prep语法

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对于比较结构中是否有必要补充助动词,应以是否会产生歧意为标准.如果不会产生歧意,则可以不补出助动词,如果会产生歧意,一定要补出助动词.

51. (27205-!-item-!-188;#058&003142)

Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes where customers can shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.

(A) not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build (B) not only add convenience stores but also they combine with major fast-food chains to build

(D) add not only convenience stores, but also combining with major fast-food chains to build

(E) are not only adding convenience stores, but also in combining with major fast-food chains they build

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism） 1) not only… but also结构要平行

(A) 正确,

(B) they破坏了not only… but also的平行结构,应该去掉

(D) not only… but also结构不平行,应该改为add not only convenience stores but also combination… 或者not only add…but also combine…

(E) not only… but also结构不平行；they build…与前面句子不连贯，句子结构错误。

句子结构:…marketing is undergoing…as stations often not only add…but also combine with…to build…

52. (27251-!-item-!-188;#058&003145)

In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to

archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting East African cave paintings.

(A) Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting

(B) Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and by painstakingly documenting

(C) Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of

(D) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of

(E) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）

1) and, but等连词出现的时候,一定要注意前后平行

(A) and前后不平行,前者是名词discovery,后者是动名词documenting；with用于此处意思不准确。

(B) and前后不平行,名词discovery和动名词documenting不平行

(E) and前后不平行,前者是动名词discovering,后者是名词documentation

句子结构: In addition to… ,Mary Leakey’s contributions… include her discovery of…and her painstaking documentation of…

53. (27297-!-item-!-188;#058&003151)

Most vaccines are derived from weakened or killed strains of the same virus that they prevent, unlike the derivation of smallpox vaccine from a different virus altogether.

(A) the derivation of smallpox vaccine from a different virus altogether (B) smallpox vaccine, which is derived from a different virus altogether (C) smallpox's vaccine, which gets derived from a different virus altogether (D) when smallpox vaccine is derived from an altogether different virus (E) the altogether different virus from which smallpox vaccine is derived

考点:比较（Comparison）

1) like, unlike后面加名词表示比较，比较对象需对等。

(A) 比较双方不对应,vaccines和the derivation不对应

(B) 正确,比较双方对应most vaccines和smallpox vaccine对比.

(C) smallpox’s vaccine表达错误,原文表达的意思是天花疫苗,而不是属于天花的疫苗. (D) unlike when用法错误,unlike后面应该加名词表示比较 (E) 比较双方不对应,vaccines和different virus不对应

句子结构:Most vaccines are derived…, unlike smallpox vaccine, which…

54. (27343-!-item-!-188;#058&003156)

Unlike using spices for cooking, in medicinal usage they are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.

(A) Unlike using spices for cooking, in medicinal usage they are taken

(B) Unlike spices that are used in cooking, in using spices for medicine, they are taken (C) Unlike cooking with spices, taking spices for medicinal use is done

(D) In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken (E) In cooking, the usage of spices is in small quantities, whereas in medicinal usage they are taken

考点:比较（Comparison）

1) 标准书面语中,like后只加名词表比较

(A) unlike后面应该接名词

(B) in using短语既可以修饰前一个分句,又可以修饰后一个分句,造成修饰歧意. (C) unlike后面应该接名词

(D) 正确, 用whereas表示对比关系前后句子在形式上不需要完全对等,修饰成分紧靠修饰对象,避免了修饰歧意

(E) the usage of spices is in small quantities表达笨拙;they指代不清,可能指代quantities或者spices.

句子结构:…, small quantities of…are used, whereas… spices are taken… in order to treat…

补充说明:

为了避免指代不清,修改的方法有三个: 1)重复代词指代的对象

2)用 such + n.或者指示代词 this/these/those + n.代替代词 3)用一个名词概括代词指代的对象

本题的正确选项中就是重复了代词指代的对象,从而避免了指代不清的问题

55. (27389-!-item-!-188;#058&003179)与79题相似注意不同处are

Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow coastal waters, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether they be archaeologist, treasure hunter, or sport diver. (A) than in shallow coastal waters, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether they be

(B) than in shallow coastal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether

(C) as opposed to shallow waters along the coast, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including

(D) instead of in shallow waters along the coast, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including an

(E) instead of shallow coastal waters, because it exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether

考点: 比较（Comparison）逻辑表达（Logical Predication）习惯用语（Idiom） 1) 习惯用语 more…than…

2) 习惯用语 whether A, B, or C

(A) which指代waters导致逻辑意思错误,因为并不是水域把古迹暴露在外,而是古迹暴露在这个水域, 应该用where指代in shallow coastal waters; exposes和makes应该用复数形式which指代的是waters; whether they be表达复杂,they没有指代对象，they be应该去掉.

(B) 正确, more…than符合习惯用法; where使用恰当; 用whether A, B, or C修饰anyone,修饰得当

(C) more…as opposed to语意重复，不应同时出现在比较句中; including使用不恰当,include表示为群体中包含某些项,而这里anyone是个体,不能使用including.若将anyone改为everyone会更好 (D) more…instead of不符合习惯用法;使用which导致逻辑意思错误;including使用不恰当. (E) more…instead of不符合习惯用法，缺少代词in容易产生歧义;it没有指代

句子结构: Shipwrecks are more likely…than in…, where archaeological remains are exposed to… and are accessible to…, whethe A, B, or C.

56. (27435-!-item-!-188;#058&003186)

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.

(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles (B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling

(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles (E) that is found in the Philippines and that, resembling

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语

(A) animal found in…and that结构不平行 (B) and that没有平行的从句。

(E) animal that is found…and that, resembling结构不平行，第二个that从句缺少谓语动词。

句子结构: First discovered.. Lina’s sunbird, a …animal found in… and resembling…, has…;句子

补充说明:

正确选项C中两个分词之所以一个用-ed形式,一个用-ing形式是因为found表示了被动态:animal is found in the Philippines, 而resembling表示的主动语态:such animal resembles a hummingbird.（与 OG10-210题用法相同，可参考OG解释）注意以下两个句子的区别:

1. Intar has moved away from the Spanish classics and now draws on the works of contemporary

Hispanic authors.

2. Intar has moved away from the Spanish classics, and now it draws on the works of

contemporary Hispanic authors.

第一个句子中and前没有逗号,因此and连接的两个并列句中第二个并列结构应该省略重复的主语. 而第二句子中and前有逗号,因此and连接两个独立的句子,每个句子都需要自己的主谓宾,因此第二个句子中的it不能省略.

57. (27481-!-item-!-188;#058&003189)

The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads.

(A) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were (B) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,

(C) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been (D) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each (E) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms each had been

考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Structure）逻辑表达（Logical Predication）有效用词（Diction） 1) 一个完整的句子之中只能有一个谓语动词，两个谓语动词之间必须有连词进行连接 2) each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:

句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed 形式/-ing 形式。

例:Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of

ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame.

(A) 划线的 were 作为谓语和划线部分之前的谓语 were 重复，应该去掉或者用连词 and 连接； (B) 正确，of up to 600 rooms each 作为插入语修饰 structures，connected 分词跳过插入语修饰前

面最邻近的名词 structures.

(C) 将 with 改变成 of 后，介词的修饰对象发生改变；原句 with 结构修饰 built,而 of 结构修饰的是 scale; 将插入语变成句子一部分后，each 同位语修饰的对象也发生改变，变成了修饰最邻近的 rooms 而不是 structures，rooms 被马路连接不符合题目原意和逻辑表达；each 同位语从句用过去完成时同样没有必要性.

(D) 按 D 答案给出的句意，with each 和 on a spectacular scale 平行，但 each connected by 改变了原文的句意，原文没有表达出每一个都被连接的意义

(E) 如果 each 做代词指代主语应该在 each 前面加上连词 and，E 答案中 each 后面是完整句子但没有连词进行连接；had been 过去完成时没有必要性。

句子结构: The Anasazi settlements…were built on...structures,…,connected by…

58. (27527-!-item-!-188;#058&003203)

Both weakened by concern about the government's agreement with the International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a rise in inflation, the country's currency continued its slide to a record low against the dollar, which forced the central bank to intervene for the fourth time in a week.

(A) Both weakened by concern about the government's agreement with the International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a rise in inflation, the country's currency continued its slide to a record low against the dollar, which forced

(B) Both concern about the government's agreement with the International Monetary Fund and the growing fears of a rise in inflation weakened the country's currency, continuing its slide to a record low against the dollar, which forced

International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a raise in inflation, the country's currency continued its slide to a record low against the dollar, forcing

(D) The country's currency, weakened both by concern about the government's agreement with the International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a rise in inflation, continued its slide to a record low against the dollar, forcing

(E) The country's currency, weakened by both concern about the government's agreement with the International Monetary Fund and growing fears of a raise in inflation, continued its slide to a record low against the dollar, which forced

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）有效用词（Diction） 1) which不能指代前面整个句子 2) both…and…结构一定要平行

(A) which不能指代句子；both…and 连接对象不平行，weaken by…与by…，应为weakened both by… and by…

(B) Both concern about the government’s agreement…and the growing结构不平行,应该改为 concern both about the government’s agreement… and the growing; 整个句子缺乏主语; 该句用了 both…and连接的并列名词短语concern与the growing fears作主语，谓语为weakened，分词结构 continuing…修饰对象有歧义；which不能指代整个句子

(D) 正确, both by…and by…结构平行; 使用伴随状语结构forcing the central bank…正确的表现了 continued its slide…这个事件的伴随结果. (E) which使用错误.

句子结构: …currency, weakened both by concern about…and by growing fears of…, continued…,

forcing…

59. (27573-!-item-!-188;#058&003208)

A new genetically engineered papaya was produced not by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but university and United States Department of Agriculture researchers who allowed growers to use it free of charge.

(A) produced not by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but

(B) produced not by profit-motivated seed companies, the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but

(C) produced not by profit-motivated seed companies, as was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by

(D) not produced by profit-motivated seed companies, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but was produced by

(E) not produced by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism） 1) not…but结构要平行

2) which不能指代前面整个句子 3) as be the case比较结构。

(A) was produced not by… but university结构不平行; which使用错误,不能指代前面整个句子 (B) was produced not by… but university结构不平行; the case with…插入语表达模糊

(D) was not produced by…, but was produced by结构不平行; which使用错误 (E) was not produced by…, but by结构不平行; the case with…插入语表达模糊

句子结构: A.. papaya was produced not by…,as was the case with…, but by…

补充说明:

读题的时候看到前面出现了not by立刻往后扫至到看到but为止,如果not…but结构不平行,则可以直接跳过该选项,从而节省做题时间.

60. (27763-!-item-!-188;#058&003346)

Mideast immigrants' rates of entrepreneurship exceed virtually every other immigrant group in the increasingly diverse United States economy.

(A) Mideast immigrants' rates of entrepreneurship exceed

(B) Mideast immigrants are exhibiting rates of entrepreneurship exceeding

(C) Immigrants from the Mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of (D) The rates of entrepreneurship in immigrants from the Mideast exceed (E) The rates of Mideast immigrants' entrepreneurship exceeds those of

考点: 比较（Comparison）主谓一致（Agreement）有效用词（Diction） 1) 比较双方要对等

2) 在GMAT中,双重所有格,即 the rates of immigrants’ 表达错误, 应该改为the rates of immigrant或者 immigrants’ rates

3) 对比对象中出现的重复名词用that或those代替,that代替前面出现的单数名词,those代替前面出现的复数名词

(A) immigrants’ rates不能同other immigrant group相比.

(B) rates of entrepreneurship不能同other immigrant group相比 (C) 正确, 用those代替前面出现过的rates,比较双方对应

(D) the rates of entrepreneurship不能同other immigrant group相比

(E) 使用双重所有格,错误; 主谓不一致:主语是rates,谓语应该用exceed.

句子结构: Immigrants… exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of…

61. (27809-!-item-!-188;#058&003354)

The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

(A) The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

(B) The bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, a distant relative of

Tyrannosaurus rex and with a close resemblance to South American predatory dinosaurs, has been discovered in Madagascar.

(C) In Madagascar, the bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, distantly related to Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembled South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered.

(D) A distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex, bearing a close resemblance to South American predatory dinosaurs is Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur, the bones of which have been discovered in Madagascar.

(E) A distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembling South American predatory dinosaurs, the bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, have been discovered in Madagascar.

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）主谓一致（Agreement）平行对称（Parallelism） 1) 修饰成分应该尽可能靠近修饰对象

2) 系表结构可以跟动词结构平行,即 It is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs.是符合平行结构的

3) 不能随意改变原句的重心,一般来说选项A的重心跟正确选项的重心一致

(A) 正确, 主谓一致; a meat-eating dinosaur that…作为Majungatholus atopus的同位语,解释说明 Majungatholus atopus; dinosaur that is a distant relative…and closely resembles…结构符合平行要求

(B) 主谓不一致,主语the bones,谓语应该用have been; and前后不平行,前者是名词,a distant relative 后者是介词短语with a close…

(D) 改变句子重心,原句的重心是bones have been discovered,而该选项的重心是a distant relative is Majungatholus atopus; bearing a close resemblance to结构表达笨拙,并且原句中该成分同a distant relative并列,而这里变成分词结构,修饰a distant relative,成为了附属成分

(E) and前后不平行,前者是名词a distant relative,后者是动名词closely resembling; a distant relative 从逻辑意思上不能作为bones的同位语

句子结构: The bones of…,同位语, have been discovered…

62. (27855-!-item-!-188;#058&003426)

Data gathered by weather satellites has been analyzed by scientists, reporting that the Earth's northern latitudes have become about ten percent greener since 1980, due to more vigorous plant growth associated with warmer temperatures and higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

(A) Data gathered by weather satellites has been analyzed by scientists, reporting that the Earth's northern latitudes have

(B) Data gathered by weather satellites has been analyzed by scientists, and they report the Earth's northern latitudes as having

(D) After analysis of data, gathered by weather satellites, scientists report the Earth's northern latitudes as having

(E) After data gathered by weather satellites was analyzed by scientists, who report that the Earth's northern latitudes have

考点:逻辑表达（Logical Predication）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）用词倾向性

1) 一般来说在report, predicate, predict, shown等动词后面之跟简单的名词短语, 若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,都会造成句子结构的复杂,笨拙. 经常用that引导宾语从句来对该类句子进行改写 2) 能够使用动词的情况下,尽量不要使用动词的名词形式 3) 分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语

(A) 逻辑意思错误, reporting that作为伴随状语出现应该跟主句有紧密的逻辑关系,表示主句的伴随原因,条件等等,但是从逻辑意思上看,reporting that跟主句无紧密逻辑关系,应该是并列关系,因此不能使用伴随状语；被动语态表达方式不够准确有效。

(B) report the Earth’s northern latitudes as having表达笨拙,且仅仅表达出report了latitude这一个事物,而没有表达出report的整个内容,应该用report that句式进行改写；they指代对象不清楚。

(D) analysis不如动词analyze表达有效,不能够表达出analyze的施动者是谁; report +复杂名词结构表达笨拙,应该用report + that句式改写.

(E) 句子不完整,整个句子结构为 After data… was analyzed… 缺乏主谓结构

句子结构: After analyzing…, scientists reports that…

63. (27901-!-item-!-188;#058&003440)

Unlike emergency calls that travel through regular telephone lines, where they thus automatically inform the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, cellular calls require emergency operators to determine the location of the caller. (A) lines, where they thus automatically inform the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, cellular calls require emergency operators to determine the location of the caller

(B) lines and thus automatically inform the operator of the location and phone number of the caller,

cellular calls require emergency operators to determine the location of the caller

(C) lines, thus automatically informing the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, the location of the caller on a cellular phone has to be determined by the operator

(D) lines, and thus automatically inform the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, emergency operators have to determine the location of the cellular phone caller

(E) lines, thus automatically informing the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, emergency operators receiving a cellular call have to determine the location of the caller 考点: 比较（Comparison）逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 1) thus一般和and连用,来连接表示因果关系的结构

2) 用逗号将句子隔开,使得逗号前后两个句子变成独立的句子,每个句子都要有自己的主谓宾 3) unlike比较结构，要求比较对象对等。

(A) 关系代词where修饰lines,逻辑错误.

(B) 正确, and前后平行,travel… and thus automatically inform共同修饰calls

(C) 比较双方不对等,emergency calls和the location of the caller没有可比性; thus automatically informing表达错误,这里不应该用伴随结构,而应该用and thus来连接两个存在因果关系的句子

(D) and前面有逗号,说明and后面应该是一个完整的句子,应该补出主语they,但这样会使得句子变得复杂,直接去掉逗号构成动词的并列更好;比较双方不对等,emergency calls和emergency operators没有可比性

(E) 比较双方不对等;句子不完整,整个句子的结构为:Unlike emergency calls…, emergency

operators receiving…整个句子没有谓语动词; thus automatically informing表达错误,这里不应该用伴随结构,而应该用and thus来连接两个存在因果关系的句子

句子结构 : Unlike emergency calls that travel…and thus automatically inform…, cellular calls require…to determine…

补充说明:

当句子中出现 like, unlike 等比较结构的时候,读选项时首先读 like, unlike 比较双方,中间的修饰等干扰成分可以直接跳过,发现 like, unlike 比较双方不对应,直接排除该选项. 在出现 like, unlike 等比较结构的题目中,比较双方的对应可以说是一定会出现的考点,因此可以先应用这一点,直接排除 2-3 个选项, 从而节省时间.

64. (27947-!-item-!-188;#058&003452)

Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs. (A) the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that

(B) mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when they

(C) mice's brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries' neurons that increase when they

(D) the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries' neurons when they

(E) brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that

考点:简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 1) 当动词有名词形式时,就不要使用the +动词ing形式来表达其名词形式

2) 介词+动词分词在句首,逻辑主语等于主句的主语;在句尾,逻辑主语可能等于主句的主语,也可能等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语

(A) the brain…无法与the production of…平行；growing使用错误,应该用grow的名词形式growth来替换,increasing应该用increase替换;介词结构when placed无论是修饰主句的主语还是所修饰动词 (include)的逻辑主语,该结构都是修饰的documented examples,而从逻辑意思上看,when placed应该修饰mice,因此when placed修饰对象错误.

(B) 改变句子意思,从未划线部分看,examples包括的对象应该能够表现neurogenesis,同位语对该词进行了解释 the production of new brain cells,而选项B的例子包括的是mice和canaries,这两个动物不是the production of new brain cells的例子,而应该用brain growth in mice和an increase in neurons in canaries作为the production of new brain cells的例子;指代错误,选项中的they分别就近指代brains 和neurons,导致了逻辑意思错误.

(D) when placed修饰documented examples,导致逻辑意思错误,代词they就近指代neurons,导致逻辑意思错误

(E) 正确, brain growth in mice和an increase in neurons in canaries很好的作为了the production of new brain cells的例子;限定性定语从句that…分别修饰mice和canaries,修饰对象正确.

句子结构: Recently documented examples…, …, include the brain growth… or an increase in …

65. (28041-!-item-!-188;#058&003495)

Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750, they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades. (A) they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent (B) they made Conestoga wagons, which had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and floors curved upward on their ends so that they prevented (C) Conestoga wagons, with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and had a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent

(D) Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent

(E) Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie and floors curving upward at their ends so that it prevented 考点:逻辑表达（Logical Predication）平行对称（Parallelism）、指代一致（Agreement） 1) 指代歧意

2) 同一个句子中，连词连接的结构一定是平行结构

(A) 第一个they没有可以指代的对象,第二个they可能跟第一个they指代相同,或者指代wagons,导致指代不清;they作为developed的逻辑主语,错误,wagons才是developed的逻辑主语.

(B) they没有指代对象;they作为developed的逻辑主语,应该是wagons作为developed的逻辑主语; and floors curved upward on their ends so that they prevented表达笨拙,their可能指代floors或者 wagons,指代不清.they可能跟their指代一致,也可能指代floors,同样指代不清.

(D) 正确, Conestoga wagons作为developed的逻辑主语,意思正确; wagons had high wheels… and

a floor结构平行;that限定性定语从句修饰floor没有歧意;用to prevent表示目的,简洁,明了.

(E) it没有指代,their指代不清,即可能指代floors也可能指代wagons；不定式表目的，而so that…通常表达结果。

句子结构: Developed by Pennsylvania’s Palatine…, Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of corssing A,B,and C, and a floor that…

补充说明:

一般来说,当一个代词可以指代多个对象时,它优先指代离它较近代的对象,如果就近指代会导致逻辑意思的错误,则可以肯定该选项犯有指代不清的错误.(目前GMAT题目均符合该规律)

有and出现的时候,一定要警惕是不是会有平行结构的考点.读选项时,重点读and连接的对象,跳过修饰语等成分,如果and连接对象不平行,则可以直接排除该选项,节省时间

66. (28087-!-item-!-188;#058&003498)

Africa's black rhino population in the mid-1970's numbered about 20,000, ten times the estimated population of 2,000 in 1997. (A) the estimated population

(B) that of their estimated population

(C) more than the population's estimated amount (D) more black rhinos than their population estimate (E) more than that of their population's estimated amount

考点:习惯用语（Idiom）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction） 1) 倍数的表达

1)twice as many...as; twice as much...as; twice + the + n.; twice + what 从句

2)用动词表达数 double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, 可用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,但不能和 as 搭配

3)...times(或数字) + as + 形容词或副词 + as...或…times the + n 4) sb. be + 百分数 + more likely to do sth. than (to) do sth

(A) 正确, 表达符合习惯用法,意思表达清晰,简洁

(B) that只能指代rhino population,从而跟后面的their estimated population意思重复 (C) the population’s estimated amount表达笨拙,复杂 (D) 表达复杂,笨拙；their没有指代对象。

(E) 表达复杂,笨拙,that指代rhino population和their population’s estimated amount意思重复；their 没有指代对象。

句子结构: …population…numbered about 20,000, ten times the…

67. (28133-!-item-!-188;#058&003500)

Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Vallis plain by the Mars Pathfinder indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that rocks were scattered by its force.

(A) indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that

(B) indicate that the extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago was overwhelming and

the degree to which

(D) indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree to which

(E) indicates the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that

考点:主谓一致（Agreement）习惯用语（Idiom）平行对称（Parallelism） 1) each of 复数名词 + verb,谓语动词用单数

2) 习惯用语:the extent of sth 或者to …extent, 表示…的范围 3) 习惯用语:the degree to sth 或者to…degree, 表示…的程度 4) 同一句子中，连词连接的对象一定要平行

(A) 主谓不一致, indicate的主语是each,应该用单数形式;extend to sth错,应该改为extend of sth; the degree that错,应该改为the degree to which

(B) 主谓不一致; and前后对象不平行,前者是句子,后者是名词结构 (C) 主谓不一致

(D) 正确, indicates和主语each主谓一致;extend of sth和degree to sth符合习惯用法 (E) extend to sth和degree that不符合习惯用法

句子结构: Scientists say that each of… indicates the overwhelming extent… and the degree…

68. (28179-!-item-!-188;#058&003508)

For the best extraction of the flavor of saffron threads, it should be soaked in liquid after being pounded with a mortar and pestle. (A) For the best extraction of the flavor of saffron threads, it should be soaked in liquid after being pounded

(B) To best extract their flavor, saffron threads should be soaked in liquid after pounding

(D) The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after pounding them

(E) The flavor of saffron threads can best be extracted by soaking it in liquid after pounding it

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）平行对称（Parellelism） 1) 介词+动词分词放在在句尾,逻辑主语可能等于主句的主语,也可能等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语 2) being错误使用: 以下几种表达中being属于多余 a) being + n. b) being + adj. c) as being + n./adj./v-ing

3) sth is sth是一种平行结构,其中sth和sth一定要能够对应,平行

(A) it无指代; best extraction意思表达模糊;being pounded中being多余

(B) best extract意思表达模糊, after pounding无论是修饰主句的主语还是所修饰动词的逻辑主语都是修饰saffron threads, 因此pound应该使用被动语态pounded,因为saffron threads不能主动用mortar 和pestle去搞烂,而是被mortar和pestle搞烂

(C) the best way to extract is soaking…不平行,应该改为the best way to extract is to soak…;介词短语after being pounded修饰soaking的逻辑主语或者主句的主语the best way, after being pounded修饰the best way不符合逻辑,修饰soaking的逻辑主语(可以想象是某人soaking them…)也不符合逻辑

(D) 正确, the best way to extract… is to soak结构平行;them指代saffron threads,指代正确;after pounding them修饰soak的逻辑主语(可以想象为某人),符合逻辑

(E) The flavor of saffron threads can best be extracted by表达笨拙; it没有指代

句子结构: The best way to… is to…

补充说明:

sth is sth的平行,对应在实战中不容易看得出来,平时训练的时候看到be动词,也要警惕,是否会考到平行,对应.举OG10th 84题为例

84. One legacy of Madison Avenue's recent campaign to appeal to people fifty years old and over

is the realization that as a person ages. their concerns change as well. (A) the realization that as a person ages, their (B) the realization that as people age, their (C) to realize that when a person ages, his or her (D) to realize that when people age, their (E) realizing that as people age, their

其中 C,D,E 选项均不满足 sth is sth 的平行对应. one legacy 是名词,因此和它对应的也应该是名词,而 C,D,E 分别是 to do 结构和动名词结构,不能和名词结构平行,因此排除 C,D,E 选项,然后根据指代一致, 排除 A,正确答案为 B

69. (28225-!-item-!-188;#058&003542)

The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of

high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later. (A) passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling (B) the passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which allows companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent that they will sell

(C) the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling

(D) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent to sell

(E) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999 and allowing companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) 动名词结构含有正在进行的意思,多表示动作的过程

2) 修饰语应该尽可能靠近修饰对象,否则很容易引起修饰不清 3) of + doing修饰名词而to do结构修饰动词,表示目的

(A) 从逻辑意思上看The proliferation…导致的结果是反域名强占保护法案的通过,而不是通过的过程, 因此passing应该改为passage,强调结果.in 1999既可能修饰Act也可能修饰passing,导致修饰不清；分词结构allowing…修饰有歧义。

(B) in 1999位置不对,导致修饰不清;with the sole intent that they will sell表达复杂,笨拙.

(D) 从逻辑意思上看,The proliferation…导致的结果是法案的通过,而不是导致了法案,因此lead to the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999意思表达不完整;with the sole intent to sell错误,应该改为with the sole intent of selling. (E) 错误同D,逻辑意思表达不完整

句子结构: The proliferation… led to the passage…of…Act, which allows companies to…

补充说明:

要注意不要将with the sole intent to sell误认为是to do结构表示目的. to do结构修饰的是动词,如果修饰名词的话应该用A of B结构.with the sole intent没有动词出现,所以应该用of selling来修饰名词 intent

70. (28271-!-item-!-188;#058&003560)

It is unclear whether chimpanzees are unique among nonhuman species in their ability to learn

behaviors from one another, or if, when other animals are studied in as much depth, similar patterns would be found. (A) if, when other animals are studied in as much depth, similar patterns would be found (B) if other animals were studied with as much depth they would exhibit similar patterns (C) would similar patterns be found in other animals if they were studied in as much depth

(D) whether similar patterns would be exhibited in other animals that were studied with as much depth

(E) whether other animals would exhibit similar patterns if they were studied in as much depth

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）有效用词（Diction）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction） 1) 在GMAT考试用只能用whether表示“是否“,不能用if 2) when不能够引导条件从句 3) 习惯用语:in depth

4) 能用主动语态的就不要使用被动语态,主动语态优于被动语态

(A) if应该改成whether;使用when从句来表示条件从句,错误 (B) if应该改为whether; with as much depth不符合习惯用法 (C) It is unclear whether… or would…结构不平行

(D) similar patterns would be exhibited in other animals表达笨拙,应该改为主动语态;with as much

depth不符合习惯用法;用that限定性定语从句修饰animals无法表达出条件关系,改变了句子的合理意思

(E) 正确, It is unclear whether… or whether…结构平行;用语简洁,符合习惯用法;使用if从句表达条件关系,符合句子的逻辑意思

句子结构: It is unclear whether…, or whether…

补充说明:

GMAT考试中经常会使用when从句来作为条件从句的迷惑选项.对于中国考生来讲比较有迷惑

性,when的意思是“当…的时候”,很多人习惯性的省略掉“…的时候”把when理解为“当…”这样一来就容易把when和if等条件从句弄混.以OG11th 第8题为例:

8. Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.

(A) when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead

(B) when not accompanied corresponding by increases in sales, possibly leads (C) when they were unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases can lead (D) if not accompanied by correspondingly increased sales, possibly leads (E) if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead

A,B,C用when从句来表示条件从句,排除,选项D中possibly改变了原句can的意思,排除,答案E

71. (28317-!-item-!-188;#058&003604)

Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of wood, and the market for paper is growing faster than it is for all major wood products. (A) the market for paper is growing faster than it is for all

(B) the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all other (C) the market for it is growing faster than it is for all other (D) its market is growing faster than the market for all (E) its market is growing faster than it is for all other

考点:比较（Comparison）指代一致（Agreement）

1) 当 A 属于 B 的一种时,必须用 other 把它自身排除在从属范围之外才能表达两者间的对比关系例:apple and other fruits

2) 避免指代不清,修改的方法有三个: 1)重复代词指代的对象

2)用 such + n.或者指示代词 this/these/those + n.代替代词 3)用一个名词概括代词指代的对象

(A) it只能指代the market for paper,代入句子不符合逻辑

(B) 正确, the market for paper和the market for all other major wood products表达清晰,没有歧意;使用other将market for paper排除在外,表达出market for paper和other market的对比关系

(D) its的指代错误同C的第一个it; all后面应该加other将它自身排除在外才能表达两者间的对比关系 (E) its错误同D选项; it错误同A选项

句子结构: Paper production accounts…, and the market… is growing faster than the market…

72. (28363-!-item-!-188;#058&003615)

Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool climates and propagated by seeds, either sown directly in the field or in plant beds designed for producing transplants. (A) propagated by seeds, either sown directly in the field or in plant beds designed for producing (B) propagated by seeds, sown either directly in the field or sown in plant beds designed so as to produce

(D) is propagated by seeds sown either directly in the field or in plant beds designed to produce (E) is propagated by seeds, sown either directly in the field or sown in plant beds designed for producing

考点:句子结构（Grammatical Construction）平行对称（Parallelism）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) 连词前面的结构包括谓语动词,则连词后面平列结构也应该含有谓语动词 2) either…or…结构一定要平行 3) 用to do结构表达目的更加有效

(A) Broccoli thrives…and propagated by seeds…结构中and前后连接不对称,后者谓语结构不完成，被动语态应为be done；either sown… or in…结构不平行,应该改为either sown… or sown in…或者 sown either in…or in…

(B) propagated by谓语结构不完整，缺少被动语态中的be; sown either directly in…or sown in…结构不平行; designed so as to produce结构笨拙复杂,应该改为designed to produce

(D) 正确, is propagated by seeds结构跟Broccoli thrives in结构构成并列; sown either directly in the field or in…结构平行; designed to produce结构表示目的,简洁,有效

(E) sown either directly in the field or sown in结构不平行; for producing表示目的不如to produce表示目的有效

句子结构: Broccoli thrives…and is propagated by seeds, either directly in… or in… to produce…

补充说明:

在某些情况下,并列结构的第二个成分的谓语动词可以省略:两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略. 例: Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, ... (proved 前省略了 was)

73. (28457-!-item-!-188;#058&003634)

Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a \ comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.

(A) the human mind is not a \mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving

(B) the human mind is not a \ that were developed to solve

(D) rather than it being a \ that have been developed as a way of solving

(E) rather than the human mind's being a \mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving

考点:简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 连词前面的结构包括谓语动词,则连词后面平列结构也应该含有谓语动词 1）not …but…连接平行结构。 2）不定式表目的简洁有效。

(A) the human mind is not a \结构不平行; developed as a way of solving表达复杂,直接改为developed to solve表达目的

(B) 正确, the human mind is not a \结构平行; 用developed to solve表达目的,简洁

(D) rather than it being a \结构表达复杂,且it多余应该删掉; developed as a way of solving表达复杂

(E) 整个句子结构表达笨拙,复杂，两个that从句之间缺少连词; developed as a way of solving表达复杂

句子结构: …holds that the human mind is not a….but instead comprises…

74. (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are (B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are (C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but (D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are (E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 介词短语:on account of, because of, despite (in despite of), as a result of, due to之后只跟简单的

名词短语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时或后面跟动词的抽象名词形式,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。

2) but的用法: but做介词,表示除了… 例:No one has read it but the students. 或者用在词组not… but…举行中,作连词表示不是,而是的意思, 例: The plan caused not prosperity but ruin.

(A) due to +动词的抽象名词形式,表达不够有效；not…but…连接的结构不平行。

(B) due to +动词的抽象名词形式,表达不够有效; they多余, 破坏了 sth/sb be not… but (be)…的结构 (C) but可能作为介词,产生because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products的歧意

(D) 正确，but are表明了but在这里只能作为连词,构成be not… but (be)…的平行结构 (E) because of +动名词形式,表达不够有效

句子结构: …has argued that …traits are not the products…,favred because…, but are… favored…结构作为插入语修饰 products of natural selection

75. (28597-!-item-!-188;#058&003702)

Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon, a fungus has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees, to become the largest living single organism known to humans.

(A) has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees, to become (B) has slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries, and so becoming

(C) that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has become (D) that has for centuries slowly woven its way through the roots of trees and has become (E) that, having slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries, to become

考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction） 1) 修饰语要尽可能贴近其修饰对象

(A) for centuries修饰语位置不合理,置于has been之间,句子变得不通顺; to become使得句子的逻辑意思不合理,这里没有目的的意思,应该是表达一个客观事实.

(B) 时态不对,for centuries表示持续的时间,应该用完成时的进行时态; and so becoming没有与之平行的结构,并列逻辑意思也不对,这里没有因果关系.

(D) for centuries位置不好; 句子结构为Beneath… a fungus that…整个句子没有谓语成分 (E) 整个句子没有谓语成分; to become不符合句子逻辑意思

句子结构: Beneath…, a fungus that… has become…

76. (28643-!-item-!-188;#058&003706)

By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found the noise not continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.

(A) digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found the noise not

(B) digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not

(D) the sound emissions were digitized and analyzed on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not

(E) the sound emissions were digitized and analyzed on computers, a team of scientists found the noise not to be

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）平行对称（Parallelism） 1) 正式书面语中，动词型宾语从句中的that一般不能省略 2) not…but…连接的对象要平行

3) 一般来说在report, predicate, predict, shown等动词后面之跟简单的名词短语, 若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,都会造成句子结构的复杂,笨拙. 经常用that引导宾语从句来对该类句子进行改写

(A) not continuous but consisted结构不平行,continuous是形容词,consisted是动词; 应该用found that从句来表现found的完整内容

(B) 正确, By recording…, and then digitizing and analyzing结构平行; 使用found that从句更能够清楚完整的表达found的内容

(C) not to be continuous but consisted结构不平行; 应该用found that从句来表现found的完整内容 (D) By recording… and then the sound emissions were digitized…结构不平行；the sound emissions 作为by recording…的逻辑主语，错误。

(E) not…but..连接对象不平行；the sound emmissions作为by recording…的逻辑主语，错误。

句子结构: By recording…, and then digitizing and analyzing…, a team… found that the noise was

not…but consisted of…

77. (28689-!-item-!-188;#058&003708)

Scientists have found signs that moving water changed the chemical makeup of the surface of Mars in recent eras, therefore concluding that its crust is harboring up to three times as much water than was previously thought.

(A) eras, therefore concluding that its crust is harboring up to three times as much water than was (B) eras, therefore concluding that the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water or more as was

(D) eras and they have concluded, therefore, that its crust harbors up to three times as much water, or more, than

(E) eras and concluded, therefore, that the planet's crust is harboring up to three times more water as was

考点: 有效用词（Diction）… 平行对称（Parallelism）…逻辑表达（Logical Predication）…习惯用语（Idiom）

1) 习惯用法:as…as; more…than

2) GMAT考试中经常出现将相等比较as...as和more...than...形式比较合并在一起写的错误或者故意复杂化的表示方法;正确表达应该是:as least as great as或者as great as or greater than 3) 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语

4) 在没有明显时间证据的情况下,并列成分尽量使用同一个时态

(A) 从逻辑上看conclude这个动作应该和found这个动作构成因果关系的,平等的两个动作,而不应该构成主要和次要成分,因此therefore concluding应该改为and therefore have concluded结构跟主句中的have found构成平等的成分; its指代不清,上一个分句中存在多个单数名词moving water, surface; as …than结构不符合习惯用法

(B) 错误同A; as much water or more as表达不正确

(D) its指代不清; as much water, or more, than表达不正确; they重复,应该去掉

(E) 没有时间证据,concluded应该改为现在完成时,跟前一个并列成分使用同一个时态; three times more water as表达不正确

句子结构: Scientists have found…and have therefore concluded that…

78. (28735-!-item-!-188;#058&003712)

The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of surrounding woodlands.

(A) years as a result of the removal of (B) years as a result of removing

(C) years, resulting from the removing of (D) years, which is a result of removing (E) years, which is a result of the removal of

考点: 有效用词（Diction）

1) 介词短语:on account of, because of, despite (in despite of), as a result of之后只跟简单的名词短

语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。 2) 动词有自己的名词形式时,就不要用the +动词ing形式来表达其名词形式 3) which不能指代整个句子

(A) 正确, as a result后面接名词的并列结构,表达正确,简洁

(B) as a result of后面加动名词不好,且根据未划线部分and the clearing判断出as a result of后面应该是名词

句子结构: The…population has increased… as a result of the removal of… and the clearing of…

79. (28781-!-item-!-188;#058&003734) 注意跟55题比较

(B) than in shallow coastal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether

(C) as opposed to shallow waters along the coast, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including

(D) instead of in shallow waters along the coast, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and making them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including an

(E) instead of shallow coastal waters, because it exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether

考点: 比较（Comparison）逻辑表达（Logical Predication）习惯用语（Idiom） 1) 习惯用语 more…than…

2) 习惯用语 whether A, B, or C

(A) which指代waters导致逻辑意思错误,因为并不是水域把古迹暴露在外,而是古迹暴露在这个水域, 应该用where指代in shallow coastal waters; exposes和makes应该用复数形式which指代的是waters; whether they be表达复杂,they be应该去掉.

(B) 正确, more…than符合习惯用法; where使用恰当; 用whether A, B, or C修饰anyone,修饰得当 (C) more…as opposed to不符合习惯用法; including使用不恰当,include表示为群体中包含某些项,而这里anyone是个体,不能使用including.若将anyone改为everyone会更好

(D) more…instead of不符合习惯用法;使用which导致逻辑意思错误;including使用不恰当. (E) more…instead of不符合习惯用法;it没有指代

句子结构: Shipwrecks are more likely… at great depths than in shallow coastal water, where archaeologcial remains are exposed to…and are accessible to…, whether A,B,or C.

80. (28875-!-item-!-188;#058&003751)

Changes in sea level are not only a result of changes in water temperature, affecting water density, but of melting glaciers as well. (A) are not only a result of changes in water temperature, affecting water density, but of melting glaciers as well

(B) not only result from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also when glaciers melt

(D) result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers

(E) result from not only changes in water temperature, affecting water density, but as well as when glaciers melt

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）习惯用语（Idiom） 1) not only…but also习惯用法

2) not only…but also结构一定要平行

3) 伴随状语只能修饰主句的动词性谓语,不能修饰主句系动词

(A) are not only a result… but of melting结构不符合not only… but also习惯用法,且不平行;选项A与E 中的分词结构affecting…在该句中是做后置定语修饰紧临的名词temperature的。 (B) not only result… but also when结构不平行

(E) result from not only changes…but as well as when不符合not only…but also习惯用法,且不平行

句子结构: Changes.. result not only from changes…, which…, but also from the melting of…

补充说明:

读题时,发现选项中出现了not only…but also,直接看该结构是否平行.排除不平行选项后再看余下选项.

伴随状语的几个特点:

1-在句子中应该是一个独立的成分，跟主句存在一定的逻辑关系

2-伴随状语一定是和主句谓语动词相比，并且伴随状语的意义居于次要地位 3-伴随状语中的动作和主句动作同时发生

4-伴随状语中动词的主语和主句中谓语动词的主语相同

81. (28921-!-item-!-188;#058&003760)

In the major cities of industrialized countries at the end of the nineteenth century, important public places such as theaters, restaurants, shops, and banks had installed electric lighting, but electricity was in less than one percent of homes, where lighting was still provided mainly by candles or gas.

(A) electricity was in less than one percent of homes, where lighting was still (B) electricity was in less than one percent of homes and lighting still

(C) there were less than one percent of homes with electricity, where lighting was still being (D) there was less than one percent of homes that had electricity, having lighting that was still (E) less than one percent of homes had electricity, where lighting had still been

考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）主谓一致（Agreement）

1) 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词,第二个句子中的be动词必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略, 但是be功能不同时不能省略.

2) 单数复数: the percent of +可数名词复数形式, 谓语动词用复数 3) there be + n 句型中, be动词的单复形式由n的单复形式决定 4) 伴随状语不能修饰主句系动词

(A) 正确, 句子结构简洁; where就近修饰homes, 符合逻辑意思

(B) and lighting still provided省略了was, 因为这里was作为助动词,而前一个并列句的was是系动词, 功能不同,不能省略.

(D) was应该改为were, 因为one percent of homes是复数名词; having… 修饰对象不清楚。 (E) where语法上就近修饰electricity,导致逻辑意思错误；had been过去完成时态错误。

句子结构:…, important public places such as… had installed…, but electricty was in…, where lighting was…

82. (28967-!-item-!-188;#058&003792)

Each year companies in the United States could save as much as $58 billion annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air. (A) annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided

(B) annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing

(C) annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing

(D) in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided

(E) by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply provided

考点: 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) 在句子中要注意意思相同的词或词组的重复使用 2) 尽量不要用动词的抽象名词形式,

3) 动词的现在分词形式做形容词一般含有正在进行的意思,而用过去分词形式做形容词一般表达其结果,表示动作已经完成

(A) annually和each year意思表达重复; improving表示动作的过程,而这里的逻辑意思应该是 performance已经被提高,其结果造成了$200 billion的收益

(B) annually和each year意思表达重复; and gain有和if they prevented并列的嫌疑; through worker performance improved…的重心在worker performance,因此不能准确的表达出原句的意思,应该将 improved置于worker之前,使重心变为improved worker performance; by simply providing offices with cleaner air意思表达不清,没有表达出providing的施动者是谁

(E) 正确, by preventing结构比in… prevention结构意思表达更清晰; 使用improved代替improving更符合逻辑意思

句子结构: … companies… could save as much as… by preventing…and gain as much as… through improved worker performance…

补充说明:

形容词的位置的不同,会对句子的重心造成影响

83. (29013-!-item-!-188;#058&003802)

Stock levels for domestic crude oil are far lower than in past years, leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly prompted by colder-than-normal temperatures.

(A) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly

(B) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be

(C) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies that are disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand as was possibly

(D) resulting in the fact that domestic oil prices are vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly (E) resulting in the fact of domestic oil prices that are vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be

考点: 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) being错误使用: 以下几种表达中being属于多余 a) being + n. b) being + adj. c) as being + n./adj./v-ing

2) as不能作为关系代词引导定语从句,关系代词正确的使用:that(指代人,GMAT语法中that不能指代人),which(指代物),who(指代人,主格),whom(指代人,宾格),whose(指代人或物)

(A) being多余,应该删除；分词后置定语promped…就近修饰growth不符合逻辑。

(B) 正确, leaving伴随结果做状语修饰主语,结构简洁; that从句修饰consumer demand符合语法要求 (C) as不能作为关系代词引导定语从句

(D) being多余,应该删除；分词后置定语promped…就近修饰growth不符合逻辑。 (E) in the fact of不符合习惯用法,应该使用in the fact that

句子结构: Stock levels… are far lower than…, leaving domestic oil price vulnerable to any hints of… or any…demand growth…

补充说明:

该句中的并列结构vulnerable to any…or to any和vulnerable to any… or any表达都正确, 第二个to和第一个to功能一样,可以省略

leaving和resulting in the fact that表达都正确,但是前者比后者简洁.

84. (29059-!-item-!-188;#058&003806)

The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three scientists for their discovery that plastic can be made electrically conductive--an advance that has led to improvements in film, television screens, and windows.

(A) that plastic can be made electrically conductive--an advance that has led (B) that plastic can be made electrically conductive--this advance leading

(D) of plastic's ability to be made electrically conductive, with this advance leading (E) of plastic being able to be made electrically conductive--an advance that has led

考点: 习惯用语（Idiom）

1) 习惯用法: make sth adj,不使用make sth to be adj 2) that引导同位语结构强调整体概念 3) 同位语结构的形式: (参考白勇语法) 1. 名词性同位语, 名词解释名词: n. , n. ; n. , a/an + n.或 a/an + n. , n. 2. that引导同位语结构:

抽象名词(evidence, result, principle等等) + that从句, that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释 3. 概括性同位语结构:

用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象; 短语/句子, a program/ an advance/ a practice that… 4. 名词重复性同位语结构:

n. , n.(重复所修饰的名词) + that… 或 n. , the same n.(重复所修饰的名词) that…

(A) 正确, that引导同位语从句修饰discovery, 表达其完整的意思; an advance that has led作为that plastic can be made electrically conductive的同位语对其进行概括,说明

(B) this advance不符合同位语使用方法, 应该用一个概括性名词结构,而不能使用特指.将this改为an, 变特指为概括性名词结构；this advance leading to…缺少谓语结构。

(C) be made to be electrically conductive不符合习惯用法,应该改为be made electrically conductive (D) discovery of plastic’s ability…强调的是ability是局部概念,应该用that引导同位语从句来解释 discovery的全部内容表达整体概念; with this advance leading不符合同位语的用法 (E) discovery of plastic…强调的是plastic是局部概念,应该使用that引导的同位语从句

句子结构: The Nobel Prize…was awarded to…for their discovery that…

补充说明:

同位语是GMAT考试中经常出现的一种表现手法, 且在GMAT考试中经常作为正确答案的标志.如本题中的A,C选项,如果C选项中的to be去掉,整个句子无明显的语法错误,正确答案也不会是C,而应该是 A.GMAT考试中比较偏好同位语从句

85. (29201-!-item-!-188;#058&003882)

In 1945, after a career as First Lady in which she shattered expectations more audaciously than

either Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison ever had been, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman. (A) more audaciously than either Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison ever had been, Eleanor

Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman

(B) more audaciously than either Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, President Harry S Truman had Eleanor Roosevelt appointed to be a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly

(C) with an audacity never matched in the case of Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, President Harry S Truman had Eleanor Roosevelt appointed as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly (D) with an audacity never matched by Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman (E) with an audacity never matched either in the case of Abigail Adams or of Dolly Madison's, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed to be a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by

President Harry S Truman

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）句子结构（Grammatical Construction）习惯用语（Idiom） 1) 省略结构一定要能够还原

2) appoint是及物动词,后面直接加职务名词（双宾语）: appointed her the chief operating officer of the company

(A) Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison ever had been结构中,had been省略结构无法还原, 也就是说 had been无法承接she shattered进行省略

(B) President Harry S Truman作为after a career as First Lady的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑.

(C) never matched in the case of Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison结构表达复杂; President Harry S Truman作为after a career as First Lady的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑.

(D) 正确, 句子结构简洁; Eleanor Roosevelt作为after a career as First Lady的逻辑主语; 符合逻辑, appoint使用符合习惯用法

(E) in the case of Abigail Adams or of Dolly Madison's结构复杂, 且所有格指代不清; appoint属于及物动词,后面直接加名词

句子结构: … after a career as First Lady in which she shattered…, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed…

86. (29247-!-item-!-188;#058&003883)

An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet.

(A) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter

(B) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter's mass

(C) astronomers is working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least 18 huge gas spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter

(D) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, and has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter

(E) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres they have estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter's mass

考点: 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）平行对称（Parallelism）比较（Comparison） 1) 不能随意更改原句的意思

2) 习惯用法: estimate at 后常用价格等数量词,除此以外的概念优先用 estimate to 3) 比较的双方一定要对应

4) 定语从句尽可能简化,常常省略that/which和be动词.能直接用形容词修饰名词时，可以直接在名词前/后跟形容词，比定语从句更简洁。如:the chemical that is irritating常表达为 the chemical irritant; huge gas spheres that are estimated…常表达为huge gas spheres estimated…

(A) 正确, 句子结构简洁, 意思表达清晰且用词符合习惯

(B) the solar system's largest planet同位语结构无法修饰Jupiter's mass; 在gas spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter比较结构中,gas spheres和the mass of Jupiter不对应, 无法进行比较

detected本来是原句的谓语动词,在该选项中做修饰成分,变成了附属结构; spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times结构复杂,that are可以去掉; gas spheres和the mass of Jupiter不对应,无法进行比较 (D) and has detected没有能够与之平行的对象; 比较双方不对应

(E) 随意添加they改变了原句的意思,原句并没有说一定就是astronomers进行了estimated; the solar system's largest planet同位语结构无法修饰Jupiter's mass

句子结构: An international team… has detected …the mass of Jupiter, the solar system’s largest planet.

补充说明:

GMAT语法题的原句一定可以让你看得出该句子的逻辑意思,句子的重心以及动作发生的先后. 原句中的句子重心(比如说修饰成分, 谓语动词),以及动作发生的先后跟最后正确选项是一样的. 原句的逻辑意思会有错误,但是一定是很明显的逻辑关系错误, 整个句子的逻辑关系还是可以让考生明白的.

87. (29293-!-item-!-188;#058&003892)

Results of a United States study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine have shown college-educated women and women living in the South and West to be significantly more likely to be using supplemental hormones as women living in the Northeast and Midwest.

(A) college-educated women and women living in the South and West to be significantly more likely to be using supplemental hormones as women living

(B) college-educated women and women living in the South and West as significantly more likely to use supplemental hormones than if they are living

(C) college-educated women and those living in the South and West being significantly more likely to use supplemental hormones than if they lived

(D) that college-educated women and women who live in the South and West are significantly more likely to be using supplemental hormones as were women that lived

(E) that college-educated women and women living in the South and West are significantly more likely to use supplemental hormones than women living

考点: 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）习惯用语（Idiom）逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 1) 一般来说在report, predicate, predict, shown等动词后面之跟简单的名词短语, 若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,都会造成句子结构的复杂,笨拙. 经常用that引导宾语从句来对该类句子进行改写 2) 习惯用法: more…than…; as…as… 3) 不能随意更改原句的意思

(A) 整个句子结构复杂,应该用have shown that从句进行改写; more…as…结构不符合习惯用法 (B) 整个句子结构复杂,应该用have shown that从句进行改写; 擅自添加if改变句子意思,原句只是对两个事实进行比较,并没有假设的意思

(D) more…as结构不符合习惯用法; were women that lived更改了原句的意思. 原句的时间框架都是现在时,表明是两个现在发生的情况进行比较,而该选项擅自改成了过去时, 变成了现在的情况跟过去的情况进行比较, 且that在GMAT语法中不指代人,只能指代物

(E) 正确, 使用宾语从句have shown that使句子结构清晰,简洁; more…than…符合习惯用法

句子结构: Results of… have shown that college-educated women and women… are more likely to… than women…

88. (29339-!-item-!-188;#058&003906)

A recent study has found amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, as being about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and causing fewer side effects.

(A) amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, as being about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and causing

(B) amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, to be about as effective compared to newer, more expensive antibiotics and with

(C) amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, to be about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and that it causes

(D) that amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, is about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and causes

(E) that amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, is about as effective compared to newer, more expensive antibiotics and with

考点: 习惯用语（Idiom）逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) 一般来说在report, predicate, predict, shown等动词后面之跟简单的名词短语, 若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,都会造成句子结构的复杂,笨拙. 经常用that引导宾语从句来对该类句子进行改写 2) 习惯用法as…as…

3) 习惯用法: find sth adj, find that. ex. found the book entertaining, find that gadget is surprisingly useful

(A) 句子结构复杂,应该用that引导的宾语从句进行改写；found… as being…不符合习惯用法。 (B) found sth to be… 不符合习惯用法; as …compared to不符合习惯用法; and with没有平行的对象 (C) found sth to be… 不符合习惯用法; and that…没有与之平行的对象

(D) 正确, 使用found that从句意思表达清晰,句子结构简洁; as effective as符合习惯用法; and causes和is about as effective as平行,构成并列句

(E) as… compared to不符合习惯用法; and with没有与之平行的对象

句子结构: A recent study has found that amoxicillin,…, is about as effective as…and causes…

89. (29385-!-item-!-188;#058&003910)

Methane, which has long been counted among the greenhouse gases that are implicated in global warming, comes both from natural sources such as bogs and from a host of human sources, including coal mines, leaking pipelines, landfills, and rice paddies.

(A) that are implicated in global warming, comes both from (B) that are implicated in global warming, coming from both (C) being implicated in global warming, comes from both (D) implicated in global warming and coming both from (E) implicated in global warming, that come both from

考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 一个正确的句子中,主语和谓语是必不可少的,缺少主语和谓语都会导致句子结构不完整 2) both…and…结构必须要平行

(A) 正确, that从句修饰greenhouse gases, which从句修饰Methane, comes both from… and from作为整个句子的谓语成分,且符合平行

(B) 整个句子缺乏谓语; from both…and from…结构不平行 (C) being多余; from both…and from…结构不平行

(D) 句子结构变为:Methane, which… 整个句子结构缺乏谓语

(E) 句子结构变为:Methane, which…, that come… 整个句子结构缺乏谓语

句子结构: Methane, which…, comes both from…and from…

90. (29431-!-item-!-188;#058&003914)

Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest surviving example of a \thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology, over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.

(A) together--and that thus represents (B) together--and this has represented (C) together, and it represents (D) together that was representing (E) together to represent

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1) 用破折号隔开的成分相当于插入语起到额外的解释说明作用, 去掉后不影响句子结构 2) 代词it/this/that不能单独充当主语,必须加上名词才能作主语 3) 不能随意更改原句的意思

(A) 正确, that is… and that thus represents限定性定语从句的并列,同时修饰a 5,000-year-old

wooden hull, 由于该并列结构存在着因果关系,因此添加副词thus修饰represents表明该逻辑关系 (B) this单独充当主语,错误; 随意使用现在完成时,改变了原句的意思,并没有证据表明一定要使用现在完成时

(C) and连接独立的句子，在语法上应与主句并列，但此处在逻辑意思上讲应与定语从句that is…并列。 (D) that was representing结构从语法上修饰a boat, 从而改变了原句的意思 (E) to represent从语法上修饰constructed out, 从而改变了原句的意思

句子结构: Archaeologists … have excavated… wooden hull that is… and that thus represents…

91. (29477-!-item-!-188;#058&003926)

Although they are more temperamental and far more expensive than transistor-driven amplifiers, many audiophiles and audio professionals prefer the warmer, richer tones produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers. (A) many audiophiles and audio professionals prefer the warmer, richer tones produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers

(B) many audiophiles and audio professionals think the warmer, richer tones produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers make them preferable

(C) warmer, richer tones are produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers and they are thus preferred by many audiophiles and audio professionals

(D) vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred because they produce warmer, richer tones by many audiophiles and audio professionals

(E) vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred by many audiophiles and audio professionals because these amplifiers produce warmer, richer tones

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) 两个句子并列,第二个句子中的代词主语优先指代第一个句子中的主语 2) 修饰成分要尽可能靠近修饰对象

(A) 第一个句子中的they优先指代第二个句子中的主语audiophiles and audio professionals导致逻辑意思错误

(B) 错误同A选项

(C) 第一个句子中的they优先指代第二个句子中的主语warmer, richer tones导致逻辑意思错误 (D) preferred because they produce warmer, richer tones by结构中preferred by结构中间插入 because从句,使得by引导的修饰成分离修饰对象preferred太远

(E) 正确, 第一个句子中的they指代第二个句子中的主语vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers符合逻辑; 整个句子结构符合修饰准则

句子结构: Although they are more…, …amplifiers are preferred by… because…

92. (29523-!-item-!-188;#058&003931)

Research has shown that when speaking, individuals who have been blind from birth and have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind person. (A) have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and that

(B) have thus never seen anyone gesture but nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and

(C) have thus never seen anyone gesture, that they nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and

(D) thus they have never seen anyone gesture, but nonetheless they make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and that

(E) thus they have never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）习惯用语（Idiom）句子结构（Grammatical Construction） 1) 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语 2) 习惯用法: as…as…; the same way as…

3) 一个正确的句子中,主语和谓语是必不可少的,缺少主语和谓语都会导致句子结构不完整

(A) 正确, have been…and have thus never…并列结构共同作为who的谓语修饰individuals; shown that, … and that they will构成宾语从句的并列; as frequently and in the same way as结构中as frequently as和in the same way as公用了一个as,两者合并简化了句子

(B) but在语法上使nonetheless make和have thus never seen构成并列结构,使得nonetheless make

也作为who的谓语动词,而宾语从句的主语individuals则没有了谓语动词; as frequently that不符合习惯用法

make…, and (that) they will… 构成了宾语从句的并列, 从而使得第一个宾语从句缺乏谓语,且第三个宾语从句缺乏that跟其余的宾语从句构成平行

(D) they属于重复主语,多余; but错误同B; as frequently that不符合习惯用法

(E) they属于重复主语,多余; as frequently that不符合习惯用法; and后面缺乏that跟has shown that构成平行结构, 如果没有that的话, 会使人认为and they will…和Research has shown构成并列

句子结构: Research has shown that when speaking, individuals who have been… and have… make hand motions just as…as sighted people do, and that they will…

93. (29569-!-item-!-188;#058&003953)

Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere, having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life-forms.

(A) and the vastness of the biosphere, having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both

(B) and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both working

(C) and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both

(D) as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both work

(E) as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both

考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）习惯用语（Idiom）平行对称（Parallelism）主谓一致（Agreement）

1) 一个正确的句子中,主语和谓语是必不可少的,缺少主语和谓语都会导致句子结构不完整 2) 习惯用法: both…and…，结构一定要平行

3) 主谓一致: both…and…结构构成复合主语,谓语动词用复数

(A) 整个句子缺乏谓语结构

(B) 主谓不一致,both…and…结构需要用复数谓语动词,has应该改为have; both working in the field and in laboratories结构不平行

(D) both…as well as结构不符合习惯用法; both work in the field and in laboratories结构不平行 (E) both…as well as结构不符合习惯用法; has应该改为have

句子结构: Both the complexity…and the vastness…have prompted many scientists to call…

94. (29615-!-item-!-188;#058&003960)

The decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada has

become severe enough for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service quite possibly to list it as an endangered species in the near future.

(A) severe enough for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service quite possibly to list it (B) severe enough so that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list them

(C) severe enough for it quite possibly to be listed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (D) so severe that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list it

(E) so severe that they could well be listed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service

考点: 有效用词（Diction）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) enough to, so/such…that…, so/such…as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在

标准书面语中很少使用;so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题;so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语, 即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用,实战中发现选项中含有这三者,首先排除enough to 的选项

2) 主动语态优于被动语态

(A) severe enough to表达的意思错误。

(B) enough so that…不符合习惯用法; them没有指代 (C) severe enough to表达的意思错误。

(D) 正确; it指代mountain yellow-legged frog; 使用主动语态, 表达更加有效 (E) they没有指代; 被动语态不如主语语态表达更有效

句子结构: The decline… has become so… that…

95. (29661-!-item-!-188;#058&003962)

Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period, it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.

(A) it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are

(B) it takes the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada three to four years until it reaches adulthood, and therefore it is

(D) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus

(E) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, and so they are

考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）指代一致（Agreement）逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 1) 比较结构的双方必须要对应: 包括概念对等, 数量对等(单对单,多对多)

2) 在用like/unlike表达对比时,最有效的句子结构为: Unlike/like A…, B…(A,B为比较双方), B要出现在句首

3) 现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语，现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主谓关系，即表主动意义；而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，即被动意义 4) 伴随状语出现的条件是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态. 伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的 5) 习惯用法:take sth/some time to do

(A) 不符合Unlike/like句式的最佳表现形式, 应该将对比物mountain yellow-legged frog放在句首; 不

符合比较双方的数量对等原则,frogs和mountain yellow-legged frog数量上不对等; they指代frogs, 不能指代mountain yellow-legged frog, 导致逻辑意思错误 (B) 错误同A, takes sb until…不符合习惯用法

being多余,可以直接用过去分词做伴随状语, 但即使伴随状语形式正确,但是用在这里逻辑意思错误, 这两个动作并不时同时发生,而是两个动作存在因为关系,前一个动作导致了后一个动作,应该用因果关系的并列句来表达该逻辑关系

(D) take … until不符合习惯用法; 使用伴随状语不符合逻辑

(E) 正确, 比较对象mountain yellow-legged frogs置于句首,比较更加有效,且符合比较双方数量对等原则; take some time to do符合习惯用法; 使用and连接因果关系的句子符合逻辑意思

句子结构: Unlike frogs that…, mountain yellow-legged frogs…take… to reach…, and so they are…

96. (29707-!-item-!-188;#058&003977)

In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve as an approximate thermometer.

(A) for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve

(B) for attracting females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, which can in fact serve

(D) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in fact serve

(E) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）主谓一致（Agreement）

1) 若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现, 实战中,不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项,立即排除. 情态动词也不可随意添加,原句中没有情态动词,选项中随意添加也为错误选项

2) the number of + 复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式; a number of + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数

(A) 用for doing结构表示目的,不如to do结构有效; 主谓不一致,主语是the number, 谓语应该用单数; they只能指代some species, 导致逻辑错误

(B) for doing使用错误, which就近指代temperature,导致逻辑错误

(C) in doing使用错误; 主谓不一致; 使用伴随状语导致逻辑错误,有作后置定语修饰temperature的歧义存在；rise and fall和serve不是同时发生的动作, 不存在逻辑关系; 将can改为possibly,改变了原句的意思

(D) 正确, 注意到了主谓一致; 使用to do表示目的更加有效; 用and连接句子, 意思符合逻辑 (E) 伴随状语使用错误,有作后置定语修饰temperature的歧义存在；possibly使用错误

句子结构: …, the number of… rises and falls…, and it can… serve as…

97. (29753-!-item-!-188;#058&003991)

Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.

(A) while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having

(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have (C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time,

which have

(D) but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have (E) but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having

考点: 指代一致（Agreement）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction） 1) 现在分词的完成时态不能作修饰语

2) while 引导从句时,如主从句的主语一致,且从句谓语又含有 be,则从句主语和 be 可省略。while 后可直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。如:

We are teachers while (we are) serving as students.我们边当老师边当学生。 3) 限定性定语从句表示的是局部概念: 例: I am checking up the models who are in black T-shirt. 表明有很多模特,而我打量的是那些穿黑色圆领衫的模特.限定性定语从句区分了我打量的模特和其他的模特.

4) 非限定定语从句表示的是整体的概念: 例: I am checking up the models, who are in black T-shirt. 表明这里有一群模特,这些模特共同的特点是她们都穿黑色圆领衫.

(A)第二个they有指代不清的嫌疑, 既可能指代第一个they所指代的Industrialization and modern methods of insect control又可以指代chemical pollutants；句尾的分词结构having gone…目的是作 pollutants的后置定语，但有作状语的歧义存在。

(B) 正确, 使用sb do… while doing 结构, 省掉了they, 避免了同第二个they产生指代不清的嫌疑; 使用限定性定语从句符合逻辑意思

(C) 使用which作非限定定语从句,导致逻辑错误, 表明所有的chemical pollutants都 have gone virtually unregulated; 第二个they有指代不清的嫌疑 (D) but introducing不能和have improved构成并列

(E) but… introducing不能和have improved构成并列; 句尾的分词结构having gone…目的是作 pollutants的后置定语，但有作状语的歧义存在。

句子结构: Industrialization and modern methods… have improved… while… introducing…

98. (29799-!-item-!-188;#058&004009)

A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program, per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as in the nation as a whole.

(A) per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as

(B) annual per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs to about 60, more than twice as great as that

(C) California's annual per capita consumption of cigarettes declined from over 125 packs per person to about 60, more than twice as great as the drop

(D) California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that

(E) California has seen annual per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs per person to about 60, more than twice as great as that

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）比较（Comparision） 1) 逻辑主语

2) 比较双方要对等

(A) per capita consumption of cigarettes作为initiating的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑; a drop more than

twice as great as in the nation比较双方不对等,应该改为that in the nation, that代替a drop, 构成对等的比较

(B) annual per capita consumption of cigarettes作为initiating的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑; more than twice as great as that不符合同位语构成方式,应该补上a drop对前面的现象进行概括

(D) 正确, California作为initiating的逻辑主语,符合逻辑; a drop…结构符合同位语构成; that代替a drop使得比较双方对等

(E) more than 结构不符合同位语构成; per capita 和 per person 重复; 改变了原意“人均吸烟量每年下降……”，而 E 是“年人均吸烟量下降……”

句子结构: … after initiating…, California has seen…capita consumption…decline from.. to…, a drop…

99. (29845-!-item-!-188;#058&004015)

A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasing sea surface temperatures during the same period.

(A) that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasing

(B) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a result of an increase in

(C) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because of food supplies, which were dwindling possibly as a result of increasing

(D) creatures of the seabed that were suffering from food supplies that were dwindling, possibly resulting from an increase in

(E) creatures of the seabed that were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, which possibly resulted from increasing

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction） 1) 动词的现在分词作形容词,一般含有正在进行的意思 2) which/it 都不能指代整个句子

(A) sb. suffer from B,表示sb.遭受了B, B表示的是遭受的结果,因此使用dwindling不好,现在分词一般表示过程, 应该使用名词或过去分词表示结果; 同样increasing也不好, result from后面接事实,表示原因, 应该用increased或者an increase来代替increasing (B) 正确。

(D) revealed creature of the seabed强调的是名词creature of the seabed, 不能准确的表达revealed 的完整意思

(E) 除了D中的错误外, which不能指代整个句子,使用错;increasing使用错误

句子结构: A study… revealed that creatures… were suffering because…

100. (29891-!-item-!-188;#058&004023)

To help counteract the adverse effects of trout stocking on the amphibian populations in certain mountain lakes, biologists are recommending cutting back on trout stocking on the part of some states and even their being removed from some popular fishing lakes.

(A) cutting back on trout stocking on the part of some states and even their being removed (B) cutting back on trout stocking on the part of some states and even that they remove them (C) that trout stocking be cut back in some states and they even remove the trout (D) that some states cut back on trout stocking and even their being removed (E) that some states cut back on trout stocking and even remove the trout

考点: 习惯用语（Idiom）句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1) 习惯用法: recommend sth., recommend that (使用虚拟语气), recommend doing sth.

2) 在require, demand等表“建议,命令”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不加should

(A) and even their being removed表达笨拙; (B) and even that跟cutting back不平行

(C) 使用被动语态,不如主动语态有效；and they…是独立的句子，语法上与主句biologist are recommending…并列，they指代biologist，但根据原句意思，they应指代states，故不符合逻辑。 (D) even their being removed表达笨拙, 并且跟cut bank不平行

(E) 正确，使用recommend that表达虚拟语气, some states cut back …and remove…结构平行

句子结构: To help…, biologists are recommending that some states cut back…and even remove…

101. (29937-!-item-!-188;#058&004052)

Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution. (A) that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution

(B) that, for maintaining competitiveness, rich nations join in this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution

(C) that rich nations join this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution because of wanting to maintain competitiveness

(D) that in rich nations, joining this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution is a result of wanting to maintain competition

(E) that wanting to maintain competition is making rich nations join in this downward slide toward an attitude about pollution that is more lax

句子结构：Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that… and that…

主语是Many environmentalists and some economists，谓语是say，后跟由that引导的两个并列宾语从句。

考点：平行对称、逻辑表达、动词形式、简洁有效

1) 并列结构-宾语从句，say 后接宾语从句，必须由 that 引导，并列的宾语从句 that 不可以省略。 2) 逻辑表达-修饰歧义，定语从句修饰紧临的名词。

3) 动词形式-原文时态不应随意改变，如果选项将时态没有理由的进行了改变，即改变了原句要表达

的时间关系。

4) 简洁有效，in order to do 等于不定式 to do，是表达目的的最好方式，常见一些错误的表达方式如 because of doing sth, a result of doing sth。

(A) 正确，say 后跟两个由 that 引导的并列宾语从句；in order to do sth 表达目的。 B: for doing sth 表达目的的方式错误；改变了原句完成时态。

(D) doing sth is a result of doing sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。 (E) that 引导的定语从句修饰对象错误，根据原句意思应该修饰 attitudes，但在 E 中错误地修饰

pollution；wanting to do sth is making sb do sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。

102. (29983-!-item-!-188;#058&004080)

Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to 35-millimeter film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.

(A) it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to

(B) it possible to have high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity almost like that with

(C) it possible for high-definition digital video cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity nearly comparable to that of

(D) possible high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity almost like

(E) possible high-definition digital video cameras able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to that with

句子结构：Recent breakthrough… have made it possible for… to do… and to do…

主语是breakthrough，谓语是have made，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是并列的不定式结构to capture and to project。

考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达、简洁有效

1) 比较-比较对象对等，compare, like等词连接比较相同对象时，要由that或those指代，否则会使比较对象不对等。

2) 句子结构-it作形式宾语，注意形式宾语的格式及用法，及物动词+it+宾语补语+不定式，动词有find, deem, make等（详见补充材料1）。

3) 逻辑表达-维持原句强调重心，注意原句使用形式宾语所强调的内容，在本句中make possible的是cameras to capture material而不是have cameras，不能改变原句的合理重心。 4) 简洁有效，形容词作定语比that引导的定语从句更简洁。

(A) compare to的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。

(B) 第一个that引导定语从句修饰cameras，改变原句强调重心；第二个that的位置不正确，应该置于 almost like前面；介词with应为of，即that(fidelity) of 35-millimeter film。

(D) 缺少形式宾语it；like的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。

(E) 缺少形式宾语it；宾语从句谓语不完整，应为bable to do；that nearly compares to从句修饰fidelity 不及形容词comparable作定语简洁。

补充说明：

1、形式宾语（先行宾语），用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到句子后部去。三种用法： 1）代词不定式

He makes it a rule to give short speeches. 2）代表that引起的从句（that有时省略） They kept it quiet that he was dead. 3）代表连接代（副）词引起的从句

He soon made it clear why he had asked for a conference.

2、fidelity: noun. the quality of being accurate精确性，准确性

103. (30029-!-item-!-188;#058&004082)

Simply because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to become an invasive or persistent weed, according to a decade-long study published in the journal Nature.

(A) because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to (B) because it is genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to (C) being genetically engineered does not make it any more likely that plants will (D) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to

(E) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely that it will become

句子结构：Simply being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to become…, according to…

主语是 being genetically engineered，谓语是 does not make，宾语是 a plant，any more likely是形容词作宾语补语。

考点：句子结构、指代一致、简洁有效

句子结构，完整的句子要有主语和谓语，并且只能有一个主句主语，本题是动名词作主语。指代一致-单复数一致，注意未划线部分句子的名词或谓语动词单复数形式，要前后保持一致。

简洁有效，Likely 用法: sth be likely to do…, likely that…（由 it 作形式主语 it is likely that…）两种用法都正确，但前者更简洁。

(A) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语；未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant 来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。

(B) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语。

(C) 未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant 来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。 (D) 正确，动名词 being 作主语，谓语是 does not make。 (E) make 后缺少形式宾语 it，more likely to do 更加简洁。

补充说明： 1、主语表示法

主语可以用下面这些成分表示：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、词组、从句、名词化的其它词类、动名词。

2、动词句型-五种基本句型

句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语，英语的五种基本句型如下： 1）主语+不及物动词：S+Vi The little girl smiled.

2）主语+及物动词+宾语：S+Vt+O She knows English.

3）主语+（双宾）动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：S+Vt+Oi+Od He told us a story.

4）主语+系动词+表语（补语）：S+V+C She looked delighted.

5）主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语：S+V+O+C The news made us sad.

104. (30075-!-item-!-188;#058&004088)

In Britain, \ term when referring only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms (180 pounds).

(A) the United States uses the term when referring (B) the United States term refers

(D) in the United States they use the term as it refers (E) it is used in the United States when referring

句子结构：In Britain, ”pig” refers to…, but in the United States the term refers to…

并列句第一个句子的主语是pig，谓语是refers to，宾语是any member，第二个句子的主语是the term，谓语是refers to，宾语是youngers swine，not yet ready for market是形容作后置定语，weighing less than 82 kilograms是现在分词作后置定语，都是用来修饰名词younger swine的。

考点：平行对称、指代一致、逻辑表达、句子结构

平行对称，but 连接两个并列（转折含义）句子，尽量在形式上能保持平行；留意未划线部分句子的

用词，避免与划线部分产生错误的平行结构，导致句子有歧义。代词指代，句中的代词必须有合理明确的指代对象。

逻辑表达-维持原意，原句中的状语或定语不能随意互换，以保持原句意思。句子结构，介词只跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，由连词连接句子。

(A) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。

(B) the United States term改变了原句意思，原句要表达的是同一个term，在不同国家的含义。 (C) 正确，the term指”pig”。

(D) 复数代词they没有指代对象；use sth as中的as是介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子。 (E) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。

105. (30121-!-item-!-188;#058&004107)

Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private. (A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep

(B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep (C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping

(D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers in keeping (E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers of keeping

句子结构：Even though…, the state’ attorney general accused the bank of engaging in… by failing

to…

主语是 attorney，谓语是 accused，宾语是 the bank，of engaging in…是介词短语作宾语补语。

考点：简洁有效、习惯用法

简洁有效，当 because of, by doing, because, due to, by + 名词等在选项句首，第一选择是 because

连词，其次是 by doing，因为动词比名词更能表达的意思更完整。习惯用法，promise to do sth 或者 promise that…

(A) 正确，by doing to do 表示 engage in deceptive business practice 的方式；promise 的习惯用法是 promise to do sth 或者 promise that…，而不是 promise of doing或 in doing sth。 (B) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。

(E) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。

106. (30167-!-item-!-188;#058&004112)

Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each. (A) more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than

(B) more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far lighter than

(D) as a substitute for four quarters more than the dollar bill because its weight of only 8.1 grams is far lighter than it is for

(E) as a substitute more for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than it is for

句子结构：Officials believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used as a substitute for… more than for… because it weighs…

主语是 officials，谓语是 believe，宾语是由 that 引导的宾语从句。

考点：比较、指代一致

比较，less/more + adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，介词不可省略；more… than 经常会出现 rather

than 作为混淆；如果比较结构中的 than 前面有多个名词，than 后面需要补充出介词以避免产生歧义。

指代，单数代词 it 在句中指代出现过的名词，要注意逻辑意思是否合理。

(A) more… rather than 搭配错；its weitht 和后面 four quarters 比较对象不对等。 (B) more as… than the dollar，the dollar 和前面比较对象有歧义。 (C) 正确，介词短语 a substitute for… more than for…形式上并列。

(D) more than 后面省略介词 for 使句子产生歧义；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能指代 its weight，因为原句是将 dollar 的 weight 和 for quarter 的 weight 进行比较，两个 weight 不同，如果用 it 指代，则不符合逻辑。

(E) more… rather than 搭配错；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能指代 its weight，

原因同选项 D。

107. (30213-!-item-!-188;#058&004113)

Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placing more women in leadership positions in politics and business.

(A) Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend

ultimately placing

(B) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place

(D) It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend ultimately placing

(E) It is expected for women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which will ultimately place

句子结构：The majority of students… are expected to be woman, a trend that… 主语是 the majority，谓语是 are expected to，a trend that 是同位语从句。

考点：句子结构、指代一致、逻辑表达

句子结构-（概括性）同位语，a trend 概括前面描述的现象。

指代一致-which 指代，which 和同位语结构同时出现，表明应该用同位语结构，因为 which 不能指代前面整个句子。

逻辑表达-修饰，分词和 that 从句修饰一个名词，要看从句是否有表达分词不能表达的逻辑含义，如

果是则选从句，反之选分词修饰更加简洁。

(A) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含义。

(B) correct，用 that 定语从句修饰同位语 trend，清楚地表明了要发生的动作。 (C) which 不能指代前面整个句子。

(D) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含

义；it is expected that…的表达不简洁。

(E) which 不能指代前面整个句子；it is expected for sb to…的表达不简洁。

补充说明：同位语 1、同位结构的特征

1）起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语； 2）必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；

3）位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；

4）不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）； 5）同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。 2、同位结构的形式 1）名词性同位语：名词解释名词。N., n.; n., a/an + n.或 a/an + n., n.; the + n., n.（前面的 the + n 为同位结构）

2）内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that 从句对抽象

名词进行具体化解释（注意与 of 结构的区别）

3）概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，a program/information/an

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