英国文学简史期末考试复习要点 刘炳善版（英语专业大三必备）

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works

一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）

? ?

《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )

杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)

―英国诗歌之父‖。（Father of English Poetry）

《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）

? 托马斯·莫尔 （Thomas More ）

《乌托邦》（Utopia）

? 埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）

《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)

? 弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）

《论说文集》（Essays)

?

? ?

克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe

《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）

《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） 《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）

威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare

喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant

of Venice）

悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth） 历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV） 传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）

本·琼生 Ben Johnson ? 《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）

? 《狐狸》（Volpone）

? 《练金术士》（The Alchemist ）

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三、17世纪文学

约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton

《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） 《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）

诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）

? 约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）

《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）

? 威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）

《以爱还爱》（Love for Love） 《如此世道》（The Way of the World ）

四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）

18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。

? 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift

《格列佛

? 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父

《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）

? 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding

《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）

? 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift

《格列佛游记》 Gulliver’s Travels

? 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父

《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）

? 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding

《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）

? 奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯 Oliver Goldsmith 《荒村》（The Deserted Village）

? 詹姆斯·汤姆逊James Thomson

《四季歌》（The Seasons）

? 威廉·柯林斯 William Collins

《黄昏颂》（Ode to Evening）

? 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray

《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ）

五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）

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罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns 威廉·布莱克 William Blake

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? 威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ? 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge

《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads ）

· Byron,Shelley,Keats

六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）（维多利亚时代1832-1901）

? 罗伯特·布朗宁 Robert Browning戏剧独白 《皮帕走过了》（Pippa Passes） 《指环与书》（The Ring and the Book）

? 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生 Alfred Tennyson 《悼念》（In Memoriam A. H. H）

勃朗特三姐妹

? 夏洛蒂·勃朗特 Charlotte Bronte

《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）

? 艾米丽·勃朗特Emily Bronte

《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights)

? 安妮·勃朗特 Anne Bronte

《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。

托马斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy ? 《德伯家的苔丝》

（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）

? 《无名的裘德》

（Jude the Obscure）

查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens

? ? ? ? ?

《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist） 《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield） 《远大前程》（Great Expectations） 《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House） 《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）

一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5

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世纪—1485

贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons

Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homer?s Iliad and Odyssey

Artistic features:

1. Using alliteration

Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5

2. Using metaphor and understatement

Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas

Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400

(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)

The father of English poetry.

It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )

A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower

writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ① 坎特伯雷故事集：

first time to use ?heroic couplet?(双韵体) by middle English

②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③ 声誉之宫

Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf

II The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学

（15世纪后期—17世纪初）

A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.

Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Two features

1. a thirsting curiosity for the clasical literature 2. the keen interst in the activities of humanity.

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The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts: (1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,

(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,

(3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1. new discoveries in geography and astrology 2. the religious reformation and economic expansion 3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe

William Shakespeare

Ben Johnson.

English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.

1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599 （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets? poet.The first to be buried in the Poet?s corner of Westerminster Abbey

12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet?s poet”? ( B ) A. Spenser?s idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody

① 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)

The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.

Artistic features:

1. Using Spenserian Stanza

Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.

② 牧人日历

The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. ③ 爱情小唱? 2. Thomas? More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535 One of the greatest English humanists ①乌托邦? 3. Francis? Bacon弗兰西斯?培根1561~1626

（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）

Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.?

Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man?s reason.

①学术的推进 ②随笔(famous quotas: )?

The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. 4. Ben Jonson

① ②狐狸

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5. Christopher? Marlowe柯里斯托弗?马洛1564~1595

“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。） Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terza rima D. blank verse

①浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） ②帖木耳大帝?

③马耳他的犹太人

6. William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616?

① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII

②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 仲夏夜之梦; 威尼斯商人

③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白

④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg

A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.

III The 17th Century17世纪文学

1. John Milton约翰?弥尔顿1608~1674

（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。） ①Epics: 失乐园? 复乐园

②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙

③ 论出版自由?

为英国人民声辩 ④ 我的失明

This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.

Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.

2. John Bunyan约翰?班扬1628~1688

（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）

Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)

①Religionary Allegory:天路历程? 3. John Donne

the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）

Artistic features:

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1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2. syllogism三段论

① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets

③Valediction:

IV The 18th Century启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）

：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)

小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)

Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander Pope亚历山大?蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.... Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift

①批评论? Artistic features:

1.Using “heroic couplets”

② 卷发遇劫记

③ 道德论 人论?

愚人记

2. Samuel? Johnson塞缪尔?约翰逊1709~1784

①Dictionary =英语大词典? 3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） ① 格列佛游记(fictional work)

Four parts:

Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛 一个小小的建议? ② 书战 ③ 木桶的故事?

④ 一个麻布商的书信

4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?笛福1660~1731

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（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）?

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① 鲁宾逊漂流记

It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.

Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.

② ③ ④

5. Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels:

弃婴汤姆?琼斯

约瑟夫?安德鲁 大诗人江奈生?威尔德 爱米利亚? ② plays:

一七三六年历史记事 堂吉柯德在英国?

6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗?格尔德斯密斯1730~1774 ① poems:

旅游人

荒村 ② novel:

威克菲尔德牧师传?

7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德?布林斯利?施莱登1751~1816 ① 情敌? ② 造谣学校 8. William Blake威廉?布莱克1757~1827 ① 天真之歌

A happy and innocent world from children?s eye. ② 经验之歌

A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.

Include:

Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence

③ 天堂与地狱的婚姻? 9. Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯1759~1796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.

Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

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① 约翰?安德生，我的爱人 ② 一朵红红的玫瑰? ③ 往昔时光

④ 不管那一套? ⑤ 我的心在那高原上 ⑥ ⑦

V The Romantic Period

浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）

The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.

Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual?s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.

Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯1770~1850

（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） ① 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) ②

Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”

2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.

Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet?s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.

③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ② 序曲

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔?泰勒?科尔律治1772~1834 The Lake Poets

① 古舟子颂 ② 柯里斯塔贝尔 ③ 忽必烈汗

Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory

④ 半夜冰霜 ⑤ 忧郁颂

⑥ 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth) 3. George Gordon Byron乔治?戈登?拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）?

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“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① 唐?璜

恰尔德?哈罗德尔游记 该隐

② 当初我们俩分别

4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792~1822 ① Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme: the drama celebraies man?s victory over tyranny and oppression

② 麦布女王

伊斯兰的反叛 钦契一家

诗辩

无神论的必要性 ③ Lyrics:

西风颂

Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem

about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.

Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's \five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.

Artistic features:

Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …)

致云雀

5. John? Keats约翰?济慈1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

① Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂

夜莺颂 心灵颂

忧郁颂

② 秋颂?

Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, \Autumn\is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.

Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简?奥斯丁1775~1817?

She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 理智与感情

傲慢与偏见(chapter I)

【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved

【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman

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is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood

【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.

【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters

曼斯菲尔德庄园 爱玛

诺桑觉寺 劝导

7. Walter? Scott沃尔特?斯科特1771~1832 (历史小说之父‖)Father of history novels ① 罗伯?罗伊 ② 艾凡赫

VI

The Victorian Period 1832-1900

Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer

① 匹克威克外传 ② 奥利弗?特维斯特（雾都孤儿） ③ 老古玩店 ④ 圣诞颂歌 ⑤ 董贝父子

⑥ 大卫?科波菲尔 ⑦ 荒凉山庄 艰难时世

⑧ 双城记(London & Paris) ⑨ 远大前程

⑩ 我们共同的朋友

是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。

2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷1811~1863

① or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan) ②

3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855 ① 简?爱

Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.

It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School

It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and

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equality as a human being.

② 雪莉 ③ 教师

4. Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854 ① < Wuthering? Heights>呼啸山庄

A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.

【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff

【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella

② < Old Stoic>

5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特1819~1880? ① 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 ② < Adam? Bede>亚当?比德 ③ < Silas? Marner>织工马南 ④ < Middlemarch>米德尔马契

6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, Break, Break>

③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗

7. Robert Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889 ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思

Elizabeth Barrett Browing:

① 葡萄牙十四行诗

8. Robert Louis Stevenson ① 金银岛 9. Thomas? Hardy托马斯?哈代1840~1928

（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） ? Novels

① < Tess Of The D?Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝

Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德

③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 ④ < Far From? The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>还乡 ? Poems

Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国

VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century

Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw

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1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德1856~1900

（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies:

认真的重要 温德米尔夫人的扇子 一个无足轻重的女人 理想的丈夫 ② Novel:

多利安?格雷的画像 ③ Fairy Stories:

快乐王子故事集 2. George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ? Plays ① Plays Unpleasant

华伦夫人的职业 鳏夫的房产 ② Plays Pleasant

武器与人

左右命运的人 ③Plays

人与超人 匹格玛利翁 苹果车 圣女贞德

Novelists (Realists)

1. Joseph Concrad ①吉姆爷 ②黑暗的心

1.Why the book?s title is Heart of Darkness?

The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people?s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans? heart.

2.What is the symbolism of black and white

【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized

Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.

According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.

According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.

【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.

Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.

White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt

3.Comment

The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to

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achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.

Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once \Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.

This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.

4.Character

【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment.

【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle.

5.Narrative Structure

In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz?s story.

2. William Somerset Maugham 人性的枷锁 3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster) 印度之行 霍华兹别墅

Modernists

? 3 Novelists ① James Joyce ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf

1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯1885~1930 ① 儿子与情人(autobiographical)

【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is \a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She hopes that they will become outstanding

【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother?s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother?s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair.

Theme:

Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual?s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel

Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence?s Sons and Lovers ②虹?

③恋爱中的女人

④ 查特莱夫人的情人 2. James? Joyce詹姆斯?乔伊斯1882~1941

（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness

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尤利西斯(S_O_C)

一个青年艺术家的肖像 芬尼根的苏醒 都柏林人

3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙1882~1941

（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels 达洛维夫人 到灯塔去 浪

雅各布的房间 奥兰朵

幕间

? 2 Poets

① W. B. Yeats (William Butler Yeats ) ② T.S. Eliot ( Thomas Sterns Eliot )

1.William Butler? Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨1865~1939

（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）

? collections ① 苇风 责任 ② 塔

旋转的楼梯 ? Poems

复活节，1916

第二次来临/再世 到拜占庭航行

2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家） ? Poems ① ② 四个四重奏 ③ ? Plays ① 大教堂谋杀案

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