作文复习总结材料

四级作文复习总结性材料

四级作文的类型 类型 现象解释型 对比选择型 问题解决型 观点论证型 应用文 主线 现象存在的合理性 比较两种不同观点 兼顾问题各方面，解决问题 证明观点的正确性 所给情景中的要点 组织材料形式 描述现象---阐述原因---表明观点 分析观点-作出选择 提出问题—分析问题的原因或危害—解决问题 表明观点—论证观点—得出结论 描述事实—阐述原因—表明观点或提出建议 ◆模板仅供参考，大家需灵活运用（ 材料中某些范文没有采纳材料中完全照搬的模板，但结构和组织是相似的，只是语言选择的不同，请大家学习借鉴。）

现象解释型（含图表作文） 模板一：

According to the chart/graph/table/picture, it is clear that 图表/画内容总概括 . The

chart /graph/table/picture shows具体描述图表/图画内容一 ,while具体描述图表/图画内容二 .Many reasons contribute to 现象概括

To begin with, 原因一.进一步阐述原因一.More over, 原因二.In addition,原因三 . As a result ,段落总结句. As to me ,我的观点/态度/建议. First of all ,理由一.Besides,理由二. To conclude,段落总结句.（也可使用范文中的总结性段落，依提纲而定。）

模板二

From the chart /graph/table/picture, we learn that nowadays,总述社会现象/事实现象 which has aroused the great /common concern .What impresses us most is 现象突出表现. There are many reasons accounting for现象或变化。

First of all ,原因一. What is more , 原因二。For example,举例说明原因二. In addition ，原因三. Therefore ,总结原因导致的结果.

As far as I am concerned ,我的观点 . For one thing/On one hand,理由一 . For another / On the other hand,理由二.Thus/In brief/ Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration , I may reasonably conclude that ---段落总结句。（也可使用范文中的总结性段落，依提纲而定。）

模板三

总体现象has been brought into focus. Nowadays,现象表现或变化. In addition ,进一步阐述现象. The reasons for this phenomenon are varied.

Among all these reasons, 原因一play a very important role.具体阐述原因一.Moreover,原因二.Besides,原因三. Therefore总结原因导致的结果.

As far as I am concerned,我的观点/态度Furthermore,进一步补充说明看法. In a word, 段落总结. （也可使用范文中的总结性段落，依提纲而定。） 常用句式：

1．As we can see from the chart/graph/table/diagram,…

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2. The chart/graph/table/diagram displays/illustrates/describes that… 3. The figures/statistics in the chart reflect/show/reveal that… 4. It is clear/apparent from the chart/graph/table/diagram that… 5. In 1990, it increased/decreased from ... to ...

6. By comparison with 1998, it decreased/increased by… 7. The figure has nearly doubled, ? with??compared? that of last year.

?as against??two and a half times??increased???8. It has ??, compared with ... ? almost?twice?decreased??six times????twice???9. The number is ?4 times? as much as that of 1990.

?half??? for??accounts10. It ?? ... percent of the total.

takes (up)???half??less than???third11. The number was ..., ? a ?? of the total of 1990. ?more than???quarter???12．…. had the largest percentage/proportion of

13. On the top of the list is …, which accounts for 60% 14. At the bottom is…, which takes up 20% 15. ….is second to …,

16 A is ranked/rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25%

17. The number of … increased/rose / dropped/declined/fell by….% from … to… 18. The number of …remained steady/stable at approximately … between… and… 19. The situation/figures reached a peak/high/ bottomed out at…% in … 20. The number soared to a record high of…

真题回顾

2002年6月全国大学英语四六级考试作文题 (1991年6月也属此类)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:

1.上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间: 1990年(2 hours)、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化；

2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 范文

Students’ use of Computers

From the chart, we can see clearly that the average number or hours a students spends on the computer per week has increased from less than two hours in 1990 to nearly four hours in 1995, and then to 20 hours in 2000.

This significant growth in the use of computers by students in the 1990s can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, because of the social modernization, computer becomes an indispensable tool for students to study and communicate. Today‘s society relies heavily on computers for immediate access to the news and for entertainment. Secondly, the fast development of the internet stimulates people to spend more and more hours on computer. What‘s more, due to the fierce competition in Hi-tech industry, the price of computer has dropped significantly. It is no longer a

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luxury but a common ―household appliance‖.

However, the increasing use of computers results in some problems and challenges. Some students cannot resist the temptation of some unhealthy information on the internet and are lured by it without self-control. And some others indulge themselves in computer games so much that they cut class so often.

评析：相对于统计表来说，柱形图的数据显得非常简洁明了。该图的横向坐标为日期，纵向坐标为大学生每周使用计算机的时间。写作时要考虑的关键是计算机应用与日期的关系：随着日期的推移，大学生使用计算机的时间越来越多。文章第一段中对图表的描述言简意赅，具有高度的概括性，开门见山，直入主题。文章第二段采用主题句+支撑的段落结构，分别采用等使论述层次清晰，一目了然，显示了考生良好的驾驭英语语言的能力，反映了考生良好的语言基本功。第三段用将话锋一转，指出了当今学生使用计算机时存在的实际问题。对于本类图表作文来说，可以根据题目中的提纲把第三点作为整个文章的结尾段内容，也可以再单独加一个段落作为结论段，如：In a word, what we should do is to use computers wisely, that is to say, take advantages computers bring to us and do our utmost to avoid its disadvantages。 又如：

模板一套用

Student Use of Computers

According to the chart, it is clear that the students‘ use of computers has grown rapidly. The chart shows from 1990 to 1995, the average hours that students spent on computers in every week were only doubled, while in 2000, the number grew to 20 hours, which is five times as large as that of 1995.Many reasons contribute to this tremendous growth..（(描述现象段)

To begin with, the low price of computer allows many students to have one in university. That is to say, the price of PC is becoming so cheap that many students can have their own computers. Moreover, many net bars can provide students convenient access to computers. In addition, Internet provides people an amazing world to explore. As a result, computers have an irresistible attraction to them. （说明原因段）

As to me, I think there are still problems in student use of computers. First of all, students don‘t have enough skills to command computers, which limits them to the full use of computers. Besides, students who are short of self –discipline may forget their main task of study. To conclude, we still need take effective measures to make progress in student use of computers.（观点总结段）

注： 请同学在阅读时注意框架结构，此文下划线部分为依据模板填入文字；以下文章请自行分析）

注：留意表示过渡的斜体词句（以下范文的过渡词句请同学们在用心阅读时自行找出。

模板二套用

Student Use of Computers

From the chart, we learn that nowadays, student use of computers has grown sharply, which has aroused the greatest concern. What impresses us most is that, in 2000, college students averagely spent 20 hours per week on computer, which is more ten times than the size ten years ago. There are many reasons accounting for this phenomenon.(描述现象段)

First of all, the decreasing price of PC plays an important part .What‘s more, Internet provides students an amazing world to explore. For example, people can make friends around the world. In addition, for students, the computer can be a great help to their study. Therefore, more and more students devote their time to computers.（说明原因段）

As far as I am concerned, there are some problems existing in student use of computers. On one hand, lack of skills fails students to make full use of the computer. On the other hand, lacking necessary disciplines, some students indulge in computer games and net world, forgetting their major tasks as college students. In brief, I may reasonably conclude that there is still a lot to do to help students make good use of computers.（观点总结段） 模板练习

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Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How People Spent Their Holiday. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below. Year 1990 1995 2000 Traveling 37% 51% 76% Staying at home 63% 49% 24% 1．上图所示为了1990年，1995年、2000年某城市人们度假方式的情况，请描述其变化； 2．请说明发生这些变化的原因； 3．得出结论。 范文

How People Spent Their Holidays

As can be seen from the table, the past decade have witnessed dramatic changes in the way people spent their holiday between 1990 and 2000. In 1990, 63% of people spent their holidays at home, while the figure dropped considerably to 24% in 2000. It is obvious from the table that people tended to be more and more mobile, and they wanted to get entertainment in the outside world.

What contributed to these changes? I think the reasons are as follows. To start with, with the rapid development of economy, people earn by far more money than they used to. Thus, people are able to afford traveling expenses. Secondly, People think it important to get well-informed about the outside world in this new ear when everything is on the move. Traveling, of course, is a sure way to achieve this goal. What’s more, in this competitive society, people are usually under great stress. However, it is not difficult to find traveling an effective way to relieve people‘s stress and get relaxation. Last but not least, by traveling outside, people are close to nature, which is not only beneficial to both their health and peace of mind.

In conclusion, people prefer to go traveling rather than stay at home during holidays for a combination of reasons. Moreover, it seems that this trend will last in the foreseeable future. 写作

1．Directions: Write a composition based on the following graph. The composition should be entitled \

模板一套用 参考范文

From the diagram, we can see that between 1900 and 1950, the population of the state remained a little less than 200,000. Since 1951 it has been increasing rapidly. In the past four decades, the population has gone up by over three times.

There are several reasons for the increase. Firstly, the open policy being carried out in the state has enabled many foreign laborers to work there. Secondly, the beautiful scenery of the small island has attracted many tourists and some of them have been permitted to settle there. In addition, the government may not have realized the necessity of controlling population.

If this trend continues, it is no doubt that the small state will suffer from various kinds of problems caused by overpopulation, such as lack of land resources, food shortage and traffic congestion. Therefore, actions should be taken to control the increase of the population.

2．Directions: Write a three-paragraph composition to:

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1. State the changes in people's diet in the past five years. 2. Give possible reasons for the changes. 3. Draw your own conclusion.

You should quote as few figures as possible. Year 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45% Milk 10% 11% 11% 12% 13% Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21% Fruit and Vegetables 24% 22% 20% 20% 21% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 参考范文 Changes in People's Diet

As can be seen from the table, great changes have been taking place in people's diet in the past five years. Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role, while the proportion of some high-energy foods, such as milk and meat, has increased.

What has caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First, people now have more money. The price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain, so in the old days people couldn't afford them. Now they have enough money to buy both meat and milk. Second, people nowadays pay more attention to the elements of their diet. They look for a well-balanced diet that will be good for their health.

In short, there have been changes in people's diet in the past five years because of financial and health reasons, and there will be further changes in the future.

模板三套用 提纲：

1． 社会上普遍存在着养宠物及针对宠物的服务 2． 请解释这些服务产生的原因 3． 阐明你的观点

Pet’s Service

Pet‘s service has been brought into focus. Nowadays, various pets‘ services, such as

pets‘ barbershops, pets‘ canteens and clinics, gradually emerge in the markets. In addition, the rapid growth is maintained with each passing day. The reasons for this phenomenon are varied.

Among all these reasons, little company plays a very important role. That is to say, more and more people regard pets as their friends and want to treat them as family members. Moreover, with the improvement of people‘s living standards, pets‘ service which is a new and profitable business attracts a lot of people‘s attention. Besides, the investment in a pets‘ service center is not so high that it id reasonable to run one for small businessman. Therefore, more and more pets‘ service centers spring up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain.

As far as I am concerned, pets‘ service can offer more job opportunities and stimulate the development of economy. Furthermore, to love pets will gradually make people kinder to animals. In a word, since it is beneficial to both the individual and the society, it is advisable that we encourage the development of pets‘ services. 模板三 提纲：

Private tutoring

1． 当前大学生做家教（private tutoring）很风行； 2． 大学生做家教有各种各样的原因； 3． 你为什么做（不做）家教 Private Tutoring

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Nowadays private tutoring is very popular with students on campus. More and more students choose to be tutors at their leisure time. Everyday after class or on the weekends they will spend time working as private tutors.

There are various reasons for students to work as tutors. I maintain that three of them are very important. Firstly , students from poor families want to make money to relieve their parents‘ burden. Secondly, students who are studying in Normal College expect to obtain practical experience for the future. Lastly, some students want to know about society in this way.

Up to now, I haven‘t done this thing, because I am busy with my compulsory courses. In my opinion, laying a solid foundation in my present studies is more important than making money or obtaining experiences.

问题解决型

引出话题的常用句式

1. Nowadays, …has become a problem we have to face.

2. Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem…

3. Although… has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.

4. Recently, the rise in the phenomenon of … has drawn / aroused/ captured worldwide attention. 5. Recently, the issue/ problem/ question of… has been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/posed among public attention.

6. In recent years, many cities/ nations/people have been faced /troubled with the serious problem of….

7. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.

8. Nowadays more and more people come to realize/be aware of the importance of….

9. Thanks to China‘s reform and opening-up policy, the past two decades have witnessed great economic development and social transformation.

10. With the rapid/ amazing/fantastic development /growth/improvement of economy, great changes have taken place in….

11. One of the urgent /pressing problems /issues we are confronted with is that…

12. It is undeniable / There is no denying the fact that…has become the utmost concern among people nowadays.

13. Once in a newspaper, I hit upon/came across a reporter that ….

提出解决方法的常用句式

1. The first key factor to solve this problem is … Another key factor is…

2. People have found many solutions / approaches to dealing with this problem. 3. We can figure out many ways to relieve the present crisis.

4. Then, how should we solve this problem? Here are some suggestions, which may be of some help.

5. Faced with.., we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.

6. It is high time that…. Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately.

7. Obviously, if we ignore/ are blind to this problem, the chances are that/ it is most likely that/

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there is every chance that … will be put in jeopardy.

8. We need to take a fresh/ clear look at this matter/ situation in a new perspective/ from a wider standpoint. Otherwise, we won‘t come anywhere near solving it

9. It is essential/ indispensable that proper actions/ effective measures should be taken to reverse this situation/trend.

10. It is hoped/ suggested that considerable/great efforts should be directed to/focus on…

11. There is no easy/immediate solution/ approach to the issue of…, but… might be beneficial/ helpful.

12. No effective/ simple solution can be at hand/ in sight to resolve/ tackle the problem of… But the general awareness of the importance of… might be the first step in the right direction

模板一

It is well-known that 相关背景 ,but nowadays 总述不良现象或问题.现象具体表现一.现象的具体表现二.

It should be paid attention to that 该现象 is causing great harm /问题 for many reasons. On one hand, 危害一/原因一.On the other hand,危害二/原因二. Therefore, it is high time that 解决问题.

First of all,解决方法一 .Secondly/In addition, 解决方法二.Thirdly /Besides/Moreover,解决方法三 Only in this way can we 解决问题 .

模板二

There has been a discussion recently about 事实现象.it is obvious that危害一/作用一 .Additionally ,危害二/作用二 . So how to解决问题 is worth paying attention to.

On one hand /Firstly ,解决方法一On the other hand/Secondly,解决方法二. For example,支持该方法的例子In addition/Thirdly,解决方法三.

In fact more than three ways can be adopted, As for me,我的思考或方法 .All in all,总结全文.

模板三

From the chart/graph/table/picture, we learn that nowadays 总述现象/问题, which has aroused the greatest /common concern. It is obvious that 危害一/作用一. Additionally,危害二/作用二. As a result ,how to 解决问题 is worth paying attention to.

To begin with,解决办法一. That is because 解决办法一的理由.Secondly, 解决办法二. For instance ,支持办法二的例子. Last but not least,解决办法三.Only in this way /Only by these measures can we 解决问题 The solutions vary according to different situations. Therefore, it is necessary for us to take an effective way to要解决的问题. 范文

How to Reduce Cheating

1. 学生作弊现象越来越严重 2. 作弊的原因

3. 如何杜绝作弊现象 模板一套用

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It is well-known that students are asked to answer all questions in exams by themselves, but nowadays more and more students tend to cheat in exams. For one thing, some students copy the answers from others. For another, some even ask ringers for help.（描述背景段）

It should be paid attention to that this phenomenon is caused for many reasons. On one hand, some students cheat to pass the exam or get higher scores. On the other hand, they are under great pressure from parents and they fear to fail in exams or fall behind others. Therefore, it is high time that we took some measures to prevent the students from cheating in exams.（说明原因段）

First of all, we should explain the harm of cheating to the students. It is obvious that education is an effective way. Secondly, punishment or penalty should be given to those who have been found cheating. Thirdly, less pressure from both parents and teachers should be placed on students. Only in this way can we reduce cheating in exams.（说明方法段）

模板二套用

There has been a discussion recently about cheating in exams. It is obvious that cheating in exams leads to unfairness. Additionally, it will mislead the teachers into making a wrong judgment of teaching achievements. So how to reduce cheating in exams is worth paying attention to. （描述现象段）

Firstly, we should explain the harm of cheating to the students. That is to say, the goal of exams is not to get high scores but to urge them to learn much knowledge. Secondly, strict measures should be taken against cheating. For example, punishment or penalty should be given to those who have been found cheating in exams. Thirdly, less pressure from both parents and teachers should be placed on students. （说明方法段）

In fact, more than three ways can be adopted. As for me, less pressure will do more effectively in reducing cheating. All in all, we should try our best to put an end to cheating in exams. （观点总结段） 模板三套用

Pollution from Cars（图表略）

1． 随着私家汽车数量的增加；其引起的污染问题备受关注。 2． 解决措施有------ 3． 你的观点

From the graph, we learn that nowadays much pollution has been caused by the dramatically increasing number of private cars, which has aroused the common concern. It is obvious that air pollution which is caused by cars is serious and has begun to harm our health. Additionally, noise caused by cars disturbs the tranquil environment we had before. As a result, how to reduce the pollution caused by cars is worth paying attention to .（描述图表段）

To begin with, in order to clean the air, cleaner fuel for cars should be used . That is because fuel of low quality causes more exhaust. Secondly, we should give priority to taking bus or subway or riding a bike. For instance, we can take bus or subway or ride a bike to go to work. Last but not least, from my point of view, we should try our best to develop more advanced engines to save energy and reduce noise. Only in this way can we make our life happier and more convenient.（说明方法段）

The solutions vary according to different situations .Therefore, it is necessary for us to take an effective way to eliminate the pollution from cars.(观点总结段) 模板一运用

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The Problems of Plastic Bags

1． 塑料袋在生活中随处可见，它为人们的生活带来了便利 2． 塑料袋对环境的污染； 3． 解决办法。

Plastic bags have found their way into a wide area of everyday life .Being very cheap , they are offered free in big supermarkets ,ordinary shops, small stores and street markets. People put in plastic bags everything they buy. They no longer need to prepare bags for shopping. Obviously it is very convenient in people‘s everyday life.

However, plastic bags have terrible effects. Large amounts of plastics are thrown away as trash every day, which cause a great harm to our environment . They let out poisonous substance and deteriorate the soil. What‘s worse, they can not disappear by natural decomposition. This is called the ―white pollution‖.

Individuals, supermarkets and companies are all responsible for the white pollution. A suggestion is made to levy tax on plastic bags in order to limit people‘s use of them. People should be warned of the harm of plastic bags and not to use or use them as few as possible.

模板二运用

Car and Air Pollution

1． 私家轿车越来越多，问题随之产生； 2． 解决的办法

3．我对这种现象的看法。

Too many cars have created a lot serious problems. Besides congestion, accidents and fast fuel consumption, cars are responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities. All the time, They are releasing huge amounts of waste gases into the atmosphere. These gases are very harmful ,causing disease and even death.

One possible solution is to design and develop clean cars and clean fuels . In Shanghai, some of the public buses begin to run on natural gas, which does not give off as much as carbon dioxide as the petrol. But it may take decades for the new models of clean cars to completely replace the traditional ones. Another solution is to develop modern public transportation systems and restrict the use of private cars. If he price of petrol rises constantly and the public vehicles are efficient and convenient enough, most people will not buy private cars. And the total number of cars in big cities will remain under control.

In my opinion, people should be encouraged to use other means of transportation instead of cars, and at the same time the government should manage to control the number of cars . This will help reduce air pollution and improve our environment.

模板二套用

How to Solve the Energy Shortage 1． 能源短缺是世界性难题； 2． 解决能源短缺的办法

Energy shortage is a very serious problem in the world. Many people worry that energy resources on he earth will be exhausted if we use them in an unchecked way. This ,most people agree ,will cause serious problems and even crisis and jeopardize the survival of mankind.

One way is to conserve and serve our energy. Energy refers to mot only coal, or natural

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gases but also goods, land, water, etc. most countries have realized the wastefulness in their use of energy. They are trying to conserve energy. For example, some countries have a daylight saving system to use less electricity for lighting.

However, conservation alone cannot solve the problem. I think the better way is to develop new energy resources. There are many energy resources that we can develop and utilize, such as nuclear power, waterpower and solar power. These resources, if developed, can completely replace the conventional energy and thus solve the problem of energy shortage.

对立观点型论说文

对立观点型论说文常用句型 点明主题常用的句式

1．… has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person.

2. There is an argument /much disagreement /no consensus of opinions among people concerning /over /as to /on…

3. Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to whether… 4. Different people have different views /perspectives on….

5. When being asked about …. Different people will offer different answers. 6. There is a public debate/discussion /controversy today about the problem of … 7. The issue of whether or not… has been widely argued /debated currently. 具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式

Some people suggest /maintain /hold the opinion that…/ But /However/ While/ Nevertheless/Yet other people hold a different point of view…

Some people are inclined to think that… On the contrary/ In contrast, there are still many people who won‘t agree, and they claim…

When it comes to … some people think/believe that… while others argue/ claim that the opposite/ reverse is true.

Those who criticize /oppose to /object to… argue that… But people who advocate /favor…, on the other hand, maintain/assert that…

Now it is commonly /generally/ widely/universally thought/ accepted/believed /held that …. But I wonder/ doubt whether…

To the general public / popular mind, … But despite/ in spite of / … I still believe ….

Nowadays, an overwhelming majority of people think that … Nevertheless, there are still some people of the opinion that…

陈述自己观点的常用句式

For my part/ As to me/ As far as I am concerned, I‘d like to agree to the former/ my favor goes to the first view.

I agree to the latter opinion to some extent. I‘ m in favor of …/ I‘ m on the side of …

In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we… We should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right decision.

There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but… 1．Argumentation型题 模板 一 My View 型

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