学姐包过版!《英国文学史及选读》第二册 期末复习讲义(绝对全)

介绍一下，一共包括四分讲义，按顺序看，学姐没有看书，只看得讲义，复习了一个星期，考了90多分，

第一份：总体了解考点，大体了解就行（往下翻还有别的）

English Literature ( Book II)

Romanticis

1.Romanticism（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。

2.William Wordsworth要知道他的 “Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。Lake Poets（名词解释）。他诗歌的主要两类题材：nature and common people’s lives。

写过的著名作品：I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。

3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。

4. George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes (名词解释); 著名作品：Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza写成；Don Juan要知道大致内容。

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5. Percy Bysshe Shelley著名作品：Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound（lyrical drama，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。）其它名作: Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark等等。

6. John Keats著名作品：Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian Urn”。注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。

7. Charles Lamb：The Essays of Elia (humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers)

8. Walter Scott: founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature; famous novels: Rob Roy, Ivanhoe; features of his novels.

English Critical Realism

9. Critical Realism批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。

10. Charles Dickens主要作品: The Pickwick Papers (first novel); Oliver Twist; Dombey and Son; David Copperfield; A Tales of Two Cities等等，对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。

11. William Makepeace Thackeray主要作品即Vanity Fair要知道这个题目出自John Bunyan的The Pilgrim’s Progress，另外小说的副标题 “A novel without a hero”的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。

12. Jane Austen主要作品：Pride and Prejudice其它5部小说知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。Austen的写作特点：thin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country society; good at writing young girls; modest satire; witty dialogues。 13. Charlotte Bronte主要作品Jane Eyre，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。

14. Emily Bronte主要作品Wuthering Heights，情节，人物形象及意义。勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些supernatural elements，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。 15. George Eliot主要作品: Adam Bede, The Mill on Floss.

Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century

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16. Alfred Tennyson主要作品: In Memoriam, The Idylls of the Kings；有名的短诗Break, Break, Break; Crossing the bar等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。

17. Robert Browning introduced dramatic monologue to poetry. His famous poems: “Home-thoughts from abroad” etc. Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “Sonnets from the Portuguese”.

18. Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）Oscar Wilde主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。

Twentieth Century English Literature

19. John Galsworthy: 主要作品 “The Forsyte Saga”注意这是两个trilogy构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是 “The Man of Property”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。

20. George Bernard Shaw主要作品Mrs Warren’s Profession和Major Babara，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。 21. T. S. Eliot比较重要，特别是他的The Waste Land要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。另外他著名的文章Tradition and the Individual Talent被认为是manifesto of modernist poetry.

22. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities under the influence of Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud’s theories.

23. D. H. Lawrence重点作品Sons and Lovers这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，特别是其中体现的Oedipus complex，对其人物，主题要有了解；The Rainbow及其续篇Women in Love要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。Lady Chatterley’s Lover简单了解即可。劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。 24. Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）

25. James Joyce其它作品简单了解，但Ulysses非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主人公和情节，以及主题。

26. Virginia Woolf重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。书上主要介绍的是Mrs. Dalloway，其实她的其它几部作品特别是To the Lighthouse也比较出名，需要了解一下。

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第二份：课本对应版，很多细节题都在里面，不看课本直接背这个讲义我考了90分，这份是重点

《英国文学史及选读》第二册 复习提纲

Part VII. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

Introduction

? Historical Background

The political & social factors that gave rise to the Romantic Movement were the three revolutions – the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

? Intellectual background

The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct & emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. Representative thinkers are Rousseau, Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine.

? Term – Romanticism

（1） Romanticism is a literary trend fighting against the idea of Enlightenment. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798—1832. It begins with

the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ends with Sir Walter Scott‘s death.

（2） Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. （3） In essence, it designates a literary & philosophical theory, which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience.

（4） It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings & particular attitudes,

& valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual‘s experiences. ? Term – Lake Poets or The Lakers

In English literature it refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. ?

Term—Gothic Novel

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It is a type of romance very popular in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. It emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. It was applied by Horace Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto. It has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period with its description of the dark, irrational side of human nature. Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. ? （1） （2） （3） （4）

Romantic Authors in England

The glory of the age is in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Southy. Of its prose works, those of Scott alone have attained very wide reading The essays of Charles Lamb

The novels of Jane Austen and historical novels of Walter Scott

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

―. . . poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility…‖ (―Preface‖) 所有的好诗都是炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的. ——quotation from William Wordsworth. ?

Major works from William Wordsworth

Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云；Composed upon Westminster Bridge 写于威斯敏斯特桥上） Lucy Poems露西组诗

(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways 她走在人迹罕至的路边； To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;

The Solitary Reaper孤寂的割麦女); The Excursion远足 The Prelude序曲 ?

Analysis of William Wordsworth’s works

（1） She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways is one of his famous Lucy Poems, in which the lover tells that she lived unknown and died unknown. （2） Composed upon Westminster Bridge describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.

（3） The Solitary Reaper describes vividly and sympathetically a young peasant girl working in the fields and singing as she works and shows that the

girl‘s singing deeply moved the traveler and kept lingering in his heart.

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conventionalities, or even of mortal flesh: –– it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‘s feet, equal –– as we are!‖

These words are taken from chapter 23 of Jane Eyre. The speaker––Jane is trying to show Mr. Rochester that she must leave him because she doesn‘t want to become his accessory. She feels hurt because Mr. Rochester has not told her about his wife and in her mind he doesn‘t treat her as an equal being.

Emily Bronte (1818-1848)

?

He was a poet and novelist, a more passionate and rebellious character than her sisters, most gifted. Emily Bronte wrote only one novel entitled ―Wuthering Heights‖ in 1847. ? Wuthering Heights （1） Wuthering is Yorkshire dialect for ―weathering‖. （2） Wuthering Heights is a morbid love between Catherine and Heathcliff. （3） It is also the story about two families– the Earnshaw family and the Linton family, and an intruding stranger, Heathcliff, an orphan adopted

by Mr. Earnshaw.

（4） The novel is a bitter attack on the bourgeois marriage system. ? Techniques

The story is told in flashbacks.

The narrators: Lockwood & Nelly Dean(most part)

? Themes （1） A love that lingers in hatred of the past or totally governed by overpowerful passion can be extremely destructive to every one involved. （2） Forgiveness is the best way to make life happy.

Anne Bronte (1820-1849)

? ?

She is a novelist and one of the three bronte sisters. Agnes Grey《艾格尼丝·格雷》

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Victorian Poets

?

Victorian Poetry

The second half of the 19th century in England produced a number of outstanding poets such as Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), and Robert Browning(1812-1889). Browning has paved the way for modern English poetry in the 20th century.

（1） Victorian poetry developed in the context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of telling stories in verse.

（2） All poets show the strong influence of the Romantics, but cannot sustain the confidence the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination. （3） Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic poems with a sense of belatedness.

（4） Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of

Victorian poetry.

Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)

?

His Major Poetical Works In Memoriam《悼念》1833—1850

Idylls of the King《国王之歌》1850—1885 Selected Poems in our textbook

Tennyson’s Ulysses ―尤利西斯‖

Break, Break, Break” ―拍吧，拍吧，拍吧‖ Crossing the Bar ―穿过沙洲‖

? Break, Break, Break

This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson’s best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Form—The poem contains four quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic抑抑扬格feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb. Themes Grief

The main theme is bereavement丧友 , heartache, emptiness. In the narrator's dark hour of grief, the sun rises, children laugh, business goes on as usual. How could the world be so cruel and unfeeling? Preciousness of Youth

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Tennyson's friend, Arthur Hallam, was only 22 when he died. The shock of Hallam's death impressed upon Tennyson how priceless youth is. To underscore this idea, and to express the agony he suffers at the loss of young Hallam, Tennyson presents images of youthful joy: the fisherman's son playing with his sister and the \ Indifference of Nature

Nature continues to function according to its rhythms and cycles regardless of what happens, good or bad, to human beings. The temperature may plummet just when a poor family runs out of fuel. The sun may shine and the birds may sing in the middle of the bloodiest of battles. And the sea will rise and fall in a defiant, indifferent rhythm that refuses to acknowledge tragedy in the everyday life of average men. Tennyson laments this cold indifference in \? Crossing the Bar

This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson‘s life. We can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife. In the poem, the poet compares Death to putting out to sea in the dusk, which vividly reflects his fearless attitude toward death, for in his opinion, he may achieve lasting peace & see God face to face after death.

Robert Browning (1812-1889)

? Robert Browning is an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. ?

Robert Browning‘s contribution to literature: Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)：A dramatic monologue is a combination of the words dramatic and monologue (obviously). The ―dramatic‖ says that it could be acted out, and is a form of drama, while the ―monologue‖ defines it as a speech that one person makes, either to themselves or to another. ? His Major Works

My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 Meeting at Night《月夜相会》

Parting at Morning《晨别》

The Ring and The Book《指环与书》

Home Thoughts from Abroad《异国相思》

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? My Last Duchess

Main Idea—In this poem, Browning creates a character of chilling coldness and cruelty. The speaker is a Duke who is conducting negotiations for a bride, a new duchess. He is talking with the representatives of potential father in law. Almost casually, he shows them the picture of the ?last‘ duchess whom he had killed because he could not dominate her.

Form—My Last Duchess is written in heroic couplets（英雄体双行诗）, but most of the lines being ―run-on‖ lines and the riming syllables（音节） often getting little or no stress, the metrical（有节奏的） effect of the poem almost resembles that of blank verse. Somewhere it was called rhyming pentameter(押韵的五音部).

Part IX Twentieth Century Literature

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Social Background

Two main factors influencing literature 1. Imperialism 2. Widespread demand for social reform ? Ideological Background

Ideologically, the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships.

1. The theory of Scientific Socialism 2. The Social Darwinism 3. Freud‘s analytical psychology ? The Poetry in England in the 20th century

The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism, advocating new ideas in poetry-writing. They advocate to use the language of common speech, to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood, to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects, and to use hard, clear and precise images in poems. ? Novels of the 20th century

The development of 20th century fiction is characterized by two simultaneous but contrary tendencies.

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The first of these tendencies is modernism, a movement deeply affected by psychoanalysis and existentialism and represented in fiction by stream of consciousness narration.

The second tendency is a continuation of the tradition of realism inherited from the 19th century. Most critics today agree that the currents of 20th century fiction move like a pendulum swung between these two poles. ? The Modernistic Drama

The modern dramatist expressed their satire towards the upper-class people by revealing their corruption, their snobbery, and their hypocrisy. The English dramatic revolution developed in directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd. ? Term—modernism

(1) Modernism is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. It is a reaction against realism.

(2) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.

(3) The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.

(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.

(5) James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers.

? Term—The Angry Young Man

(1) A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.

(2) They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society.

(3) Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term \came to be widely. ? Term—Stream of Consciousness

(1) It is a method of story-telling in which the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. (2) It is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than the events themselves.

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(3) As apposed to usages of conventional plot structure, description, and characterization, the action is presented in terms of images and attitudes within the mind of figures, often to get at the psychic nature of the characters at a level distinct from that of their expression of ordered, verbalized thought. (4) Among English writers, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.

Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)

?

Thomas Hardy is a great poet as well as a great critical and naturalistic novelist. He is famous for his depictions of the imaginary county \His principal works are the Wessex Novel. Hardy's work reflected historical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life. ? Major works

Novels of Character & Environment

Far Form the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣 》(1874); The Return of the Native 《还乡》(1878);

The Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长 》 (1886); Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝 》 (1891); Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德 》 (1895) ? Tess of the D’Urbervilles tells the tragic life story of a beautiful, innocent peasant girl, Tess. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the

bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. The subtitle of the novel is ―A Pure Woman‖. It shows Hardy‘s deep sympathy for Tess. In Tess, man is portrayed as not being able to control his own fate.

Oscar Wilde Wilde (1854 ---1900)

? Oscar Wilde, a dramatist, poet, novelist and essayist, is a spokesman for the ―aesthetic movement‖ who advocated the theory of ―Art for Art‘s Sake‖. ? Major works His only novel

The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林?格雷的画像 》is a story about a handsome young man and his selfish pursuit of sensual pleasures. Dramas: Wilde made his reputation in theatre world between the years 1892 and 1895 with a series of highly popular plays.

Lady Windermere’s Fan 《温德米尔夫人的扇子》

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A Woman of No Importance 《一个无足轻重的女人 》 An Ideal Husband 《理想的丈夫》 The Importance of Being Earnest 《埃耐斯特的重要性》 Fairy Tales

The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子故事集》

George Bernard Shaw: (1856-1950)

?

He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. Most of his plays can be termed as problem plays. Thematically speaking, he writes about the relations between men and women, husband and wife, and parents and children; the problems of conscience, character and

disposition; the problems of individual and society. ? Major Works

Widowers? House 《鳏夫的房产》

Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业 》

Caesar and Cleopatra 《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》 Saint Joan《圣女贞德 》

Man and Superman《人与超人 》. Pygmalion 《匹格玛利翁 》 The Apple Cart《苹果车 》

D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)

? He is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century, and , perhaps, the greatest from a working family. ? Major Works

The White Peacock《白孔雀》 (1911)

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Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》(1913) The Rainbow 《虹》(1915)

Women in Love 《恋爱中的女人》(1921)

Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》(1928) ? The major concerns of his novels consists in the tracing of the psychological development of this characters and in his energetic criticism of the

dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He holds that human sexuality is the dominationg ―Life Force‖, and defiantly

and frankly describes scenes of sex, which is the reason why Lawrence had been accused of pornographic writing.

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)

? ?

She is the most influential and probably the most widely studied woman writer in the twentieth century.

Major Works

Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛维夫人》(1925) is about the life of a woman character‘s mind.

To the Lighthouse 《到灯塔去》(1927) is much concerned with the nature of art and artistic creation. It is considered as her best novel. A Room of One’s Own 《一间自己的房间》(1929)

The Waves 《海浪》(1931) is regarded as her masterpiece. It is her most experimental novel. It traces the lives of a group of friends from childhood to late middle age.

James Joyce (1882-1941)

? He is regarded as the most prominent novelist using the stream of consciousness technique. ? Major Works

Dubliners 《都柏林人》is a collection of 15 short stories, the first important work of Joyce‘s lifelong preoccupation with Dublin life.

A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《青年艺术家的肖像》(1916) is Joyce‘s first novel. The novel can be regarded as a naturalistic record of the hero‘s bitter expedriences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses 《尤利西斯》(1922) has become a prime example of modernism in literature. It is such an uncommon novel that there arises th e question whether

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it can be called a ―novel‖ at all; for it seems to lack almost all the essential qualities of the novel in a traditional sense: there is actually no story, no plot, almost no action, and little characterization in the usual sense. Finneganns Wake 《芬尼根守夜》(1939)

Araby 《阿拉伯集市》is the fifteen stories in Dubliners.

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第三份：锦上添花，背完第二份，补充第二份没有的内容

British Literature

The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Age of Revolution. (social and economic revolutions.)

一. Time Span: extends from the late 18th century to the third decade of the 19th century. from the publication of Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》 by Wordsworth and Coleridge,

second edition o by Wordsworth serves as the manifesto of Romanticism, in 1798, to the death Walter Scott in 1832 2,closely linked to the following social and intellectual events or figures:

1. The Industrial Revolution. 2. American Revolution 3. The French Revolution 4. Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》 5. Jean Jacque Rousseau (1712 – 1778). 6. Edmund Burke & Thomas Paine(two great thinkers and writers ) 二,Romanticism and its features

1,Definition: Romanticism 浪漫主义 Romanticism, as a literary movement during most of the 19th century, appeared as a revolt against the bondage of neoclassicism which emphasized reason, order and “elegant wit”, Romanticism put emphasis on passion, emotion, imagination, intuition and natural beauty. and inspired many English writers and the desire for personal freedom and individual rights encouraged a more daring and imaginative approach to both life and literature.

2,characteristics: (1) an emphasis on feeling, imagination, intuition and all in all an subjectivism. (2) a love for nature (3) a belief in individuality and freedom (4) a glorification of the commonplace (5) an interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre or the picturesque (6) a feeling of loneliness 三,Literary development in this period

1,emphasis on feelings, intuition, imagination and individuality brought about the flourish of poetry This is an age of poetry

William Blake, and Robert Burns were the two notable forerunners of romantic poetry.

works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats represented the highest achievements in romantic poetry.

gained full momentum with the publication of Lyrical Ballads

2,The period is also a great age of prose. Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey and Leigh Hunt.

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3,The only great romantic novelist of this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novels combined a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.

作家

William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) (p212-217) Romantic Period威廉 伍兹沃斯

I. His fame Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）: Poet officially appointed by the Royal Household in Britain to write poems for state occasions. III. His Works 1. Lyrical Ballads (p.213-214) 2. Poems on Nature and Country life (p.214) 3. His Sonnet 4. His Longer Poems (p.217) Comments on Wordsworth

(1) Wordsworth is the representative of the first generation of Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations for English Romanticism. (2) Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.

(3) His theory and practice in poetical creation started from a dissatisfaction with reality and tradition in society and in literature (4) Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) (p.232-243) Romantic Period雪莱 II. His Major Works

1. His longer poetical works include: Queen Mab《麦布女王》, The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普鲁米修斯》, The Masque of Anarchy 《专制者的假面舞会》 2. His Short Lyrics on Nature and love (240-243) Shelley’s short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output.

Comments on Shelley

1，Shelley is one of the leading romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in English language.,

2，Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet, his poetry is full of complex images and classical and mythological allusions. 3，His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which make his description vivid and moving. 4，Shelley is a revolutionary and idealist, a dedicated seeker of an ideal world where love and brotherhood of man would prevail. 5，What makes Shelley a great poet is the sheer music and matchless spontaneity of his verse.

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Ode （颂诗）: it is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung.

Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) Romantic Period简 奥斯丁

Her major works:

6 novels,. Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔的庄园》, Emma《爱玛》 and Persuasion《劝导》 III. Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见

(2)The theme tells us different attitudes toward marriage in Austen’s time. Elizabeth’s attitude, that marriage is not built upon wealth and social position but on spiritual understanding of each other, is praised by the author. Through the problem of marriage, the writer reveals the social position of women at that time.

Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society. Through the description of the daily talks and doings of young men and woman, she paints very real and interesting characters. She is at her best in writing about young girls, as she understands their hearts astonishingly well. Through Elizabeth, the writer shows women’s spirit of fighting for their independence, happiness and rights. Austen’s Writing features

(1) Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists.

(2) Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels (3) Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit, and delicate satire.

English Literature in Victorian Period (1836 –1901)(English Critical Realism)

一 Critical Realism in novel (p 276)

1 Definition: In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend – critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. It found its expression in the form of novel. Most of the critical realists were novelists, they described with vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.

2 Representative Writers: Charles Dickens（ greatest English critical realist） William Makepeace Thackeray（ a severe exposer of contemporary society.） Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy. 3 Features

(1) not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also show profound sympathy for the common people，Hence, humor and satire

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abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century.

(2) Critical Realism revealed the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. (3) But the critical Realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well.

(4) The major contribution made by critical realists is their perfection of the novel. 19th century realistic novels “the Epic of the bourgeois society”. 二 Social Criticism in Prose

. The important prose writers who criticized the evils of the capitalist society were Thomas Carlyle. John Ruskin and Mathew Arnold. They mainly wrote social criticism.

三 English Poetry in this period

The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose, especially of the novel. However, the development of English poetry did not stop.

concerned itself with the poet‘s purely personal tastes or spiritual questionings. most important poets of the age was Alfred Tennyson, next to him were Robert Browning and Mrs. Browning.

Charles Dickens (1812-1870) (P277-302)查理斯 狄更斯

III. Oliver Twist （p.284-286） 1. The story

2. Comments on the novel

This novel is a powerful exposure of the bourgeois society. shows the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents under the mask of philanthropy. offers vivid descriptions of the sufferings of the poor and oppressed.

Dickens, while sympathizing with the miseries of the people, did not know what and who was responsible for such miseries and even cherishes illusion about the rich idle and benevolent people. He believed that the social problems would be solved if only every employer followed the example set by “good gentlemen” Features of Charles Dickens’s Novels

(1) Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age.

(2) Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limit of his class. That’s why most of his novels have happy endings. (3) His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. (4) Dickens is a great satirist and humorist.

(5) He is a master story teller, a genius in story-telling.

(6) His character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his creation. Among his characters, there are both types and individuals.His success with children lies in his writing from a child’s point of view.

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He is also famous for the characterization of horrible and grotesque figures such as Fagin and the broadly humorous or comical characters like Sam Weller/ Mr. Micawber.

In a word, Dickens is able to portray a character with just a few words by highlighting or exaggerating some peculiar feature of his characters.

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)(p.303-308)查克雷 II. Vanity Fair（名利场） 1. The story

2.Comments on the novel(p.307)

describes the life of upper class of England in early decades of 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the upper class. Becky Sharp is a classic example of this money-grubbing instinct. Everyone wishes to gain something in Vanity Fair, and acts almost in the same manner as Becky. The Character Becky Sharp is drawn with admirable skill.

Characteristics of Thackeray’s Novels

1,Just like Charles Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century England. 2,Thackeray is a satirist.

3,Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. 4,He is a conscientious writer.

The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte & Emily布隆特

II. Charlotte Bronte’s Masterpiece Jane Eyre 1. The Story

2. Comments on the novel

(1),Charlotte tells a great deal of her own experience, as the life at Charity school and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society, through the mouth of Jane the writer maintains that woman should have equal rights and equal social position。

(2),Charlotte Bronte gives us realistic pictures of the social life of the 19th century . She attacks the evils in bourgeois society. But her realism is colored by the

petty-bourgeois philanthropy. She believes that education is the key solution to all social problems and by the improvement of the social system, most of the social evils could be removed.

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(3),Charlotte creates a new woman, Jane Eyre, independent, self-respected and generous. plain-looking but full of emotion. a rebellious woman character, striving for love, freedom and equal social position with man. So woman’s freedom and equal social status with man is one of the important themes of the novel.

(4)Jane Eyre is a realistic novel with romantic elements as well as some Gothic elements. It is written in the first person narrative. The story is told by the heroine herself.

III. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights 1. The Story

2. Comments on the Novel

(1) Theme: Love and revenge are two main themes of the novel. Through the tempestuous love story, the author seems to be telling the truth that love will overcome hatred. In the theme of revenge, we find the influence of racial discrimination and class discrimination. Heathcliff’s revolt and revenge is not his own , we may consider him to be one representative of those people in a lower position.

(2) Characterization: Heathcliff is depicted successfully in that he is a round character（浑圆人物） with changes and development. He is of primitive vitality, he is like lightening, fire and rock to Catherine. After Catherine’s marriage, he becomes a conscious rebel and a spirit of revolt against injustice. Catherine, the heroine, is

contradictory in herself: she loves Heathcliff the orphan but chooses to marry Edgar, who has social status but is like moon beam and frost. Thus her tragedy is caused by her own vanity. She betrays Heathcliff and kills herself.

(3)Narration: The story is told in a perspective that is between the first and the third person. In this way, everything seems more believable and the structure of the book is complete. The two narrators are important: Nelly Dean, the maid servant, has seen the two generations’ growth and gives them warnings and suggestions every now and then. Mr. Lockwood, a tenant of Thrushcross, is a conservative gentleman. Both of them are of common people’s viewpoints and find it difficult to

understand the love between Catherine and Heathcliff, they just tell us what they have seen and heard, and what has happened without any comment, this helps to show the main characters’ feelings.

(4) This novel is also remarkable for its simple, naked statement of violent emotions such as Catherine’s dying farewell to Heathcliff, for its images of savagery and scenes of hysteria and drunkenness such as in the description of Hindley and Hareton.

(5) This novel shows no remarkable conventional influence in either idea or form. Readers are especially struck by the apparent absence of social morality in the novel. In the novel, The writer shows with relentless truthfulness the weakness of Edgar, the silliness of his sister, Isabella; the brutality of Hindley, the egoism of

Catherine, the cruelty of Heathcliff as well as their force, and pathos of the grief and the love. But all these are just taken for granted by the readers, there is no slightest comment from the author, from this we can also see the truthfulness and vitality of the novel.

Victorian Poetry （P336)

1,Following the magnificent achievements of Romantic poetry, the Victorian poetry in many respects show a further development of themes and attitudes first explored by the Romantics.

The two great Victorian poets, Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning Tennyson’s early poetry was strongly influenced by Byron, Scott and Keats While

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Browning’s chief model was Shelley.

2,Victorian period is mainly an age of novel, but the development of English poetry did not stop 3,Much Victorian poetry gives expression to optimism and progressive vitality of the age. 4,Taken as a whole , Victorian poetry is remarkably varied and diverse

Alfred Tennyson (1806-1892) (P. 336)丁尼生

II. His Main Poetical Works

1. The Princess (1847)《公主》 2. Maud (1855) 《毛黛》 3. In Memoriam 《悼念》 4. Idylls of the King 《国王叙事诗》. 5. Tennyson’s Best-known short Poems “Break, Break, Break” “The Eagle” “Tears, Idle Tears” 《眼泪，无用的眼泪》 “Crossing the Bar”《过沙洲》

III. Characteristics of Tennyson’s poetry

(1) Tennyson has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language.

(2) He has a genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. He is able to create a sense of nostalgia, a wistful longing for remote experiences. (3) No English poet surpasses Tennyson at linking description of nature or setting to the state of mind of the speaker.

(4) Some of his poems deal with the main political, religious and scientific issues of his day. His poems reflect his conservative ideas and idealization of the bourgeois social reality.

Robert Browning (1812-1889) (P. 341)罗伯特布朗宁

II. Robert Browning’s Major Poetical Works

1. The Ring and the Book《环与书》2. My Last Duchess 《我的已故的公爵夫人》3. His best-known short poems

“Home Thoughts from Abroad” 《海外乡愁》; “Meeting at Night”; “One Word More” “By the Fire”; “The Last Ride Together. III. Features of His Poetry

1,His great contribution to poetry are his dramatic monologues, i.e. poems in which a character or a situation is expressed by words put into the mouth of the speaker himself. He is realistic, much concerned with presenting facts and analyzing human psychology. He is optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind.

2,Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白）: A poem in which the voice of a historical or fictional character speaks, unmediated by any narrator to an implied though silent audience. Such as Tennyson’s “Ulysses”, Browning’s “My last Duchess”’ and T.s. Eliot’s “The Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock”.

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British Literature of the Early Twentieth Century (1900-1945)

Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) （P378) 托马斯 哈迪 I. His Life

II. his lierary Career: His groups of his novel

1) Novels of Character and Environment, which are also called Wessex novels 性格与环境小说 2) Romances and Fantasies; 浪漫与幻想小说 3) Novels of Ingenuity. 爱情阴谋小说

It is the first group that are of great significance.The Wessex novels take the southwest counties of England for their setting. They include: Under the Greenwood Tree 《绿荫树下》 Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 The Return of the Native《还乡》

The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》 Tess of the D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》 Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》 II. Tess of the D’Urbervilles 1. The Story

2. Some Comments on the novel

1) Hardy tries to explain the tragic fate of the heroine under the influence some mysterious forces: a series of coincidence and chance. But the realistic unfolding of the story by Hardy actually points definitely to the disintegration of the English peasantry and hypocritical morality of bourgeois society as the obvious cause of her tragedy. That is to say, her tragedy is caused by the deterioration of economic conditions as well as the legal, moral and religious standard of the society. In this sense, this novel is a passionate accusation of capitalist society.

2) Hardy gives the novel a subtitle, “A Pure Woman Faithfully Portrayed”, we can see him defy the Victorian moral standard by calling Tess a pure woman. The character of Tess is well drawn, she is described as a victim of the society, she is a brave girl, hard-working, sweet-natured and innocent, but at the same time she is not free from the influence of social conventions and moral standard of the day such as her admission of her sin in her relation with Alec and her absolute obedience to Angel.

III. Characteristics of Hardy’s novels

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1) The underlying theme of his novels is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rules the world, brings misfortune into man’s life and predetermined his fate. This fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings.

2) In his works the strong elements of naturalism is combined with a tendency towards symbolism, which spoil the main realistic effect of his art. In spite of that , Hardy is never far away from the real life and the existing society.

3) Hardy is not an analyst of human life, but a meditative story-teller. He tells good stories about interesting people but seldom stops to ask why. His heroes and heroines are all vividly and realistically depicted but he seldom explores the psychology of his characters.

4) He is a good painter of nature, in his hand, nature assumes the form of life and becomes a most powerful forbidding force with its own life and will, he puts emphasis on the symbolic meaning of the nature.

5） All of his works are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fit well into a perfectly designed architectural structure of the work. They are the product of a conscientious artist.

Stream-of-Consciousness Novel:意识流小说

1，The term “Stream of Consciousness” which was coined by William James in Principles of Psychology (1890) is used to indicate a literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspect of characters in fiction.

2，Generally speaking, there are two levels of consciousness: “the speech level” and “the prespeech level”.The prepeech levels of consciousness are not censored, not rationally controlled or logically ordered. And stream-of-consciousness novel is generally concerned the prespeech level, i.e. with what lies below the surface., 3，Thus stream–of-consciousness novel can be defined as a type of novel in which the basic emphasis is placed on exploration of the prespeech level of consciousness for the purpose of revealing the psychic being of the characters and of studying human nature. Stream–of-consciousness novel is concerned with mental and spiritual experience, such as sensations, memories, imaginations, conceptions, intuitions, feelings and the process of association. 4，James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are usually regarded as the most prominent stream–of-consciousness novelists. They have opened up a new area of life for novel by adding mental functioning and psychic existence to fiction and by creating a novel centered on the core human experience. James Joyce (1882-1941)詹姆斯乔伊斯 II. His major works

Joyce is not a commercial writer. In his lifetime, he writes altogether three novels, (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》 , Ulysses《尤利西斯》, and Finnegans Wake《芬尼根的苏醒》); a collection of short stories Dubliners, two volumes of poetry and one play. All of them have the same setting – Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject – the Irish people and their life.

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作者 William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley Jane Austen Charles Dickens William Makepeace Thackeray Charlotte Bronte Emily Bronte Alfred,Tennyson Robert Browning 作品 人物、地名 《Lines》,《she dwelt among the untrodden ways》, 《Lyrical Ballads》, 《Poems on Nature and Country life》,《I wandered longly as a cloud》,《sonnet:composed on Westminster Bridge.》 《Ozymandias》,《A song:Men of England》,《Ode to the West wind》,《The cloud》,《To a Sky-lark》,《Queen Mab》, 《The Revolt of Islam 》;《 Prometheus Unbound》,《 The Masque of Anarchy》 《Northanger Abbey》《, Sense and Sensibility,》 《Pride and Prejudice》, 《Mansfield Park》, 《Emma》 ,《Persuasion》 《Posthumous papers of The pick wick》,《Club》,《Oliver Twist》 《Vanity Fair》 Bennet,(Bingley,Jane,Netherfield Park),(Darcy, Elizabeth),Caroline Bingley,(Lydia,Wickham) Oliver Twist,Old Sally,Bumble,Brownlow,Fagin,Monks,,Maylie Amelia Sedley,George Osborne,Dobbin,(Rebecca Sharp,Rawdon Crawley)Sir Pitt Crawley,Lord Steyne Jane Eyre,Mrs Reed,Lowood School,Miss Temple,Thornfield,Mr.Edward Rochester,Grace Poole,St.John Mr.lockwood,Thrushcross Grange,Wuthering Heights,Heathcliff.Catherine,Hindley,Earnshaw,Nelly Dean,Edgar Linton,Isabella Jane Eyre Wuthering Heights 《Ulysses》《Break,Break,Break》《Crossing the bar》《The Princess 》《Maud》《In Memoriam》《Idylls of the King》.《The Eagle》《Tears, Idle Tears》《Crossing the Bar》 《The Ring and the Book》 《My Last Duchess》《Home Thoughts from Abroad》; 《Meeting at Night》《One Word More》 《By the Fire》;《The Last Ride Together》 《Under the Greenwood Tree》 《Far from the Madding Crowd》 《The Return of the Native》,《The Mayor of Casterbridge》 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 《Jude the Obscure》《The Son‘s Veto》 Araby 39

Tomas Hardy James Joyce Jack Durbeyfield,Stoke,Alec,Angel Clare,

第四份：考前模拟练习题，查缺补漏。90以上真心没问题

《英国文学史及选读》第二册练习题 I. 浪漫主义时期

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. 1. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun with_____in 1798. A. the publication of Lyrical Ballads B. the death of Sir Scott

C. the birth of William Wordsworth

D. the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament 2. The Romantic Period is first of all an age of_____. A. Novel B. poetry C. drama D. prose 3. Romanticism does not emphasize_____.

A. the special qualities of each individual‘s mind B. the inner world of the human spirit C. individuality

D. the features that men have in common 4._____ is not a Romantic poet.

A. William Blake B. Sir Scott C. P. B. Shelley D. Lord Byron 5. _____ is a Romantic novelist but is impressed with neo-classic strains. A. Walter Scott B. Mary Shelley C. Jane Austen D. Ann Radcliff 6. _____ is not characteristic of William Blake‘s writing.

A. plain and direct language B. compression of meaning C. supernatural quality D. symbolism

7. Wordsworth published Lyrical Ballads in 1789 with _____. A. Byron B. Coleridge C. Shelley D. Keats

8. Wordsworth thinks that _____ is the only subject of literary interest.

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