动词-ing用法面面观

关于“动词-ing形式”的用法,本报语法栏目已作了大量的讲解。本文试图用“问题解答”和“判断正误”两种方式,从另外的角度来分析其用法。【问题解答】【问】No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission. She walked slowly in order not to wake up the sleeping baby. 在这两句话中,reading 和sleeping 都分别作了room和baby的定语,但总感觉它们有些不同,请讲一下之间的区别好吗?

动词-ing用法面面观

山东 刘永科

关于“动词-ing形式”的用法，本报语法栏目已作了大量的讲解。本文试图用“问题解答”和“判断正误”两种方式，从另外的角度来分析其用法。

【问题解答】

【问】No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission. She walked slowly in order not to wake up the sleeping baby. 在这两句话中，reading 和sleeping 都分别作了room和baby的定语，但总感觉它们有些不同，请讲一下之间的区别好吗?

【答】你的问题很好。reading 和room的关系以及sleeping和baby的关系，的确是不一样的。在the reading room 中，room和reading的关系是目的关系，相当于the room for reading. 又如：

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming (游泳池)

a washing machine = a machine for washing (洗衣机)

the waiting room = the room for waiting (候车室)

a writing desk = a desk for writing (写字台)

在the sleeping baby中， baby和sleeping的关系是主谓关系，相当于the baby who is sleeping. 又如：

a barking dog = a dog that is barking (正在吠叫的狗)

flying birds = birds that are flying (正在飞行的鸟)

smiling faces = faces that are smiling (微笑的脸)

a floating boat = a boat that is floating (一只正在飘浮的船)

【结论】“动词-ing”作前置定时，被修饰语和它的关系有可能是“目的关系”，有可能是“主谓关系”。如果是前者，那么就可以用for doing 放在被修饰语之后作定语；如果是后者，那么“动词-ing”就可以扩展为一个进行时态的定语从句。

【问题解答】

【问】单个的“动词-ing”作定语都是放在被修饰词的前面，如果“动词-ing短语”作定语，该放在什么位置? 转换成定语从句一定是进行时态吗?

【答】一般说来，单个的“动词-ing”作定语都是放在被修饰词的前面，但“动词-ing短语”作定语，则放在后面。例如：

Do you know the girl reading a novel over there? 转换为：

Do you know the girl who is reading a novel over there? (现在进行时)

转换成定语从句，不一定都是进行时态，也许是一般现在时态，这要看整个句子的意思。例如：

They are visitors coming from several countries. 转换为：

They are visitors who come from several countries. (一般现在时)

The lake lying in the west of Hangzhou is called the West Lake. 转换为：

The lake which lies in the west of Hangzhou is called the West Lake. (一般现在时)

【判断正误】

黑体部分是“带有逻辑主语的动词-ing”，请给下列句子作个诊断。

第一组：

关于“动词-ing形式”的用法,本报语法栏目已作了大量的讲解。本文试图用“问题解答”和“判断正误”两种方式,从另外的角度来分析其用法。【问题解答】【问】No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission. She walked slowly in order not to wake up the sleeping baby. 在这两句话中,reading 和sleeping 都分别作了room和baby的定语,但总感觉它们有些不同,请讲一下之间的区别好吗?

1. His asking questions is a good habit. (正确)

2. He asking questions is a good habit. (错误)

3. Him asking questions is a good habit. (错误)

4. Tom’s asking questions is a good habit. (正确)

5. Tom asking questions is a good habit. (错误)

第二组：

1. Do you mind his asking questions? (正确)

2. Do you mind him asking questions? (正确)

3. Do you mind he asking questions? (错误)

4. Do you mind Tom’s asking questions? (正确)

5. Do you mind Tom asking questions? (正确)

【分析】诊断已经给出，对错一目了然。“第一组”5个句子是动词-ing短语作主语，正确的句子只有两个：代词必须使用物主代词(his)，名词必须使用所有格形式，其他情况概不正确。“第二组”5个句子是动词-ing短语作宾语，正确的句子共有四个：只有代词主格是错的，其他形式都正确。

【问题解答】

【问】关于“动词-ing”逻辑主语的问题，什么对和什么错已经很明白了。还有一个问题就是，“动词-ing”也有被动语态吗? 请讲一下好吗?

【答】众所周知，英语的被动语态是由“be + 过去分词”构成。动词-ing也有主动和被动之分，如writing的被动形式是being written。动词-ing的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是动作的接受者。请比较：

John tried to avoid seeing Mary these days. 近几天来，约翰试图避免见到玛丽。

John tried to avoid being seen by Mary these days. 近几天来，约翰试图避免被玛丽见到。 Charles likes taking his little sister to the theatre. 查尔斯喜欢带着她妹妹去剧院。

Charles likes being taken to the theatre. 查尔斯喜欢被别人领着去剧院。

He came into the office without asking the teacher for permission.

He came into the office without being asked.

以上句子，主动和被动的区别显而易见，无须多讲。动词-ing的被动语态在句中可以做何种成分呢?

1. 作宾语：

She remembered being told the news twice by her friend.

Tom was late and entered the classroom without being seen.

2. 作宾补：

She heard her name being called from behind.

When we got to the village, we found the trees being cut by the farmers.

3. 作状语：

Being praised by the teacher, she felt very proud.

Being examined by the doctor, he was very nervous.

4. 作主语：

Being scolded by his parents made John very upset.

Being chosen to attend the ceremony was a great honour to him.

关于“动词-ing形式”的用法,本报语法栏目已作了大量的讲解。本文试图用“问题解答”和“判断正误”两种方式,从另外的角度来分析其用法。【问题解答】【问】No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission. She walked slowly in order not to wake up the sleeping baby. 在这两句话中,reading 和sleeping 都分别作了room和baby的定语,但总感觉它们有些不同,请讲一下之间的区别好吗?

5. 作定语：

The meeting being held now is of great importance to our daily life.

Nothing could be heard but the noise of machines being repaired.

【判断正误】

黑体部分是“动词-ing的否定形式”，请给下列句子作个诊断。

A. Tom felt sorry for not inviting Mary to his birthday party. (正确)

B. Tom felt sorry for inviting not Mary to his birthday party. (错误)

A. Tom felt sorry for his not inviting Mary to his birthday party. (正确)

B. Tom felt sorry for not his inviting Mary to his birthday party. (错误)

A. Tom felt sorry for not having invited Mary to his birthday party. (正确)

B. Tom felt sorry for having not invited Mary to his birthday party. (错误)

A. Not being invited to Tom’s birthday party made Mary very sad. (正确)

B. Being not invited to Tom’s birthday party made Mary very sad. (错误)

A. Her not being invited to Tom’s birthday party made Mary very sad. (正确)

B. Not her being invited to Tom’s birthday party made Mary very sad. (错误)

A. Not having been invited to Tom’s birthday party, Mary felt very sad. (正确)

B. Having not been invited to Tom’s birthday party, Mary felt very sad. (错误)

【分析】诊断已经给出，对错一目了然。A句之所以正确，B句之所以错误，是因为not的位置必须放在：动词-ing之前，物主代词之后。否则就是错误的，毫无例外。不信? 请你对照每个句子看看。

（山东省潍坊第七中学 刘永科）

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