赏析版2013年2月经济学人文章(英汉双语对照)汇集

经济学人中文网赏析版2013年2月经济学人文章（英汉双语对照）汇集

Contents

[2013.02.02]Clear as mud华为：犹抱琵琶半遮面 (1)

[2013.02.02]South Korean politics:Pardon me李明博特赦政治亲信 (2)

[2013.2.2]Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon (4)

[2013.02.02]British monetary policy英国货币政策 (8)

[2013.02.02]Patriotism recycled另一种形式的爱国主义 (11)

[2013.02.02]Business商业：全球利基市场 (14)

[2012.02.02]Northern lights北欧专题报道-北极光 (19)

[2013.02.09]Rumblings from below朝鲜人民内部暗流涌动 (25)

[2013.02.09]German:Schavan-freude德国教育部长因论文剽窃下台 (35)

[2013.02.09]Rumblings from below朝鲜：山雨欲来风满楼 (37)

[2013.02.09]Nomencracy名门望族的天下 (46)

[2013.02.09]Farewell to the cheerleader永别了，纽约城的喝彩者 (50)

[2013.02.16]Time is money瑞士制表业：时间就是金钱 (53)

[2013.02.16]Phoney currency wars货币战争？危言耸听！ (55)

[2013.02.16]Running out of road标致汽车：穷途末路 (58)

[2013.02.16]After the horse has been bolted挂牛头卖马肉 (59)

[2013.02.16]Who can save Italy?谁能拯救意大利？ (63)

[2013.02.16]避税港——消失的20万亿美元 (67)

[2013.02.16]The price isn't right公司税：差钱 (72)

[2013.02.16]How to make a killing如何大赚一笔 (78)

[2013.02.16]The rise of solo living独居时代的崛起 (81)

[2013.02.16]Trickle-up economics滴升式经济 (84)

[2013.02.16]The incubation of genius天才的孵化 (86)

[2013.02.16]Big reserves,big reservations能储量丰富保留意见颇多 (88)

[2013.02.22]New film:"Cloud Atlas"新影片：《云图》 (91)

[2013.02.23]Unreality television电视不靠谱 (94)

[2013.02.23]Canada’s Inuit加拿大的因纽特人：北极熊政治学 (97)

[2013.02.23]The horse-meat scandal马肉丑闻 (99)

[2013.02.23]叙利亚——一个国家的覆亡 (101)

[2013.02.23]mapping the brain绘制大脑图谱，连接是关键 (106)

[2013.02.23]Japan’s prisons:Eastern porridge日本监狱东方式关押 (110)

[2013.02.23]The alchemist妙手点石成金 (112)

[2013.02.23]A guide in Africa投资非洲的领路人 (115)

[2013.02.23]Unreality television电视非同现实 (118)

Six Good Books六本好书－2013年3/4月版 (122)

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经济学人中文网[2013.02.02]Clear as mud华为：犹抱琵琶半遮面

【导读】华为还须进一步提高企业透明度

Huawei

华为

Clear as mud

犹抱琵琶半遮面

The Chinese company sells ever more smartphones and opens up,a little

华为进一步扩大智能手机销量并略微提高企业透明度

Feb2nd2013|SHANGHAI|From the print edition

A REPORT that Huawei sold more smartphones in the last quarter of2012than either Nokia,HTC or RIM(the company that has just renamed itself BlackBerry)raised eyebrows last week.But less widely reported news about the Chinese company,best known for its telecoms-networking gear,may prove more important.

上周有报道称，2012年第四季度诺基亚、HTC、RIM三家公司的智能手机销量都落在了华为后面（其中RIM刚刚更名为黑莓公司）。此言一出，各方大跌眼镜。华为这家中国公司以其通信设备最为知名。与智能手机销量相比，华为或许还有一些更为重要的消息并未得到媒体的广泛报道。

“We will honour our commitment to transparency and openness,”declared Cathy Meng, the firm’s chief financial officer,at a press conference.Huawei is privately held,so has no obligation to disclose its finances.But its efforts to expand have led to grumbles in Europe about subsidies and a backlash in America against its opacity.A congressional committee claimed last October,on flimsy evidence,that its lack of transparency and ties to the Chinese army make it a security threat to America.

华为首席财务官孟晚舟在一次新闻发布会上宣称：“华为会坚持开放透明的承诺”。华为是私人控股公司，没有披露财务状况的义务。但该公司在努力扩大规模——这让欧洲方面有所怨言，称其存在不正常补贴；而美国也指责华为“不透明”。去年十月，美国国会委员会凭借一些站不住脚的证据，称华为透明度低而且与中国军方有联系，因此已经对美国的国家安全构成了威胁。

On the contrary,says John Suffolk,Huawei’s cyber-security tsar who used to be chief information officer for Britain’s government:his firm is itself the target of“tens of thousands of cyber attacks a week”.And Eric Anderson,of America’s National Intelligence University,concludes in a new book,“Sinophobia:The Huawei Story”,that the firm is a victim of China-bashing.

另一方面，华为网络安全官、曾任英国政府首席信息官的约翰?萨福克称，恰恰是该公司自身“每周会遭到成千上万次网络攻击”。而美国国家情报大学的艾瑞克?安德森在新书《惧华：华为的故事》里写道，这家公司是外界抨击中国的受害者。

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Ms Meng’s promise of openness is important because she is not just the company’s chief financial officer.Her father is Ren Zhengfei,its secretive founder.She said revenues rose to 220billion yuan($35billion)in2012,an8%rise,while profits surged by a third.Fine,but did not Huawei say in early2012that it expected revenues to rise by15-20%?No clear answers are offered.It seems the firm’s push into the market for company networks has got bogged down.

孟晚舟做出了提高公开性的承诺，这很重要——因为她不仅是华为的首席财务官，也是低调内敛的公司创始人任正非的女儿。孟晚舟称，华为的营收在2012年增长到了2200亿元人民币（约合350亿美元），比上年提高了8个百分点；而公司利润激增了三分之一。这个业绩不错，但华为在2012年早些时候不是宣称公司营收预期会有15到20个百分点的增长吗？对此，孟晚舟并未做出明确回应。华为试图挺进公司网络市场，但这方面的努力似乎没有获得多少进展。

Ms Meng also gave a few details about the company’s odd ownership structure.Mr Ren holds a mere1.4%stake,she claimed,and most of the rest is held by the firm’s employees. But will employees be allowed to trade those shares freely?The firm is ostensibly run by several co-chief executives,but can they overrule Mr Ren?How exactly was the firm’s original board of directors chosen?

孟晚舟也针对华为古怪的所有权结构披露了一些具体情况。她声称任正非所持股份只有1.4%，而其他大部分股份都由公司众员工所持有。但公司允许员工自由转让这些股份吗？华为表面上是几名联合高管在运作，但他们能够越过任正非行事吗？公司最初究竟是如何选拔董事会成员的？

Ms Meng says only that“in the future,we will also disclose other details,such as our board members’shareholdings.”Huawei is right to open up,but such partial disclosures reveal how much further the firm has to go.

孟晚舟仅仅表示：“本公司日后还将披露更多详情，比如董事会成员的股权等等。”华为提高透明度的做法并没有错，但这种犹抱琵琶半遮面的姿态证明该公司在这方面还有比较长的一段路要走。

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=179921&fromuid=272265译者：剑刃

[2013.02.02]South Korean politics:Pardon me李明博特赦政治亲信

South Korean politics

韩国政治

Pardon me

李明博特赦政治亲信

A departing president proves extravagantly forgiving

即将卸任总统过于宽恕

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经济学人中文网Feb2nd2013|SEOUL|From the print edition

A MONTH before leaving office,South Korea’s president,Lee Myung-bak,has sparked a political row by pardoning several political allies who had been convicted of bribery and corruption.The move has caused a rift between Mr Lee and the president-elect,Park Geun-hye,and has caused widespread public anger.In the past South Koreans tolerated a certain level of corruption,but slower growth and a perception of rising inequality have changed attitudes towards the culture of political impunity.

韩国总统李明博在卸任前一个月引发了一场政治争论。原因是他特赦了几位贪污行贿的政治亲信。这一举动使他和新当选总统朴槿惠之间的关系产生了裂痕并激起了广泛的民愤。过去韩国人尚且能容忍一定程度内的贪污，但是如今经济增长缓慢，贫富差异感日益增强，人们对政治赦免的看法也由此改变了。

Among those pardoned by Mr Lee is Choi See-joong,a former cabinet member and political mentor of the president.Mr Choi was convicted last year of receiving bribes from a property developer and has served less than half his two-and-a-half year prison sentence.被特赦的人员中包括前内阁成员、总统的政治导师崔时仲。他于去年被证实收受一名房地产开发商的贿赂而获刑2年半。现在已经服刑不到一半的时间。

Chun Shin-il,a businessman and long-time friend of the president,also had his bribery conviction quashed.The former national assembly speaker,Park Hee-tae,was let off,too, despite his involvement in vote-buying.

总统的长期盟友——商人千信一的贿赂罪也被免除了。曾参与贿选的前国会发言人朴熺太同样被赦免了罪行。

In total,Mr Lee pardoned55people,though not all of them were scandal-hit politicians. And there were no heads of South Korea’s big conglomerates,the chaebol,as in previous years,nor any pardon for the president’s elder brother,Lee Sang-deuk,who received two years’imprisonment last week for corruption.But that would anyway have been impossible:“Hyungnim”(“Big Brother”)Lee,as he is known to his critics,is appealing against his sentence,and pardons can apply only to completed cases.

李明博总共特赦了55人，但并不是所有人都是丑闻缠身的政客。其中既没有像前些年大赦中出现的韩国大型企业集团（韩国财阀）领袖，也不包括上周因为贪污获刑两年监禁的总统的兄长李相得。然而特赦李相得（批评家们称他为“李大哥”）无论如何都是不可能的：他正就自己的罪行进行上诉，而赦免只适用于已结案件。

Ms Park,whose inauguration takes place on February25th,won December’s election after promising cleaner politics.She says the pardons amount to“abuse of presidential power”. But just this week allegations of dodgy property deals forced her own prime-ministerial nominee to resign.

朴槿惠对选民承诺廉明政治而赢得了去年12月的大选，她将于2月25日宣誓就职。她说特赦等同于“滥用总统权力”。但是本周她自己的国务总理候选人因被指控参与房地产投机交易而被迫辞职。

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Mr Lee’s staff insist it is the legal privilege of the head of state to issue pardons.But it is a disappointing end for a president who once claimed to lead a“morally perfect”administration.

李明博的部下坚持认为发布特赦令是总统的合法权利。但是对于一个曾经宣称要领导一届“道德完美”的政府的总统来说，这无疑是一个让人失望的结局。

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/thread-180044-1-1译者：Yippee

[2013.02.02]Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon

Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon

德怀特?艾森豪威尔和理查德?尼克松

The odd couple

欢喜冤家

They were more alike than is often thought

他们的相似之处比人们通常想的要多

Feb2nd2013|From the print edition

Ike and Dick:Portrait of a Strange Political Marriage.By Jeffrey Frank.Simon&Schuster; 434pages;$30.Buy from 7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065

书名：《艾森豪威尔和尼克松：一场奇特的政治联合(Ike and Dick:Portrait of a Strange Political Marriage)》

作者：Jeffrey Frank

出版社:西蒙.舒斯特出版社（Simon&Schuster）

页数：434页

价格：30美元

亚马逊有售

BETWEEN1933and1977only two Republican presidents were elected,Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon.They are often seen as opposites:the hero and the crook. Eisenhower(or Ike)was the genial,selfless five-star general who seemed to float above the fray of party politics.Nixon was the cold,conniving liar,paranoid and petty.Jeffrey Frank,a former senior editor at the New Yorker,has written a book about the unlikely duo, which offers a more nuanced portrait of their personalities.Though they disagreed about politics and struggled to get on,Ike and Dick were more alike than is often thought. 1933至1977年间，只有两名共和党人士当选总统，他们就是德怀特?艾森豪威尔和理查德?尼克松。人们通常认为他俩的为人截然相反——一个是英雄，一个是坏蛋。在人们眼中，艾森豪威尔（Ike）是一名和蔼可亲、无私奉献的五星上将，似乎总是置身于党派间斗争之外；尼克松则是一个冷酷无情、精于暗算、生性多疑、心胸狭窄的骗子。曾在《纽约客》任资深编辑的Jeffrey Frank写了一本书，内容就是关于这两位并不像搭档的双人组合，该书

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更加细致地描述了他们的性格。虽然他俩在政治上各执己见、关系也处的不是太好，但艾森豪威尔和尼克松的相似之处比人们通常认为的要多。

Eisenhower picked Nixon as his vice-presidential nominee in1952because he had qualities Ike lacked.The old warhorse from Kansas needed someone young and nakedly political.An anti-communist would satisfy the party and a Californian would help to win over the Golden State.Nixon it was.It did not matter so much that the pair squabbled. They won39out of48states and55%of the popular vote.

1952年，艾森豪威尔指定尼克松为他的副总统候选人，因为后者有他自己所不具备的特质。艾森豪威尔——这名来自堪萨斯的老兵需要一个纯政界出身的年轻人。这个人最好是反共的，因为这样可以满足其党派之需；最好还是个加州人，这样就可以帮助他赢得加州人民的支持——尼克松就是不二之选。这两人是否相处得融洽并不重要，重要的是他俩获得了48个州中39个州的支持，并囊括了55%的选票。

They often failed to see eye-to-eye.Nixon was a hawkish adviser who blamed Democrats for losing China to communism.Eisenhower strove to avoid war at any cost.He ended the Korean war and refused to send soldiers to Vietnam,Hungary and Suez.The two had different views about the space race as well.When Russia launched the satellite Sputnik into space in1957,Nixon saw it as a failure of Western civilisation.Eisenhower said,“Any of you fellows want to go to the moon?I don’t.I’m happier right here.”

他们往往做不到“心有灵犀”。作为一名鹰派顾问，尼克松指责民主党把中国丢到了共产党手中。艾森豪威尔尽最大努力不惜一切代价阻止战争的发生。他结束了朝鲜战争、拒绝派士兵到越南、匈牙利和苏伊士。两人就太空竞赛的意见也不相同。当苏联于1957年把Sputnik 卫星发射升空时，尼克松视之为西方文明的失败。而艾森豪威尔则说：“你们有谁想奔月吗？我可不想，我在这儿就挺高兴的”。

This was a source of tension between them.Nixon would grumble about foreign policy and defence.He could be bitter.“This‘togetherness’bullshit,”he said of Eisenhower’s doveish multilateralist defence policy,“I don’t believe in that.I think the time will come when we’ll look back at this era and ask ourselves whether we were crazy or something.”Ike could be standoffish in return.

那是他俩不和的一个原因。尼克松常常抱怨美国的外交政策及防御策略，他的言论有时会很尖刻——对于艾森豪威尔的鸽派多边防御政策，尼克松说道：“这种‘团结一致’纯是扯淡，我一点儿也不相信。我认为，总有一天，我们会回首这一阶段，并问问自己我们是不是疯了还是怎么的。”对此，艾森豪威尔回应冷淡。

But Ike needed Dick to be his political hound dog.Nixon savaged the administration’s opponents,which allowed the president to be an apolitical,national figurehead.An aide called this Eisenhower’s“dirty work”.When Joseph McCarthy,a Republican Senator, overreached in his crusade to hunt communists from public life,Adlai Stevenson,a targeted Democratic governor of Illinois,pointedly declared that a“political party divided against itself,half McCarthy and half Eisenhower,cannot produce national unity.”Eisenhower decided it was time to restrain McCarthy.A fervent anti-communist and talented orator,Nixon was well placed for this.He laid into McCarthy on Saturday-night

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television,logically unweaving his illiberal argument.“It was just right,Dick,”Eisenhower said over the telephone.

但艾森豪威尔需要尼克松来充当他在政治方面的喉舌。尼克松猛烈抨击艾森豪威尔政府的反对者，这样艾森豪威尔就能成为一名政治中立的国家名誉总统。一名助手称这是艾森豪威尔的“肮脏把戏”。当共和党参议员约瑟夫-麦卡锡【1】（Joseph McCarthy）过分地从公众生活中抓捕共产党员时，被指定为伊利诺伊州州长的民主党派阿德莱?史蒂文森(Adlai Stevenson)对此直言不讳：“一个内部分裂的政党——一边是麦卡锡、一边是艾森豪威尔——是不能促进国家团结统一的”。因此艾森豪威尔决定，是时候让麦卡锡收敛收敛了。尼克松——这名狂热的反共分子、天才的演说家——正适合这一角色。在周六晚的电视节目上，尼克松把麦卡锡劈头盖脸地一顿骂，条理明晰地一一击破了对方的狭隘论点。艾森豪威尔在电话中对尼克松说：“尼克松，干得好”。

Eisenhower could be ignoble,too.After the Supreme Court declared segregated schools unconstitutional in1954,he wrote,“No other single event has so disturbed the domestic scene in many years.”Martin Luther King observed that Nixon did more for race relations than Eisenhower.Nixon spoke passionately about civil rights on the stump.He took

on critics during the passage of the1957Civil Rights Act.

艾森豪威尔也可能不会正大光明。1954年，在最高法院宣布“实行种族隔离制度的学校是违法的”之后，他写道：“这是多年来最扰乱国内形势的事件了”。马丁路德金称：与艾森豪威尔相比，尼克松在种族间关系方面做的工作更多。尼克松在作巡回政治演说时，激情洋溢地谈论了公民权利。在1957年民权法案通过期间，尼克松与批评家展开了较量。

At a time when political machinations are all too overt,it is entertaining to learn about the wheeling and dealing during a more discreet age.Yet readers may wish less space was devoted to how Dick felt about Ike,and then how Ike felt about Dick.All this gossip seems to take up valuable space:the Suez crisis,for example,covers no more than two pages. The Iran coup and important details about America’s economy are missed out altogether. Mr Frank tells an absorbing story in a breezy,lucid way.But as a work of history,the book leaves something to be desired.

在当今政治阴谋得以明目张胆之时，看看在更谨慎的年代人们是如何尔虞我诈的不失为一种有趣的作法。然而，读者朋友们可能希望关于他俩对彼此看法的篇幅不要占的过大。所有的这些流言蜚语似乎占据了宝贵的空间：比如苏伊士运河危机【2】只占了不到两页；1953

年伊朗政变【3】和关于美国经济的重要细节全被忽略了。本书作者明晰而风趣地讲述了一个引人入胜的故事。但作为一部历史著作，本书还有些不尽如人意的地方。

I.词汇：

lay into责骂攻击

on the stump作巡回政治演说

wheeling and dealing不择手段欺诈撞骗

take on与---较量

illiberal狭隘的

II.注释：【1】约瑟夫?雷芒德?麦卡锡（Joseph Raymond McCarthy，1908-1957），美国政治家，生于威斯康星州，美国共和党人，狂热极端的反共产主义者。

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1942年，美国开始参加第二次世界大战时他加入海军陆战队。

1946年他依靠反共观点当选为参议员，任参议员期间，经常发表攻击共产党的演说，谴责杜鲁门和乔治?卡特莱特?马歇尔对待共产主义时的软弱态度，帮助艾森豪威尔当选美国总统。他曾任政府活动委员会主席，和罗伊?科恩，在全美国清理共产党制造的影响，指挥调查委员会调查美国民主党成员以及他的政敌、对他有意见的新闻人物，不少人被撤职、逮捕甚至被处死。后来他在军队中搞忠诚调查，引致艾森豪威尔的不满。1954年，参议院通过法案谴责麦卡锡的政治迫害行为。

1953年，德怀特?艾森豪威尔担任总统，麦卡锡与共和党领导人决裂。

1953年6月19日，科学家朱利叶斯与艾瑟尔?罗森堡夫妇为此被判上电椅死刑，造成了美国的白色恐怖。

1954年12月2日，参议院以67票对22票通过决议，正式谴责麦卡锡“违反参议院传统”的行为，从而结束了“麦卡锡主义时代”。

【2】第二次中东战争（Suez Crisis，又称苏伊士运河战争、苏伊士运河危机、西奈战役、卡代什行动）是英法为夺得苏伊士运河的控制权，与以色列联合，于1956年10月29日，对埃及发动的军事行动。英法以三国的行动遭到国际社会的普遍指责。美苏两国均介入此事件，并对三国施加压力。11月6日，在强大的国际压力下英法两国被迫接受停火决议，以色列也在11月8日同意撤出西奈半岛。英法两国的军事冒险最终以失败告终，只有以色列一定程度上达到了自身目的。这场战争也标志着美国和苏联两个超级大国成为真正主宰中东乃至全世界的力量。

时间：1956年10月29日–11月7日

参战方：埃及；英国，法国，以色列

结果：埃及政治上获胜

参战方兵力：229000人（联军）

300000人（埃军）

伤亡情况：226人阵亡（联军）

约3000人阵亡（埃军）

战争影响

苏伊士运河危机不但导致了一个政府的垮台，英法两国在全球的庞大帝国加速瓦解。此外，美国和苏联两个超级大国成为真正主宰中东乃至全世界的力量。对法国的戴高乐来说，美国并不是一个可靠的盟友，只有拉拢欧洲其他国家才可能与美国和苏联抗衡，制造第三股平衡力量。此外苏联的核攻击威胁也让法国下定决心，必须研发自己的核武器。对埃及的纳塞尔来说，虽然埃及在军事战略上彻底失败了，但在政治上却获得胜利，埃及成为阿拉伯世界对抗以色列的主要力量，并是泛阿拉伯民族主义的根据地。

【3】1953年伊朗政变（在伊朗又称莫尔达德月28日政变）是指由英国和美国情报机关在1953年8月19日策动推翻民选伊朗总理穆罕默德?摩萨台的政变，中情局代号为阿贾克斯行动。政变使沙阿穆罕默德?礼萨?巴列维由立宪君主变成倚赖美国支持在位的当权人物，直至1979年2月被推翻。

1951年，领导伊朗国会内民族主义议员的摩萨台提出的国有化伊朗石油产业议案得到国会几乎一致的通过。过往伊朗的石油一直由英属的英伊石油公司控制，伊朗民众对英伊石油公司的不满始于1940年代后期，大部分伊朗民众和政治人物都认为英伊石油公司是大英帝国主义的遗物，剥削伊朗的利益。纵使摩萨台受到普遍民众的支持，英国还是不愿意为她在海

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8外最有价值的资产妥协，并挑动全球杯葛伊朗石油，对伊朗经济施加压力。起初，英国企图军事占领当时世界最大的炼油厂阿巴丹炼油厂，但英国首相艾德礼选择加紧经济抵制，同时动用伊朗间谍暗中颠覆摩萨台政府。虽然美国前任总统杜鲁门反对在伊朗策动政变，但随着英美两国政府越趋保守，英国首相温斯顿?丘吉尔及美国总统德怀特?艾森豪威尔决定要推翻伊朗政府。

英美两国扶植法兹卢拉?扎赫迪（Fazlollah Zahedi ）为总理组成军政府取代摩萨台。在两国情报机关的策划下，沙阿颁布了法令罢免摩萨台，任命法兹卢拉?扎赫迪为总理。中央情报局成功迫使弱势的沙阿参与政变，同时收买恶霸、教士、政客及伊朗军官发动对摩萨台政府的宣传战。在8月15日至16日晚间，内马图拉?纳西里（Nematollah Nassiri ）上校试图逮捕摩萨台但失败被捕，沙阿在翌日逃离国家。8月19日，中央情报局收买的一批暴民来到摩萨台的宅邸。根据已经解密的中央情报局文档显示，德黑兰最令人畏惧的一些暴民接受中央情报局的收买，在8月19日发动暴乱，另一些人则由巴士和卡车运送到德黑兰，占领各个街区，冲突导致800人丧生。摩萨台被捕，经过军事法庭审讯后以叛国罪作出判决。1953年12月21日，摩萨台被处以三年徒刑，及后被软禁家中直至逝世。摩萨台的支持者也遭到围捕、监禁、拷问及处死。

巴列维在政变往后的26年里作为威权君主统治国家，直至1979年被平民革命推翻。美国推翻伊朗民选政府所得的实际利益包括伊朗的石油财富，并且坚决制止了伊朗政府投向苏联的可能性，可是后者的动机引起了史学家的争议。华盛顿持续支持不得民心的沙阿，帮助沙阿训练他的秘密警察组织萨瓦克。该政变被广泛认为造成了伊朗和中东的反美情绪高涨。1979年发生的伊斯兰革命废黜了亲西方的独裁沙阿，建立抱持反西方立场的伊朗伊斯兰共和国。

III.相关网站：美国策划伊朗政变真相大曝光

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/digest/200004/26/gc042610

1953年，中情局颠覆伊朗政府

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/hqbl/2008-01/09/content_6382000.htm

社论：艾森豪威尔“结束朝鲜战争”的骗局完全揭穿了（1952年12月9日）（《人民日报》１９５２１２０９）

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/GB/8221/84385/190537/194936/11939722

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/thread-180224-1-1 译者：flysnow

[2013.02.02]British monetary policy 英国货币政策

British monetary policy 英国货币政策Shake ’em up,Mr Carney

卡尼，教教他们How the Bank of England England’

’s new governor (and the chancellor)should stimulate the British economy

英国央行新行长（还有财政大臣）应该怎样刺激英国经济？

经济学人中文网

ON FEBRUARY7th Mark Carney will appear before theTreasury Select Committee for his first formal grilling from British lawmakers since being named thenext governor of the Bank of England.This will be an important moment.MrCarney,hired away from the Bank of Canada,has recently given hints that hewants to shake up British monetary policy.He has talked about the need tostimulate an inert economy until it reaches“escape velocity”;he has said thata central bank might need to“tie its hands”by announcing thresholds to bereached before it reduces stimulus;and he has suggested that the level ofnominal GDP—the cash value of output without adjusting for inflation—might be abetter target than inflation alone.This willingness to think afresh isadmirable.But Mr Carney must now connect the dots between his ideas.

英国央行行长卡尼(Mark Carney)将于2月7日公开露面，之后会接受财政部特别委员会英国立法委员的正式质询，这是他被任命为英国央行行长以来的首次质询，并且十分重要。卡尼是英国从加拿大央行聘请过来的，最近他暗示希望重新调整英国货币政策。他谈到疲软的经济需要刺激一下，直到它达到“逃脱速度”，中央银行需要“收一收手”，在减弱刺激之前宣布经济需要达到的水平。他还间接表示名义GDP（不进行通胀调整的现金产出价值）比起通胀是更好的目标。愿意重新思考经济解决方案令人钦佩，但是卡尼需要把自己的思想联系在一起

At the moment the Bank of England’s mission,set bythe chancellor of the exchequer,is to focus on an inflation target of2%.Thatmakes sense in normal circumstances.But with short-term interest rates atalmost zero,the economy growing at barely2%in nominal terms(and not at all if you factor in inflation)and many years of austerity ahead,it is worth temporarily reinterpreting that policy and focusing on nominal GDP.Our suggestion is that the bank,backed by the chancellor,George Osborne,should make clear that it will not tighten policy until nominal GDP,currently￡1.5trillion,gets to a level that is at least10% higher than today.

目前财政部长给英格兰银行设定的目标是将通胀率控制在2%。这在经济状况正常的情况下是可行的，但是由于短期利率几乎为零，经济增长按名义价值计算只有2%（如果考虑通胀则没有增长）。央行将在未来一些年内实施财政紧缩，暂时重新解释货币政策和着重于名义GDP是很有必要的。我们的建议是：英格兰央行应该在奥斯本财相的支持下要清楚这一点，在名义GDP（目前为1.5万亿英镑）基础上至少10%之前，这项措施不会收紧政策。

When short-term interest rates are as low as they arenow,central bankers can loosen monetary conditions in two ways.They can useunconventional tools,such as“quantitative easing”(printing money to buybonds),to push down interest rates further along the yield curve.And they canguide people’s expectations of the future path of interest rates or inflation.If a central bank can credibly promise to keep monetary conditions loose evenas the economy recovers and inflation accelerates,it will,in effect,reducethe real level of interest rates today,and so boost the economy.

现在短期利率维持低位，央行行长可以通过两种方式宽松货币环境。他们可以使用非常规措施把利率按照收益曲线进一步推低，如“量化宽松”（即印钞票买债券）。另外他们还可以就

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对未来利率或通胀的走向对人们的期望加以引导。如果央行在经济复苏和通胀加速的状况下还能确保货币环境良好，那么这项措施能有效地降低现在的真实利率水平，也能繁荣经济。

The Bank of England has been willing to useunconventional tools.It was an early pioneer of quantitative easing;its morerecent“funding for lending”scheme for banks is a clever way to bring downbanks’funding costs(and should be used to hit the nominal GDP target). ButBritain’s central bank has been less successful at mapping its future policypath.The Bank has interpreted its2%inflation target in a flexible way,keeping monetary conditions loose even as inflation has stayed higher.But ithas not said how long such flexibility will last.Each time its interest-rate-settingcommittee meets,there is the possibility it will change its mind.

英国央行已经愿意使用非常规措施。之前它就是量化宽松政策的最早实施者，新近的“融资换贷款计划(funding for lending)”是降低银行集资成本的一剂良方（也应该应用到实现名义GDP上）。但是英国央行没有很好地规划自己未来的政策路线。央行对目标通胀2%的解释比较灵活，保持货币环境即使在通胀维持高位情况下依旧宽松。但它没有说这灵活性要持续多久。央行每次开利率会议都有可能改变主意。

That is where the nominal GDP target comes in.By promising to keep monetary conditions loose until nominal GDP has risen by10%,the Bank would provide certainty that interest rates will stay low even as theeconomy recovers.That will encourage investment and spending.At the same timean explicit target of10%would set a limit to the looseness, preventingpeople’s expectations for inflation becoming permanently unhinged.It is anapproach similar in spirit to the Federal Reserve’s recent commitment not toraise interest rates until America’s unemployment rate falls below6.5%.

这就是为什么会使用名义GDP。通过允诺在名义GDP升至10%之前保持货币环境宽松，央行保证利率维持在低位，即使经济恢复。这样就会鼓励投资和消费。同时，10%的明确目标为宽松设置上限，防止人们对通胀的期望长久混乱。在本质精神上，这项措施类似于美联储(the Federal Reserve)近期承诺提升利率直到美国失业率降至6.5%以下。

This is not a perfect answer.Critics point out thatnominal GDP is hard to measure—and that no one knows exactly how big theshortfall in nominal GDP is,particularly since Britain’s productivity hasplunged since the financial crisis.Against that,a10%increase is a fairlyconservative and clear target.Adopting it would be better for the Bank’scredibility than repeatedly missing the inflation target.

但这项措施不能完全解决问题。评论指出名义GDP难以衡量，没人准确知道名义GDP差额有多大，尤其是财政危机导致英国生产效率跳水之后。在此背景下，10%的增长相当保守，但目标明确。采取这项增长比不断错失通胀目标要有利于央行信誉。

Another worry is that all the growth would comethrough inflation.Sterling would fall,so imports would become pricier.Assetprices might bubble up,though Mr Carney could use other tools to cool them,such as limiting mortgage lending.There is in fact little risk of an unwantedboom.All this will take place as public spending is squeezed and Britain’smain trading partners in the euro zone are likely to be struggling.

再一个担忧是其它增长都在通胀中发生：英镑会贬值，因而进口更昂贵，资产价格或许会产

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11生泡沫，尽管卡尼可以使用限制抵押贷款等其它措施为其降温。事实上发生预期外经济繁荣的风险几乎不存在。当公共开支受挤压，英国在欧元区的主要贸易伙伴可能艰难度日时，这一切都会发生。The last problem is Mr Osborne.A temporarynominal-GDP target needs his explicit support.He should give it,becauseagainst a background of tight fiscal policy,monetary policy is the best macroeconomic lever that Britain has.

最后的问题在于奥斯本(Osborne)，暂时的名义GDP 目标需要他明确支持。他应该支持这个目标，因为在财政紧缩状况下，货币政策是英国最好的宏观调控杠杆。

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/thread-180293-1-1 [2013.02.02]Patriotism recycled 另一种形式的爱国主义

【导语】：不同国家会出版不同的公民指导手册，其中规定了一些本国公民理应了解的信息。英国政客强调英国性，英国的公民指南又会包含哪些内容呢？

How to be British

如何做个英国人

Patriotism recycled

另一种形式的爱国主义

The government government’

’s odd handbook for new residents 英国政府为新公民提供的古怪指南

Feb 2nd 2013|From the print edition

Why,of course we recognise him

咳，我们当然认识他

BEFORE the financial crisis,politicians expended much energy agonising about what Britishness was,and wondering how to bolster it through things like citizenship

经济学人中文网

ceremonies.This was a bull-market preoccupation:it shrank as the budget deficit grew, and politicians turned instead to pulling the British,whoever they are,out of their economic slump.One of its legacies,however,was“Life in the United Kingdom”,the textbook that is the basis for the test taken by all would-be citizens.The third edition came out on January28th.

在金融危机爆发之前，英国政客总是为何为英国性而大伤脑筋，并思考着如何通过诸如设立公民身份庆典仪式之类的活动，来将其发扬光大。这是一项只有经济良好时才受到关注的活动，一旦预算赤字增长，政客就把注意力转到如何将国民从经济困境中拉出来，关于英国性的讨论就变少了。然而，由此带来的结果之一便是《英国生活》【注1】的出现，所有新移民都要接受的入籍考试就是以这本书为基础。该书第三版将于1月28日付梓。

Many governments publish similar backgrounders.They follow a formula:a little history,an introduction to how government works,an encomium to famous writers,scientists and sportsmen and a list of freedoms and duties.Britain’s differs slightly in that it begins by asking,“What is the UK?”—a fair question given the profusion of names for the rocks that The Economist calls home.The overall tone is closer to its Australian and Canadian equivalents than to America’s,which begins by thanking you for your interest in becoming a citizen,in the manner of a ma?tre d’at a restaurant where all the tables are reserved until next spring.

许多国家也都出版了相似的指南来介绍本国相关背景资料。它们都遵循同样的格式：粗略地介绍一下本国历史、对政府工作的介绍、对著名作家、科学家和运动员的溢美赞词，以及公民的各项权利与义务一览表。与其他国家略微不同，英国的这本指南开篇就提出了一个问题——“什么是英国？”。作为《经济学人》发源地的英国，有着各种各样的称呼，有鉴于此，这个问题的确没那么容易回答。相较于美国，英国指南的总体基调更接近于澳大利亚和加拿大。美国一般先感谢读者有兴趣入籍美国公民，书中的口吻和餐馆领班告诉你要预订得等到明年春天时（的口吻）一样。

Each section ends with a little checklist.Readers are invited to affirm,among other things, that they understand the history of pre-Roman Britain and the ideas of the Enlightenment. Some of the selections might seem odd to long-term residents.The five writers who merit special treatment are William Shakespeare,Robert Burns,Dylan Thomas,Rudyard Kipling and Roald Dahl.Skiing is described as an increasingly popular sport.Pleasingly,Sake Dean Mohamet(pictured),who opened Britain’s first curry house in1810,is singled out for praise,along with a few prime ministers.

每一章节最后都附有一份小清单。读者们可以据此核对他们是否已经掌握了前罗马时期的英国历史和启蒙运动的思想主张等知识。对于英国常住公民来说，其中的一些选择看似很古怪。五个享有特殊地位的作家分别是威廉?莎士比亚、罗伯特?彭斯【注2】、狄兰?托马斯【注3】、鲁德亚德?吉普林【注4】和罗尔德?达尔【注5】。滑雪被认为是越来越流行的体育项目。令人欣慰的是，1810年在英国创办首家咖喱屋的清酒院长穆罕默德（见上图）和为数不多的几位首相，在专门的章节被赞颂。

All this explained,the book moves on to the values and responsibilities of Britons.The rule of law must be obeyed,freedom of expression and religion are cherished,equal treatment is given to people of every hue.Being British,it turns out,is a lot like being a citizen of any

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other wealthy democracy,with a few small adjustments.

解释完上述问题之后，这本书将重心转向了英国人的价值观与责任感。他们必须遵守法制，他们珍惜言论和信仰自由，不同肤色的人种人人平等。这样看来，除了细微差别，英国公民与任何一个富裕的民主国家公民相差无几。

Australia’s textbook reminds its migrants of the importance of“a fair go”,the principle that hard work and talent should always count for more than wealth or connections.America’s asks people to memorise the deadline for the filing of income-tax returns.Britain emphasises the importance of being a good neighbour.What does this mean?“Try to keep your garden tidy,and only put your refuse bags and bins on the street or in communal areas if they are due to be collected.”Rule Britannia.

澳大利亚的指南提醒其移民“公平”的重要性，这条原则强调了努力和天分总是比财富与关系重要。美国的指南要求公民牢记所得税申报表提交的截止日期。英国则强调了做一个好邻居的重要性。这是什么意思？大不列颠守则规定：“尽量保持花园的整洁，只有在收垃圾时间才能将垃圾袋或者垃圾箱放在街上或公共区域内。”

译者注：

【注1】Since2005,everyone who applies to become a British citizen has to show their knowledge of the English language and of life in the UK in one of two ways:by taking a special ESOL(English for Speakers of Other Languages)course,or by taking the Life in the UK test.From April2007,everyone who applies for permanent residence in the UK will also be required to take one of these two tests.The handbook contains chapters on:the making of the United Kingdom,summarising its history;a changing society,including issues of migration and the changing role of women;a profile of Britain today,including its nations and regions,religion,customs and traditions;how Britain is governed,including the British Constitution and its role in Europe and the world;everyday needs,covering topics of housing,health,education,money,leisure and travel;employment issues; knowing the law,including the civil and criminal legal system;sources of help and information,including public libraries and the police service;and building better communities,including participating in the local community and opportunities for volunteering.

【注2】罗伯特?彭斯（Robert Burns，1759—1796）苏格兰农民诗人，在英国文学史上占有特殊重要的地位。他复活并丰富了苏格兰民歌；他的诗歌富有音乐性，可以歌唱。彭斯生于苏格兰民族面临被异族征服的时代，因此，他的诗歌充满了激进的民主、自由的思想。诗人生活在破产的农村，和贫苦的农民血肉相连。他的诗歌歌颂了故国家乡的秀美，抒写了劳动者纯朴的友谊和爱情。

【注3】狄兰?托马斯：人称“疯狂的狄兰”，生于英国威尔士一个很有教养的中产阶级的家庭，而他本人天生就是一个顽童，而后又成为酒鬼、烟鬼。他很早就预感他活不长，自称要创造一个“紧迫的狄兰”，一个有着自我毁灭激情的诗人。他从本质上讲是一个浪漫主义者。他十九岁时出版了第一本诗集，立即引起了诗界的注意，接着他移居伦敦，两年后又以第二本诗集赢得了许多著名诗人的赞扬，1946年出版的《死亡与出场》更为不同凡响。这时他不仅轻而易举地走进了英国当代大诗人的行列，而且催生了摹仿他的“新启示”诗派（又称为“天启派”）。

【注4】罗尔德?达尔（Roald Dahl，1916年9月13日—1990年11月23日），是挪威籍

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的英国杰出儿童文学作家、剧作家和短篇小说作家，作品流传于大人或小孩中，极为知名。他比较著名的作品有：查理与巧克力工厂（Charlie and the Chocolate Factory）、詹姆斯与大仙桃（James and the Giant Peach）、玛蒂尔达（Matilda）、女巫（The Witches）、吹梦巨人（The BFG）和独闯天下。

【注5】约瑟夫?鲁德亚德?吉卜林（Joseph Rudyard Kipling，1865年12月30日－1936年1月18日，又译吉普林或卢亚德?吉卜龄），生于印度孟买，英国作家及诗人。主要著作有儿童故事《丛林奇谭》（The Jungle Book，1894年）、印度侦探小说《基姆》（Kim，1901年）、诗集《营房谣》（Gunga Din，1892年）、短诗《如果》（If—，1895年）以及许多脍炙人口的短篇小说。他是英国19世纪至20世纪中一位很受欢迎的散文作家[1]，被誉为“短篇小说艺术创新之人”。吉卜林的作品在20世纪初的世界文坛产生了很大的影响，他本人也在1907年获得了诺贝尔文学奖。他是第一个英国诺贝尔文学奖获得者，也是至今诺贝尔文学奖最年轻的获得者。此外，他也曾被授予英国爵士头衔和英国桂冠诗人的头衔，但都被他放弃了。由于吉卜林所生活的年代正值欧洲殖民国家向其他国家疯狂地扩张，他的部分作品也被有些人指责为带有明显的帝国主义和种族主义色彩，长期以来人们对他的评价各持一端，极为矛盾，他笔下的文学形象往往既是忠心爱国和信守传统，又是野蛮和侵略的代表。然而近年来，随着殖民时代的远去，吉卜林也以其作品高超的文学性和复杂性，越来越受到人们的尊敬。

7eecff9c76eeaeaad1f33065/thread-180365-1-1译者：小本子

[2013.02.02]Business商业：全球利基市场

Business商业

Global niche players全球利基市场

Nordic companies have coped well with globalisation,but need new blood

面对全球化，北欧公司虽应付自如，仍需新鲜血液

Feb2nd2013|From the print edition

NOVO NORDISK HAS the sheen of a global champion.Its corporate headquarters near Copenhagen is decorated with freshly cut flowers and thought-provoking sculptures,with little bowls of fruit and nuts dotted here and there.The CEO and his fellow executives work from a large open-plan office.

诺和诺德是熠熠生辉的全球性大公司。它位于哥本哈根附近的总部，饰有修剪一新的花朵和颇具深意的雕塑，并随处可见小碗盛装的水果和坚果。一个巨大的开放式办公室是公司的CEO和其他行政人员的工作地点。

That is all as it should be.Novo produces half the world’s medical insulin and frequently generates shareholder returns approaching30%.The world market for insulin is growing fast:about346m people already suffer from diabetes and the number will grow as the emerging world gets richer.Novo is well placed to remain the world’s leading insulin producer for years to come.

The Vikings’modern descendants believe they can turn globalisation to their advantage.

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They excel at producing born-global companies.Ericsson,founded in1876,started selling phones in China in the1890s.They also outperform more muscular competitors.Torben Pedersen,of the Copenhagen Business School,points out that Nordic countries are past masters at adjusting to rules dictated by big countries such as Germany or America.Surely they can cope with China and India?

一切本当如此。全球一半的医用胰岛素产自诺和诺德，其持股人的收益通常高达30%。全球胰岛素市场发展迅猛：目前已有3.46亿人罹患糖尿病；随着新兴世界的国家愈加富裕，这一数字还会增长。因此，在未来的几年内，诺和诺德将无可争议地稳座世界胰岛素生产老大的地位。这些古老维京人的现代后裔相信，全球化可为己所用。他们的出色之处在于：创建具有全球性大公司潜质的企业。成立于1876年的爱立信公司，在19世纪90年代就在中国销售电话。他们甚至打败了那些更强大的竞争者们。来自哥本哈根商业学校的托本.派德森指出：在由德国或美国这样的大国制定的游戏规则中，北欧国家适应良好，游刃有余。因此，应付中国或印度应该是绰绰有余了吧？

Alas,the logic that destroyed brawnwork such as shipbuilding and textile manufacturing is now moving on to brainwork.The best Nordic companies are transforming themselves from export machines into global networks.Ericsson,for example,has reduced the number of workers it employs in Sweden from31,000in2001to18,000today. Medium-sized companies are taking advantage of low production costs in the Baltic states as well as in China and India.In turn,foreigners are invading the Vikings’strongholds. Volvo,Sweden’s fabled car company,has been swallowed by a Chinese upstart,Geely. Danisco,a Danish food-ingredients company,has been taken over by America’s DuPont. Ericsson has sold its handset division to Sony.Nokia is a shadow of its former self.

然而，曾经摧毁过造船或纺织这样重型产业的商业逻辑，开始向智力产业蔓延。一流的北欧公司，正由出口机器的角色转变为全球性网络。例如，艾立信将公司在瑞典的员工数由2001年31，000人裁至18，000。中型企业正在利用波罗地海国家、中国和印度的低生产成本。与此同时，外国企业也在入侵维京人的堡垒。瑞典的曾经的汽车神话沃尔沃，已被一家中国新兴企业吉利所收购。丹麦的食品配料公司丹尼斯克，也被美国的杜邦公司接手。爱立信把它的手机部门卖给了索尼。而诺基亚，已是大不如前了。

The Nordic countries have an impressive number of globally competitive companies. Denmark is a world leader in hearing aids(Oticon),shipping(Maersk),toys(Lego),drink (Carlsberg)and windpower(with more than200companies that account for a third of the world’s wind-turbine market).Novo Nordisk is at the centre of a biotech cluster,dubbed Medicon Valley,that stretches from Copenhagen to Malm?in neighbouring Sweden and has an annual turnover of

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