进步。

【说明】有的词典将much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。再如：

Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。

Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你, 却不能和你在一起生活。 四）、动词原形+as / though+主语+动词

Object as you may, I’ll go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。

Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。 Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。

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Dislike him as we may, we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。

Lose money as I did, we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。 Fail in the election as he did, he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery. 尽管落选了，但他却以其反对奴隶制的激烈演说而出了名。 【说明】主语后的动词通常为may, might, would, did 等情态动词或助动词(若表示情态意义，则选用情态动词；若陈述事实，则用did, do 等助动词)。 五）、分词+as / though+主语+动词

Raining hard as it is, I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。 Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。

Munching the apple as he was, he had got an eye for all John’s movements. 他尽管在一个劲地嚼着苹果，但仍警惕着约翰的一举一动。 【三条补充说明】

1. 这类倒装的让步状语从句可用as, though 来引导，但不能用although来引导；但是，未倒装的让步状语从句则可用though, although来引导，而不能用as来引导。也就是说，although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装，as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装也可以不倒装。如： 虽然很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。

正：Late as [though] it was, we still went on working. (from www.yygrammar.com) 正：Though [Although] it was late, we still went on working. 误：Late although it was, we still went on working. 误：As it was late, we still went on working.

2. 上面提到的倒装结构有时也可用来表示原因，区别的办法主要看句子的内容：让步从句的内容大多数与主句在意义上相反，而原因从句则与主句之间有因果关系。比较： Tired as he was, he sat up late studying at night.

昨晚他虽然很疲倦了，但还是学习到很晚才睡。(表让步)

Tired as he was, he went to bed early. 因为很累，所以他睡得很早。(表原因)

Young as he was, he was equal to the task. 他虽年轻，却能胜任这项工作。(表让步)

Young as he was, he was not equal to the task. 他因为年轻，所以不能胜任这项工作。(表原因) 3. 在美国英语中，人们通常用as…as引导让步状语从句。如：

Cold as it was, we went out.=As cold as it was, we went out. 尽管天气冷，我们还是出去了。 Successful as he is, he is not proud.=As successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功了，但不骄傲。

二、状语从句的省略现象

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如： I’m taller than he (is tall ).

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

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就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行\简化\。状语从句的\简化\现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。

状语从句的\简化\现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中: ① 由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;

② 由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;

③ 由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句; ④ 由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句; ⑤ 由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。

(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。 You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you. 除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:

a.连词+形容词

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。 b.连词+名词

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。 Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director. c.连词+现在分词

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. 她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks. 尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。 d.连词+过去分词

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。 e.连词+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。 He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge. 即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。 f. 连词+介词短语

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。 注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room. 当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over, 。。。)

考点全攻略

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一、时间状语从句 问题1:

1. We were swimming in the lake ______ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before

2. (02上海) He was about to tell me the secret ______ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. while D. when

3. (05上海) He transplanted the little tree to the garden ______ it was the best time for it. A. where B. when C. that D. until 4. －Did Jack come back early last night?

－Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ____ he arrived home. A. Before B. when C. that D. until

5. He was about halfway through his meal ______ a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while 连接词when的用法小结

1. when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是可延续的，也可以是表短暂性动作的动词，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。如： When the film ended, the people went back.

When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.

2. 可用作并列连词，其意义为―那时，这时‖，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式： Somebody was doing something/was about to do sth./was on the point of doing sth. when… (刚要……这时突然……)

3. 还可以表示原因―既然‖，相当于since; considering that。如：

It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes . 问题2:

6. The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, ______ the quality of life is probably one of the highest.

A. since B. when C. as D. while

7. ______ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless 连接词while的用法小结

1. while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如： Please don’t talk so loud while others are working. 2. while作为并列连词，意为―而，却‖，表示对比。 3. while可表示尽管，相当于although。 连接词when, while, as的用法区别：

1．while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是可延续的，而when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是可延续的，也 可以是表短暂性动作的动词。如： When/While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring. When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. (不可用 while)

2．从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。如： When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.

3．表示―随着……‖，连词用as，不用when或while。如： As the election approached, the violence got worse. 4．如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动作的进行 时态表示在一段时间内正在进

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行的动作时，when, while 与as 可互换使用。如：

When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 问题3:

1. －Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? －Yes. I gave it to her ______ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once 2. (1998上海) I thought her nice and honest ______ I met her. A. first time B. for the first time C. the first time D. by the first time 3. ______ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had he D. Hardly he had 小结： 1．一些词，如the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly?when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than等也可引导一个时 间状语从句，相当于as soon as的意思。 I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called. 2．一些含有time的名词短语，如every time, each time, next time, by the time等，以及the day, the year, the morning等，也可引导一个时间状语从句。 The day he returned home, his father was already dead. Next time you come, please bring your composition.

3. 如果hardly或no sooner或scarcely置于句首，句子必 须用部分倒装结构。 Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 问题4:

1.－Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?

－Yes. He had never praised him ______ he became one of the top students in his grade. A. after B. unless C. until D. when

2. A good storyteller must be able to hold listeners’ curiosity ______ he reaches the end of the story. A. when B. unless C. after D. until

3. It was not ______ she took off her dark glasses ______ I realized she was a famous film star. A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then 小结：

till, until和not…until：

1.until/till引导时间状语从句用于肯定句时，主句的动词 是延续性动词，表示动作或状态一直持续到until/till所 表示的时间，意为―某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止‖。如： We waited until he came.

2．用于否定句时，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定，意为―某动作直到某时间才开始‖。如：

He won’t go to bed till/until she returns.

3．till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如：Until you told me I had no idea of it. 4．not…until句型中的强调和倒装说法：

It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. Not until you told me did I have any idea of it. 问题5:

1. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ______ it got worse. A. until B. when C. before D. as

2. Scientists say it may be five or six years ______ it is possible to test this medicine on human

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patients.

A. since B. after C. before D. when 3.－Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?

－He rushed out of the room____I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after

4. It is almost five years ______ we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. because 连接词before的小结：

1．We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 2．We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired. 3．Please write it down before you forget it.

4．Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.

Before从句中谓语不用否定式。如：Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 1）句型It will be/was＋段时间＋before…―还要过多久才……‖ 如：It will be two years before he leaves the country.

2）句型It will be/was not＋一段时间＋before…―不多久就……‖ 如： It wasn’t two years before he left the country. 3）句型It is＋段时间＋since…时间的计算一律从since从句的 动作完成或状态结束时算起。如：

It is three years since she was in the army. It is three years since she joined the army. 二、条件状语从句 问题1： 1、The WTO cannot live up to its name ____ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.

A．as long as B．while C．if D．even though

2、 It is known to all that _____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health. A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if

unless 相当于 if not，意思是―除非…‖―如果不…就…‖。这也是高考的热点之一。复习时也应给予高度重视。 问题2：

1、_____ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. A. As long as B. As far as C. Just as D. Even if

2、I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s ________ I have to wait. A．in case B．so that C．in order D．as if as long as 与 as far as 都可引导条件状语从句，as long as 表示―只要…‖，as far as 表示―就…而论（而言）‖。题1根据题意应该选用B。in case 表示―以防‖，根据题2的句意，不难作出选择。

三、让步状语从句 问题1：

1、 _____ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless

2、Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____they are different from your own. A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though

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while 是高考中的高频词，它既可引导时间状语从句，又可引导并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示―尽管‖。even if 等于 even though，表示―即使、尽管‖。as though 等于 as if，引导方式状语从句，表示―好像、似乎‖。 问题2：

1、 He tried his best to solve the problem, ___ difficult it was.

A. however B. no matter C. whatever D although 2、The old tower must be saved, ______the cost.

A．however B．whatever C．whichever D．wherever no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 的联系及区别：

no matter wh- 只引导让步状语从句，此时与 wh-ever通用。

如: No matter when / Whenever he comes back, he should be invited to the party. wh-ever又可引导名词性从句， No matter wh-不能。如：

Whatever I can do for you will be nothing but paying a debt. Whoever can help us will be welcome.

四. 状语从句的时态问题 问题1：

1、The house could fall down soon if no one______ some quick repair work. A has done B is doing C does D had done 2、It is almost five years _______ we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. when

在条件，时间和让步从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用现在完成时表将来完成时，用一般过去时表过去将来时。在 since 引导的时间状语从句中，动词一般都用一般过去时，而主句常用现在完成时。 五、状语从句的倒装问题 问题1：

1、So difficult _____ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English. A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel

2、Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized

C. the villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize

状语从句的倒装一般有下面几种情况：① 否定词开头；② so 加 adj. 开头；③ as / though引导的让步状语从句。

Hardly had he got to the station when the train left. No sooner had he got to the station than the train left. Child as he is, he can speak seven foreign languages. 六、状语从句与并列句的区别 问题1：

1、Though he is in his sixties, ______ he works as hard as a young man A. yet B. but C. and D. and yet

2、 Excuse me for breaking in, _________ I have some news for you. A. so B. and C. but D. yet 题1是主从复合句，所以中间不能使用并列连词 and; or; but; so 等。yet 是副词，只有 yet 可以与 though 连用。题2为并列句，而―Excuse …, but …‖为一固定搭配。在复习中需要 细心的分析句子结构和成分。

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七、状语从句与定语从句、名词性从句的区别

专题练习

对比训练 1

____ he heard this, he got very angry.

2. I met Lucy____ I was walking along the river. 3. ____ a child, he lived in the countryside. A. when B. while C. as 对比训练 2

We were about to leave____ it began to rain.

2. She thought I was talking about her son, ____, in fact, I was talking about my son. 3. Hardly had I finished my composition ____ the bell rang. A. when B. while C. as D. during 对比训练 3

1. Child ____ she is, she know a lot. 2. He did the experient ____ he was told.

3. The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not ____ good.

A. during B. as C. so D. though E. both B and C 对比训练 4

1.He would have a look at the bookstores ____ he went to town. 2. We decide to finish the work on time, ____ happens.

3. If we work with a strong will, we overcome any difficulty, ____ great it is. 4. I’ll give the book to ____ likes English.

A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. however 对比训练 5

1. It will be years ____ we meet again. 2. It is ten years ____ I came to this town. 3. It is ten years ago ____ I came to this town.

A. when B. that C. before D. since 对比训练 6

1.____ it rains, the game will be played on time.

2. ____ I was twenty, I had never been away from my hometown. 3. ____ he were there, he couldn’t help us.

A. Even if B. Untill C. Till D. Unless 对比训练 7

Go and get your coat. It is ____ you left it. 2. You are free to go ____ you like.

A. there B. where C. wherever D. when 对比训练 8

1.The article is written in such easy English ____ all of us can read it. 2. The article is written in such easy English____ all of us can read. A. that B. which C. as D. so that 对比训练 9

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1.If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter ____ great it is. 2. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, ____ great it is. 3. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, ____ difficulty it is.

4. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter ____ difficulty it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

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