2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题

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目录

2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（一） (2)

2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（二） (14)

2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（三） (22)

2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（四） (31)

2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（五） (40)

专注考研专业课13年，提供海量考研优质文档！ 第 2 页，共 51 页 2018年云南民族大学外国语学院721综合英语之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题

（一）

说明：仿真模拟试题是根据本校该考试科目历年考研真题题型及出题难度，结合常考侧重点，精心整理编写，均含有详细答案解析，是考研必备参考资料。

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Endocentric construction

【答案】 Endocentric construction : An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent , or approaching equivalence , to that of one or more of its constituents , i.e. a word or a group of words , which serves as a definable center , or head. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. Noun phrases like “Lovely Lucy” are typical endocentric constructions.

2． Denotation

【答案】 The core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs , the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word , the dictionary meaning , opposite to connotation.

3． Morpheme

【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning , whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example , in boys ,there are two morphemes : “boy” and “-s”； in international ,there are three morphemes : “inter -” “nation” and “-al”.

4． Broad and narrow transcription

【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription : In broad transcription , one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

5． Glottal Stop

【答案】 V ocal tract is composed of oral cavity , nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed , no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.

6． Stem

【答案】

A stem is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example , “friend -” in friends ,and “friendship -” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root , whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.

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第 3 页，共 51 页 7． Slang :

【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.

For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal speech variety which often serves as an “in -group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly , for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”.

8． Speech community

【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition , online and other mediated communities , such as many internet forums , often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.

9． Inflection

【答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes , such as number , person , finiteness , aspect and case , which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example , the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix : ……-ed??； the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix : ……-ren??.

10．Phatic function （ communion ）

【答案】 Phatic function : The phatic function of language refers to the use of the language which often consists of small , seemingly meaningless expression for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For example , greetings , farewells , and comments on the weather in English could serve this function.

二、Short-answer-questions

11．How to analyze dramatic language?

【答案】（1） Turn quantity and length

How much a character talks can be indicative either of their relative importance in the play , or of how important they appear to think they are. Generally speaking , central characters have longer and more speeches than minor characters.

（2）Exchange sequence : The patterns of exchange of a dramatic dialogue which are considered appropriate by speakers of English. For example , the two-part exchanges such as greeting-greeting , question-answer.

（3）Production errors : Deliberately used forms such as hesitation to convey something about the character

（4）The cooperative principle : this principle is proposed by Grice. He asserted people used to

专注考研专业课13年，提供海量考研优质文档！ 第 4 页，共 51 页 make sense of their conversation by enabling them to distinguish between sentence meaning and utterance meaning. He also suggested that people actually break these maxims quite often when they talk.

（5）Status marked through language : Many of the properties of language discussed can be used to signal the relative status and changes in status , of characters. Particularly , language can be used to signal to what extent the relationship between an addresser and addressee is based on a social power difference , and to what extent it is based on solidarity.

（6）Register : It is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use. An example of a linguistic register is legal discourse , we recognize a legal document when we see one , but lawyers are the only people who are trained to produce them using appropriate linguistic choices.

（7）Speech and silence : Concerning female characters in plays , there is evidence that men tend to talk more than women in mixed sex conversations.

12．thrived 10. breathed 11. turned 12. hissed

【答案】

13．Why is back-formation a productive way of forming verbs?

【答案】 Backformation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is derived by the deletion of an imagined affix of a longer form already present in the language. It is a special kind of metanalysis , combined with analogical creation , e.g. the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the imagined derivational suffix -or.

The majority of backformed words are verbs ，for verbs have a peculiar property to develop around them a number of deverbal nouns , such as the agent noun and the noun of action , like edit from editor. Verbs also generate various types of participial adjectives , such as creating and created. Hence people expect to find a family of derivatives attached to a verb. On the other hand , when people come across one or more apparently deverbal nouns , they often take for granted that there must he a corresponding verb , and they simply create the verb base from which the original word seems to be derived.

14．Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?

【答案】 Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements ——for instance , tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds. And out of the huge number of words , there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases , which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.

If language had no such design feature , then it would be like animal communicational system which consists of only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations （e.g. words ） , which are distinct in meaning. In other words , the number of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.

15．What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?

【答案】 The distinction between inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes could be

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