小学英语单词和语法大全

英语语法大全

1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump

2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人

5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界

7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的

10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么

12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始

15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候

17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时

19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog

22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么

eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视

23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气

25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开

29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于

31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好

36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?

37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water

38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原） 将来时

40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……

41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处

eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康

45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣

47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气

50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)

51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎

55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰

57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you

59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles

62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格

63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well

67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）

68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试

69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语

70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事

eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉

74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语

eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache

77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么

eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 两者之间

79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西

eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth

eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站

the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money

82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang

84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来

85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地

87 come in 进88 come over to 过来

89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？

90 communicate with sb 和某人交流

91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？

92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞

93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好

96 do wrong 做错 97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么

106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样

108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）

110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her

113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）

Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了） 114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好

116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth

120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳 124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of

126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学） 127 good way to 好方法

128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事

129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈

131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since

132 have been to …( 地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方） 去了某地还没回来

133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做

eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做

135 have to do sth 必须做某事

136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 have…time +doing

138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处

141 help sb with sth \\one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事

142 hope to do sth 希望做某事

143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)

144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否＝wether

eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会

He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达

146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句

eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州

If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的

I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国

147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后

150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 （north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 ）

一、名词复数规则

1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3．以“辅音字母 y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ] Leaf——leaves

5．不规则名词复数：

man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, child-children

foot-feet,.tooth-teeth

fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 二、一般现在时

一般现在时基本用法介绍 【No. 1】一般现在时的功能

1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。

2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成

1. be动词：主语 be(am,is,are) 其它。如： I am a boy.我是一个男孩。

2.行为动词：主语 行为动词( 其它)。如： We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加\或\。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。

【No. 2】一般现在时的变化 1. be动词的变化。

否定句：主语 be not 其它。

如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be 主语 其它。 如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.

非凡疑问句：疑问词 一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化。

否定句：主语 don't( doesn't ) 动词原形( 其它)。如：

I don't like bread.

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如： He doesn't often play.

一般疑问句：Do( Does ) 主语 动词原形 其它。如： - Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如： - Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 动词 s的变化规则

1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

3．以“辅音字母 y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 三、现在进行时

1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。

2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be 动词ing. 3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。

4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 5．现在进行时的非凡疑问的基本结构为： 疑问词不达意 be 主语 动词ing? 但疑问词当主语时其结构为： 疑问词不达意 be 动词ing? 动词加ing的变化规则

1．一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking

2．以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting

3．假如末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 四、将来时理论及练习

一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或预备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。

二、基本结构：①be going to do； ②will do.

三、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）l后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。

例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.

四、同义句：be going to = will

I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：

⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn’t） ⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=weren’t） 3．句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子

否定句：didn’t 动词原形，如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday. 动词过去式变化规则：

1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：work__-worked , cook-cooked 2．结尾是e加d，如：live____lived

3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped

4．以“辅音字母 y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied 5．不规则动词过去式：

am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, swim-swam, sit-sat 六、人称代词和物主代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 I me my mine

you you youryours he him his his she her her hers itit its its

we us our ours

they them theirtheirs 第一章 名 词

一、定义

名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。

二、分类

1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student

student是普通名词，john是专有名词

普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。

2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词

专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。

三、名词的数

1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词

不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）

drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词

some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。

3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词 数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much

4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：

1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。

如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。

we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2） 用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。

如 a cup of （ 一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......） a piece of （ 一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋） 如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸）

注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式；千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。 如two hundred students（200名学生） ten thousand trees（10000棵树）

测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼（此处为许多条鱼，fish的复数仍为fish或fishes）

=he caught a lot of fishes.

the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。（此处fish表示不同种类的鱼，加复数词尾-es）

5、可数名词分为单数和复数。

名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加a或an。

1）单数

如a desk（一张桌子）

an old desk（一张旧书桌）

2）复数：要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式 规则变化

1）一般情况下加-s

如book--books（书） desk--desks（书桌） 2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es

如box--boxes（盒子） bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months ②stomach--stomachs

3)以辅音字母+结尾，变y为i再加- es。 如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)

注意以元音+y，直接加s。如：day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es 如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半)

(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf) 注意①有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾

(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆)

(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s

如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园)

photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) kilo-kilos(千克)

注意zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化

1) 元音字母发变化。

如man--men(男人) ， woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) ， foot--feet(脚)

mouse--mice(老鼠) ， policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。

如child--children(小孩) ， ox--oxen(公牛) 3) 单、复数形式相同。

如fish--fish(鱼) ，sheep--sheep(绵羊) ，deer--deer(鹿) ，chinese--chinese(中国人) ，yuan--yuan(元) ，jinn--jinn(斤)

注意 不说an english，要说an englishman. ①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。 ②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。

如people(人，人们)these people (不说a people，可说a person) police(公安，警察)ten police

(不说a police，可说a policeman)

5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。

如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)

a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生)

6) 合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。 如passer-by-passers-by(过路人) bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)

注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如： grown-up-grown-ups(成年人) letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱)

注意①hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。

如would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果？

we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果， china has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。

his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。

注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。

注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。 如 boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友) 7) 有些名词只有作复数。

如scissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)

名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。 如englishman--englishmen(英国人)

frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女)

注意german不是复合词，它的复数是germans。

四、名词的所有格

有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。

如mary's father(玛丽的父亲) jim's mother(吉姆的母亲)

与所有格相对来看，不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。

1.名词所有格的构成法

1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加's。 如tom's knife(汤姆的小刀) children's books(儿童书籍)

2)表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人名字后加，如果表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加。

如jim and mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间 jim's and mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加\即可。 如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)

everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night. 每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)

注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。

②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。 如this is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。 this is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。

4)以-s结尾的专有名词，构成所有格仍然加's，或只加'，但读音都是/iz/。 如 mr jones's(mr jones')book(琼斯先生的书) keats' works(济慈的作品) (1)表示时间和距离的名词。

如where is today's newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪儿？ an hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。

(1) 有些无生命东西的名词，如国家，城市季节，太阳，月亮，大地，江河，海洋，船等名词也可用's，表示所有关系。 如china's population(中国人口) the city's life(城市生活)

注意在表示店铺或某人家时，为避免重复(因前面已提到)，名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。

my uncle's(我叔叔家) ,the doctor's(医生的诊所) 2.短语所有格

有生命的名词，我们用's结构来表示所有关系，如果是无生命的，我们就要用\名词+of+名词\的结构来表示。

the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)

注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如：男式鞋应是men's，而不是shoes of men。 3.of +名词所有格

of +名词所有称为双重所有格，使用时要注意以下几项。

1)表示部分时，前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several (几个)之类有修饰语，不能是one和the 。

如可说：a book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书 不说：books of my brother's或 book of my brother's .

2)当带有感情色彩时，可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。

如the pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿 did you read that book of lu xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗？ 3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。 如不说：this is john of his uncle's. 4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。

如these books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。 5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。 比较不说it is a leaf of the tree's.

a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。

注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用，意义无甚区别。 如a friend of my brother→a friend of my brother's

测试点a car of betty's cars ,不可换为a car of betty.。jim's and tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。 常用口诀

表示民族的名词顺口溜

（1）“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。 （2）“英、法”联盟a变e。

（3）其他一律加s 即chinese，japanese单复数同形；englishman，frenchman的复数为englishmen，frenchmen；其他像german，american，australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。

o结尾的名词顺口溜

1）有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加s。

有生命：potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro--negroes

如无生命：zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo（竹竿）--bamboos, tobacco（烟丝）--tobaccos1） 2）两人两菜一火山。（+es）

小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时，加es的只有negro（黑人），hero（英雄），potato（土豆），tomato（西红杮），volcano（火山），这就是“两人两菜一火山”。

或：黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes） 2）其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。

图景：你在“zoo”里，看见一要“bamboo”，上面挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上面放着一台“radio”。

zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios.

f、fe结尾的顺口溜

（1）以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时，有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s，其他的以“f(e)”

结尾的名词则直接加“s”。

妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；

躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife（妻子），knife（刀子），wolf（狼）thief（小偷），shelf（架子），life（生命）leaf（树叶），self（自己），half（一半），这9个名词变复数时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。

(2)以f结尾的名词，一般把把f改为ves，但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的， 如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想： 海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆相望； 谁说他们无信仰，语气定在手帕上

巧记不规则名词单变复

男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆。

man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice. 第二章 冠 词

一、定义

冠词是一种虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子)，帮助指明名词的含义。

二、分类

共3类：定冠词（the definite article），不定冠词（the indefinite article）、零冠词（zero article）。

三、用法

1、定冠词的用法

a 、an与数词one 同源，是\一个\的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。

(1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。

i gave him a book yesterday .我昨天给了他一本书

i am reading an interesting story . 我在读一则有趣的故事。

(2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。 a horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。

(3) 不定冠词用在事物的\单位\前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 \每一\。

we often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 i went to the library once a week at least.

(4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。 a boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 (5)在序数词前表示\又一;再一\时。如:

i want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说 。

(6) 表示不特定的\某一个\时。如:

a mr. smith is calling on the phone. 有一位史密斯先生来电话找你 。 （7）在特定的短语里表示特定的含义，与不可数名词连用，如： have a good time 过得高兴 (8) 一日三餐前有修饰语时。如: -mum, what shall we have for lunch? -jiaozi.

-oh, what a wonderful lunch! i enjoy it very much. (9) 在形容词最高级前表示\非常\时。如:

lesson nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult one. (10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

2.定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源，有\那（这）个\这（那）些\的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:

(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前： take the medicine. 把药吃了。

(2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前：

he bought a house. i've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

(3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前：

the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth (4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如： the fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。

(5)与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。 (6)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：

where do you live? i live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 that's the very thing that ineed 那正是我需要的东西。 (7)在表示\世纪...年代\的结构之前

he began to learn russian in the 1950s. 他在20实际50年代开始学俄语 。 但注意:in one's 50s意为\在某人五十多岁时\。如: he looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s.

(8)在比较级的两种句型中: ①表示\越 ......,就越......\时。如: the lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。

② 表示\两者中比较......\时,用定冠词。如:

there are two books on the table. i like the thicker one.

(9)用在\动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称\的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如: the ball hit me on the back. 球打中了他的头 。

(10) 在表示\计量单位\的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如:

the workers are paid by the hour/day/month. 按月付给工人工资 .

(11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前：the great wall(长城)，the people's park(人民公园)等。

the people's republic of china 中华人民共和国 the united states 美国 (12)用在表示乐器的名词之

前： she plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.

the little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。 （13）定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。

they are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。

(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

(15)在方位名词之前 ，如：in the west on the west

(16)在某些短语中 in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow ,the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

3、零冠词（不用定冠词) (1) 在物质名词前，如：

water is very important . 水是非常重要的 。 (2) 在抽象名词前，如：

failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 (3) 复数名词表示人或物的种类时，如： doctors cure patients. 医生治病救人 .

those people are teachers, not students. 这些人是老师,不是学生 . (4) 在有关游戏的名词前，如：

do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ? (5) 在\交通工具\的短语里，如：

shall we walk or go by bus? 我们乘车还是步行 ? (6) 在国名，人名和地名前通常不用定冠词，如 ： england，mary；

（7）在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；

we go to school from monday to friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 (8)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； the guards took the american to general lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

(9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前，不加冠词 。如：

have breakfast，play chess

(10) 在某些固定词组中，是否有冠词，意义不同。如：

in hospital住院，in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床 ，in the bed在床上 in front of在......（外）前面，in the front of 在......（内）前部

go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)

口 诀

泛指用a/ an，单数可数；特指用the，不特不the。

释：1）泛指用a/ an，单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/ an。2）特指用the——如果是特指，那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3）不特不the——不特指则不用the，包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/ an，泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词，泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。

定冠词：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。

（1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如： where is the teacher？ 老师在哪里？

（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如： i can see a cat. the cat is lucy”s.

我能看见一只猫，那只猫是露茜的。

（3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： the earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕着太阳转。

（4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如： mike is the tallest of the three boys. 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。

（5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the great wall（长城），the people”s park（人民公园 ）等。

（6）the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如：in the day（在白天），play the piano（弹钢琴）等。

不用冠词：代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。

（1）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时，不用冠词。如：this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。

（2）泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk,

juice等。

（3）复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如： the people in the room are doctors. 房间里的那些人是医生。

（4）在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：chinese, english, maths, physics, history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如：have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball/ football等。 （5）在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：autumn, summer, winter, spring, teacher”s day, children”s day, sunday, february等。

（6）在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如：white, brown, french, australia等。

（7）在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如： doctor green is a scientist. 格林博士是位科学家。

有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧（二）、有（足）族无球（运动）、有文无章、学而不专：

1）有水无湖：海、洋、海湾、河等，都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the); the red sea,the pacific ocean,the persian gulf, the yangtze river the great lakes(五大湖)；lake erie(伊利湖)

2）有球无星：地球，月亮用the;行星不用the: mars,venus;

3）有山无峰：the huangshan mountains(黄山)；mount everest(珠穆朗玛峰)； mount(or mt.) tai(泰山).

4）有独无欧（偶）：独一无二的，the earth,the moon,the sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the.

europe,africa,asia,north america,south america,antarctica,oceania

5）有（足）族无球（运动）：种族用the:the indians(印第安人)；球类运动 baseball,basketball

6）有文无章：历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the the constitution(宪法); chapter one 7）学而不专：学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; the university of fudan; fudan university

第三章 介词

一、定义

介词preposition缩写prep.，又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词（或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句）与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。

二、介词的用法

1、表示时间的（at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、 until、through、from、since、within）

(1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。

at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前

(2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时，一律用) on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日

(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。 in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份 in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon在下午 过……后(未来时间)

i think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小时后就会回来。

i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。

(4)before：在……之前

wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。

(5)after：在……之后

after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull . 从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。

(6)by：在……前(时间)，截止(到)……

by the time i arrived ,she had already gone . 在我到达之前，她已经走了。

(7)for：达……之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。

florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest . 弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。

（8）during：在……期间

during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres . 在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。

(9）through：一直……(从开始到结束)

he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington

领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。

(10）from：从……起(时间)

the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。

(11）since：自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)

since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。

(12)within:不……超过的范围

he will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。

2、表示地点（at、in、on 、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、 to、for、from)

(1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)

at school上学 at home在家 at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号 at the station 在火车站

(2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)

she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。

(3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below ①on:在……上面，有接触面 on the table 在桌子上面 ②above:在……上方

sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees. 有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。 ③over:在……正上方，是under的反义词

over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。 ④under：在……下面，在……之内

the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。 ⑤below：在……下方，(不一定是正下方)

three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle . 3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。

(4)near ,by

①near:近的，不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间，in the near future在不远的将来。

green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。 ②by:在……旁边，比的距离要近

juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days .

朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。

(5)between ,among ,around ①between:在两者之间

the differences between american english and british english are not very great .美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。 ②among:在三者或者更多的之中

there are some american students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。 ③around:环绕，在…..的周围，在……的四周

they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it . 他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷

(6)in front of ,behind

①in front of :在……的前面

there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。 ②behind :在…..后边

are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗？

(7)in ,into ,out of

①in:在…..之内，用于表示静止的位置

there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。

②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run..

she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。

(8)along ,across ,through ①along:沿着

go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing . 沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。 ②across:横过(平面物体)

very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world . 各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。 ③through:贯通，通过

the students walked through the gate with uncle wang . 学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。

(9)to ,for ,from

①到达……地点(目的地)或方向

where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了？他去伦敦了。 ②for：表示目的，为了……

do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗？

③from：从……地点起

how far is it from london to new york? 从伦敦到纽约有多远？

3、表示手段和材料的介词用 （1）with

①和……在一起

these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them . 这些板块载着各个大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。 ②具有，带有

a person with good manners is always kind and polite. 有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。 ③用某种工具或方法

he could swim with some special swimming shoes. 穿着一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。

(2）in:表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用in。

what’s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说？

(3）by:通过……方法，手段

what do you mean by the word“island”？ “island”是什么意思 i prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。

4、其他

(1） of , from

①of 属于)……的，表示…..的数量或种类

it was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。 ②from:来自(某地，某人)，以….起始

she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。

(2)without ,like ,as

①without :没有，是with的反义词

she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。 ②like:像……一样

like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer . 像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。 ③as:作为

they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。

(3)against:反对。靠着

everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。

(4) about:

① 关于，各处，四周

nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。 ② 询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议 what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样？ 口 诀

口诀1:年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at，黎明用它也不借。 at也在时分前，说“差”用to，说“过”要用part。

口诀2: in在……里， out在……外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by 。 on在……上，

under在……下， above在上头， below在底下。

口诀3: this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。

口诀4:before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。

since以来during间，since时态多变换。 与之相比beside，除了last but one。

口诀5：

①早、午、晚要用in 例：in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天 ②黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午

at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6点钟 at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半

at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末

③年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 例；in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月

in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周

④阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in，在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。 例：don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女

⑤将来时态in...以后 例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。 i'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 we'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。 come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)

after... (从过去开始)

⑥小处at大处in

i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市． 有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in

例：the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形) the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)

\ <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)

the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形) i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed． 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in) the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )

this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。 ⑦特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in 特征或状态：

they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。

he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。 the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。 her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。

还有一些心理短语也用in，如： in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。 ⑧介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分\。

介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。 she came at me. 她向我扑过来。

she came to me. 她向我走过来。

he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。 he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说 she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。 she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢. she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。 she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃 2010最新初中英语语法知识大全 原创

（一） 形容词和副词 I． 要点 A． 形容词

1、 形容词的用法

形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：

He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting.

某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如： The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：

冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：

the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、 形容词比较等级的形式 （1） 规则形式

一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如： great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest

important-more important-(the)most important （2） 不规则形式 good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least

（3） 形容词比较等级的用法

①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如： He is cleverer than the other boys.

This one is more beautiful than that one.

②表示两者以上的比较，用\形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) …\如： He is the cleverest boy in his class.

③表示两者是同等程度，用\形容词原级+as\如： He is as tall as I.

I have as many books as you.

④ 越… 越…

例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.

⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好

又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。

⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我担心的一天。 I have never had a better dinner. 这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。

⑦ My English is no better than yours. 我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。

B．副词

1、 副词的种类 （1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

（2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。

（3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。

（4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。

2、 副词比较等级的用法

其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如： Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully. We must work harder.

3、 某些副词在用法上的区别 （1） already, yet, still

already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：

We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night.

（2） too, as well, also, either

too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如： He went there too.

He didn't go there either. I like you as well. I also went there.

(3) hard, hardly

hardly意为\几乎\与hard在词义上完全不同。如： I work hard every day.

I can hardly remember that.

(4) late, lately

lately意为\最近、近来\，late意为\晚、迟\。如： He never comes late.

Have you been to the museum lately? II． 例题

例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。

例2 ____ the worse I seem to be. A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken

解析：该题正确答案为B。\形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…\意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。

例3\ \

A too B also C either D neither

解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定\两者都不\，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为\也\。

例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.

A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply

解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。 （二） 介词 I． 要点

1、介词和种类

（1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。

2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系

（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。

（2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at

（3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.

3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如： He came right after dinner.

He lives directly opposite the school.

4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例 （1） at, on, in（表时间）

表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。

指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。

指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。

（2） between, among（表位置） between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如

I'm sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills.

among用于三者或三者以上之间。如： He is the best among the students.

（3） beside, besides

beside意为\在…旁边\，而besides意为\除…之外\。如： He sat beside me.

What do you want besides this?

（4）in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上

（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道

by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法

（6）in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外

（7）in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

（8）by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 II． 例题

例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English? A except B but C beside D besides

解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为\除了…\，C-beside意为\在…旁边\，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为\除了…之外，还有\。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？

例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during

解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。

例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter. A to B in C at D on

解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为\期望、盼望\。

（三） 连词 I． 要点

1、 连词的种类 （1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。

（2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。 除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。

2、 常用连词举例

(1)and 和，并且

They drank and sang all night.

(2) both…and 和， 既…也… Both my parents and I went there.

(3) but 但是，而

I'm sad, but he is happy.

(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么… Either you're wrong, or I am.

(5) for因为

I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是

Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

(7) neither…nor 既不…也不

Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且… He not only sings well, but also dances well.

(9) or 或者，否则

Hurry up, or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor?

(10) so 因此，所以

It's getting late, so I must go.

(11) although 虽然

Although it was late, they went on working.

(12) as soon as 一 …就

I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

(13) because 因为

He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

（14）unless 除非，如果不

I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

（15）until 直到…

He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构) He stayed there until eleven.

（16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)

While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词) My pen is red while his is blue.

（17）for 因为

He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)

（18）since自从…

I have lived here since my uncle left.

（19）hardly… when 一… 就

I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

（20）as far as 就… 来说

As far as I know, that country is very small.

You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II． 例题

例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David. A as well B as well as C so well D so well as

解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。

例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A when B where C which D while

解析：该处意为\然而\，只有while有此意思，故选D。

例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?

A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

解析：该处意为\或者\，正确答案为C。 英语语法知识难点（二） （四）动词时态、语态 I． 要点

1、 一般现在时

（1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：

Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

（2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如： The earth goes round the sun.

2、 现在进行时

(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：

What are you doing now?

(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：

He is always doing good deeds.

3、 现在完成时

主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如: Have you ever been to Beijing?

4、一般将来时

表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：

I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning. We're going to see a film next Monday.

5、一般过去时

表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如： It happened many years ago.

6、过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday?

7、 过去完成时

表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如： The train had already left before we arrived.

８、一般过去将来时

表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如： He said he would come, but he didn't. ９、被动语态

被动语态的时态，以give为例。 时／式 现在 一般 进行 完成 am am has is given is being been given are are have was was given being had been given were given were shall be given will shall have been given will should have been given would 过去 将来 should 过去将来 be given would II．例题

例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950. A had died B died C dead D is dead

解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。

例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents. A is looked B has looked for

C is being looked for D has been looked

解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。 （五）动词虚拟语气

I． 要点

表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

１、 虚拟语气的构成 情景 条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词 should 与现在事实动词过去式 （be要用 +动词原形 相反 were） would 与过去事实had +过去分词 相反 １、动词过去时 与将来事实２、should +动词原形 相反 ３、were to +动词原形 should +have+过去分词 would should ＋动词原形 would

注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：

Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

２、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

（１） 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是\可省) ＋动词原形\，常用于以下三种句型中。

句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that… 句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…

如： It is strange that he (should) have done that. It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

（２） 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是\动词原形\。如：

I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

（３） 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是\＋动词原形\。如：

His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

（４） 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是\＋动词原形\。如： We received order that the work be done at once.

（５） 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是\动词的过去式\或 \＋动词原形\不可省。如： It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school. II． 例题

例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer. A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay

解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。had hoped表示\本希望\，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气

例２ \

\ A comes B came C should come D will come

解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。

例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better. A had done B might have done C might do D would do

解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为Ｂ。 （六）短语动词 I． 要点

英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：

（１） 动词＋介词

常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如： Don't laugh at others. I didn't care about it.

（２） 动词＋副词

常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：

You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. Please don't forget to hand it in.

（３） 动词＋副词＋介词

常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： All his money added up to no more than $100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

（４） 动词＋名词＋介词

常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

You should pay attention to your handwriting. We should make full use of our time.

（５） 动词＋形容词

常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： The prisoners were set free. He cut it open.

（６） 动词＋名词

常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： This story took place three years ago. I make friends with a lot of people.

（7）辨析

give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up（放弃，停止） put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （扑灭） turn up（出席，放大） 和 turn on （打开） keep out（阻止） 和 keep off （不让靠近） make up（编造，补上） 和 make out（辨认） take off（脱，起飞） 和 take out（拿出） II． 例题

例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age. A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为\存\；keep up意为\继续\；give away意为\分发\；lay up\贮藏\。

例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

A touch B relation C connection D friendship

解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为\保持联系\。

例３ ____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

解析：该题选A. look out 意为\小心\。 （七）动词不定式 I． 要点

１、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。 式｜语态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 主动语态 to write to have written to be writing to have been writing 被动语态 to be written to have been written ２、 不定式的句法功能

（１） 作主语

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：

It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher.

（２） 作宾语

通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如： I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

（３） 作表语

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.

（４） 作定语

不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如： I have two letters to write. I have a lot of work to do.

（５） 作宾补

通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：

He ordered her to leave at once. He was forced to obey his order.

（６） 作状语

He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

（７） 作独立成分

To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

（８） \疑问词＋不定式\结构。 如： I don't know how to choose them. I cannot decide where to go.

（9）不定式的否定式。如： I decided not to go.

（10）不定式的完成式。如：

He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in. The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week. （11）too…to 结构。如：

He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)

（12）主动表被动。如： The book is easy to read. I have a book to read. II．例题

例１ I haven't got a chair ____.

A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting

解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是\动宾关系\，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。

例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go

解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。

例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.

A to be built B built C to build D to building

解析：该题选A。is to be built意为\将要被建\。 （八）动名词 I． 要点

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

１、 动名词的形式，以write为例。 式 | 语态 一般式 完成式 主动语态 writing having written 被动语态 being written having been written 否定式 not +动名词

２、 动名词的用法

（１） 作主语

Playing football is my favorite sport.

Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.

作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如： It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.

（２） 作宾语

I enjoy playing PC game.

He gave up writing five years ago.

（３） 作表语

What he hated most was doing nothing. Seeing is believing.

动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。

（４） 作定语

There's a dining room in my school. All the people watching laughed.

（５） 动名词的复合结构\物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词\。如： Tom's going home late made her mother angry. Would you mind my opening the window?

不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。

①无生命名词

The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.

Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.

②有生命名词，但表泛指。

Have you ever heard of girls smoking?

③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。

Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day? 3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语

mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,

be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,

can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,

look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing, devote to doing, lead to doing II．例题

例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you. A going B to go C for going D went

解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语

例２ The garden needs ____.

A water B watering C to water D watered

解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。

例３ Excuse me ____ you. A interrupting B to interrupt

C interrupted D to have interrupted

解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。 （九）分词 I． 要点

分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。 过去分词的句法功能：

１、 作定语

I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.

The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.

２、 作表语

When I came into the room, I found the window was broken. I'm interested in this book.

３、 作宾语补足语

I'm going to have my bike repaired.

When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.

4、作状语

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.

The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students. 现在分词的句法功能。

1、作状语

Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful. Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

2、作宾语

I hate being spoken ill of.

He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.

3、作表语

Seeing is believing. The book is interesting.

4、作宾语补足语

I noticed him crossing the street.

Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.

5、作定语

Do you know the man writing a letter?

The worker running a machine is my brother. 分词使用中的几个问题

1、现在分词的完成式

Having cleaned the room, I went out.

2、现在分词的否定式

Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.

3、现在分词与过去分词的不同

现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成 I found the man killed there.

I found the man standing there.

4、have结构

We have the car repaired. We have repaired the car. We have Tom repair the car.

We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.

5、分词作表语

We were excited at the news. The football game is exciting.

6、独立主格结构

It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park. II． 例题

例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you. A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting

解析：该题答案为D。 Time permitting…是独立主格结构，意为\如果时间允许的话…\

例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker. A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking

解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。 英语语法知识难点（三）

（十）情态动词与助动词 I． 要点

助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would). 情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，主要的情态动词有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.

1、can 能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，如:You can go now. 提建议或请求时可用can I, can you表客气，如Can I buy you a drink?

can和be able to表能力时的区别。

can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定条件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.

2、may

（1）、可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。You may go.

（2）、（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.

3、must, have to

must表主观上的必须，have to表客观上的必须，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.

(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)

4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，如用作情态动词后接动词原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)

5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，如，Shall we begin our lesson? 用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.

6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.

7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 \\，

8、should have done表应该做而未做 must have done表对过去事实的肯定推测 could have done表本可以做某事

9、判断句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might He must be in the office now.

He must have gone to bed, for the light is out. He can't be in the office. He is at home.

He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today. He might be in the office, I am not sure. He might have cleaned the room, I suppose. II． 例题

例1，They _______ to walk in the street at might.

A. didn't dare B. not dared C. not dare D. dared not

解析，该题答案为A， 此空需选一动词作谓语，因为后面是to walk, didn't dare是行为动词dare过去时态的否定形式。

例2，When he was very old, Mr. Smith _______ sit for hours without saying a word.

A. would B. should C. must D. used

解析，该题答案为A, would此处表过去的倾向性，习惯性动作，意为\总是\如: When we were children, we would go swimming every summer. （十一）句子种类 I． 要点

句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

1、陈述句的否定

（1） 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如: I don't think he is right.

（2） 含有否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子应视为否定句，如: I have never been there before.

2、反意疑问句

（1） need和dare 既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如We needn't leave, need we? We don't need to leave, do we?

（2） 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如：He seldom comes, does he?

（3） 陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?

陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如:Everybody knows that, don't they?

（4） 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式，如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?

（5） 陈述部分是\结构时，反问部分用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there?

（6） 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如: He never told others what he thought, did he?

但，如果是I think , I believe等 +宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，如，I don't think he is right, is he? I don't believe he does that, does he?

3、感叹句

用what或how,

What a beautiful park it is.

How beautiful a park it is. How beautiful the park is. How we worked!

4、祈使句 Take care!

Don't stand there.

Please open the door for the old lady. II．例题

例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?

A. will you B. do you C. won't you D. shall you

解析：该题答案为A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用\，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you? 例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ?

A. will you B. won't you C. shall we D. do we

解析：该题答案为C，let's…后加上shall we来表语气婉转、客气，而在let us后加上will you。

例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ?

A. doesn't he B. does he C. do they D. has he

解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。 （十二）各种从句 I．要点

根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

1、 名词性从句

（1） 主语从句

What he wants is a piece of paper.

It is believed that he can solve the problem. 注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。

（2）宾语从句

I don't know how to solve the problem. Do you know where he lives?

（3）表语从句

The problem is who can help me. This is why I came here.

（4）同位语从句

I have no idea where he went.

I heard the news that he would come.

同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。

2、定语从句

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和关系副词when, where, why。

（1）that指物时一般可与which互换，但在下列情况下，要用that而不用which。

a. 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时，如， Everything (that) he did is wrong.

b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，如， I'll read all the books (that) you lend me.

c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时， This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.

d. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如 He is the very man (that) I'm looking for.

e. 只用which的情况

在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中

This is the book about which we have talked a lot.

The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.

f. where和when作关系副词 This is the room where I worked. This is the room which I stayed in.

I remembered the day when we lived there. I remembered the day that I spent there.

g. as和which

as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以 As you know, he is good at English. three of them 和three of which

I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian. I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian. 3、状语从句

在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。 II． 例题

例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business. A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when

解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。

例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong. A. where B. in that C.X D. with which

解析：该题答案为C，先行词是way，定语从句中用that或 in which来引导或不填。

例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time. A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be

解析：该题答案为B，It is +时间数+ since引导的从句是一个句型，意为\从…时候以来过了多久了。\（十三）主谓一致 I． 要点

谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。

1、语法上一致

（1）、以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如， To work hard is necessary for a student.

（2）、用and或both……and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数，如， Both he and I are right.

但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.

（3）、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，谓语动词仍用单数，如， The teacher as well as his students is excited.

（4）、某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用单数，如:Everyone has a book.

（5）、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语

动词要用复数，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.

2、意义上一致

（1）、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，如，

Twenty years is not a long time.

（2）、表示总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，

People are talking about the accident.

（3）、有些集合名词，如family, team等作主语，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如指其中每个成员，则用复数，如， My family is a big one. My family are watching TV.

3、邻近一致

用连词or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致，如， Either you or I am mad. II．例题

例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.

A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built

解析：该题答案为A。works形式上是复数，意思上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数，类似的还有news, maths, politics, physics.

例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics. A. have B. has C. having D. gets

解析：该题答案为A。They each不等于each of …, each of 这个词组作主语谓语用单数如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来变化。 英语语法知识难点（四） （十四）倒装

I．要点

按\主语+谓语\这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为\谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语\，就是倒装语序。

1、全部倒装

（1）there be 句型

There is going to be a meeting. There is a book on the table.

（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如， Here comes the bus. Here he comes.

（3）直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，如， \

（4）为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，如，In front of the house sat a small boy. 2、部分倒装

（1）so, neither, nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如， I like swimming, so does my brother.

（2）only +状语放在句首，如， Only through this method can we win. Only in this way can we do the work well.

（3）含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如， Never had I heard that. Little did I know about this.

（4）以often, so +形容词或副词开头的句子，如， So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.

（5）用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前，如， Were I you, I wouldn't do that. Had he come, we would have won.

（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如， May you be happy for ever. II．例题

例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.

A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair

解析：该题答案为B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒

装，but后面仍是正常语序。

例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）. A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond

解析：该题答案为B，在让步状语从句中，从属连词as可以表示though，但要用倒装语序。

例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.

A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope

解析：该题答案为A， only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时，须用倒装。 （十五）it 与there be的用法 I．要点

1、it的用法

（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到的无生命的事物，动植物、婴儿及指示代词this, that，如，

I have a new pen. It is beautiful.

The Browns have a new baby. It's cute.

（2）用来表示时间、天气、距离等，如， It's twelve o'clock now. It's fine today.

（3）用作引导词，代替由不定式，ing形式或从句表示的真正的主语或宾语，如，

It's no good telling him that. It's necessary for you to do so.

（4）用在强调结构中，构成强调句式：It is/was +被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子其余部分，可强调除谓语以外的句子其他成分，如， It was this morning that I saw him in the street. It was I who saw him in the street this morning. It was in the street that I saw him this morning. It was him whom I saw in the street this morning.

2、there be句型

英语表示某时某处或某物时，常用there be句型，这是一种倒装结构，如， There are a lot of students playing on the ground. There is going to be a test this afternoon.

当主语有两个或两个以上时，动词be常和最近的那个主语取得一致，如， There is a pen and three pencils in the pencil-box.

There isn't a desk, a bench and three chairs in the room. There are lots of people like it, aren't there?

there be句型，谓语动词除be之外，还可用其他表示存在，位置移动等意义的不及物动词或词组，如exist, stand, lie, enter, come, happen to be, appear to be等，如，

There stands a house at the foot of the hill.

there be句型表示\存在\而have表\有\、\拥有\，所以there be中 be不能换成have，但当have表示事物的特征时，可用\主语+have\结构替换there be 句型，如：

There are five doors in the house. The house has five doors. there be 的其它句型：

1、There must be a meeting in the office.

2、There have been great changes since 1979. 3、There being no bus, we had to walk home. I． 例题

例１ ____ that he went to sleep.

A It was until midnight B That was until midnight C It was not until midnight D That was not until midnight

解析：该题答案为C。强调until结构时，要将否定词not移到until前。又如：He didn't leave until twelve 改为It was not until twelve that he left. 例２ There are a lot of students ____ in the class room. A talk B talking C talked D to talk

解析：该题正确答案为B。 There be句型为倒装句，可换为A lot of students are talking in the class room. 又如：There is a lot of noise heard out in the street. （十六）省略 I．要点

有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。

１、 固定习惯用词。如： No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。

2. 简单句中的省略

（１） 口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如：（It is）Nice to see you!

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