中国地质大学长城学院 地质英语 论文

中国地质大学长城学院

地质英语结课论文

Title：Geology

Abstract：Geology is an overview and basic knowledge of geology, an

overview of the basic theory, but it is not a branch of geology, geology introductory tool。Its main contents include the basic knowledge of earth, external motive power of the development of Geology and evolution, etc. With the development of science and technology and its contents and some change, it will be fully absorbed by other science and technology and new, keep improving the subject. The test：

Geology of the research object of is the earth The earth including solid earth and its external atmosphere The solid earth including the outer layer of the earth's crust and mantle and the core of the three main layer laps At present the main research solid crust of the upper level, that is the upper part of the crust and mantle.

Geology mainly is to explore the earth's origin, material know the composition and distribution, surface morphology, internal structure characteristics and genetic mechanism, movement rules, dynamic action process and characteristics of time and space .The earth surface of lithosphere (layer) is the main geological research object directly. Geology outstanding character and the connecting link between the preceding and the history of change, at the same time use of modern technology and space technology experiment and observation, fully understand and simulate the typical geological process of dynamic process, to accurately predict the global evolution, and the future trend of the state development. Here's an important influence on prospecting, energy, remote sensing, environment, materials, engineering.

Geology is divided into Mineralogy、 Mineral deposit geology、Petrology sequence and paleontology，Tectonic geology 、Geochemical、Geophysical， etc.

Petrology is the study of material constituents、composition、 structure、formation conditions、distribution regularly、Formation reasons、metallogenic relationship、The evolution of the rock history and evolution of subject. Divided into sedimentary rocks, volcanic rock and metamorphic rocks three categories. Igneous rock is formed by the consolidation of magma rocks condensation. Usually it divided into intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks. The consolidation of the rock formation lava condensation at different depths. According to the

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formation depth, which can be further divided into plutonic and hypabyssal rocks. Extrusive rock: magma from the volcano channels extrude surface formed the rock.

Sedimentary rock is on the surface is not very deep place, the other rock weathering products and some of the volcano, with water or ice transport, deposition, into the rock formed by the action of rock. Sedimentary rock mainly includes limestone, sandstone, shale, etc.

Metamorphic rock is to point to by the earth inner strength (temperature, pressure, with the change of stress, chemical composition, etc) and transforming into the new rock. Solid rock under e effect of in the earth's interior pressure and temperature the material composition, Formed constituents migrate and recrystallization.

Mineralogy is the study of the chemical composition of minerals, internal structure, morphology, nature, origin, occurrence, assemblages, Formation conditions, purpose, and their inter-relationship. Mineral is natural the output of the elemental or compounds，is also composed of the basic unit of rock and ore. Mineralogy is petrology, the foundation of mineral deposit geology and geochemistry, and the chemical are closely related.

Geochemistry is the study of the earth's layers and various geologic body chemical compositions, chemistry, and the chemical evolution, discussing the chemical elements and isotopes of distribution, existence form, assemblages, concentration and dispersion and migration cycle rules, the geological effect

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and left acting as the main research object discipline and the following branch. Structural geology is the study of the earth's Lithosphere Tectonic Deformation, including the breakage, folds and other various structural features and distribution of different types of tectonic units, formation, evolution and development. On the whole study of geological structure in time and space of the development and laws of solid and the dynamical origin of the subject. Tectonic also belongs to the category of structural geology.

Geophysics is the study of geophysical field and the physical properties of the earth, morphological structure and the physical process of discipline. The earth physics is an between physics, geology, atmospheric science, ocean science and astronomy of between edge discipline. Geophysics in the narrow sense of a solid part of the earth, also known as the solid earth physics；In the broadest sense of the physics of the earth including hydrosphere, atmosphere of research.

Historical geology paleontology in two subjects, namely, paleontology and historical geology. Ancient biology is the study of the history of biology appearance and development of the discipline, the research object is the period of geologic formation and formation in biological body, relics and life activities related to various physical records. The known history of geology is the study of the earth's historical development and the development of science, the research object is mainly for the geologic history of formation and development of earth history of other substance records. Paleontology and

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research content or whether to historical task, or they are in geological science status and the function, both are cross each other and closely linked.

Geological process, it is to because by some energy (outside force, internal force, human) role, and cause the earth's crust, crystal structure material composition, surface morphology and the constant change and formation action. The geological divided into the geological effect of internal force and external geological two kind of role.

According to the way of external force, the different points weathering, erosion, transportation function, deposition and consolidation digenesis. Weathering includes physical weathering, chemical weathering and biological weathering. Eroding includes mechanical weathering chemical weathering. Transport function, includes mechanical handling and transportation of two kinds of chemical. Deposition includes mechanical deposition, chemical deposition and the biological sedimentary three categories.

Internal force is they do occur in the surface, occurs in the interior of the earth. Sometimes they exercise strongly, such as earthquake; Sometimes slowly, such as crustal movement.

The geological energy is what produced the energy of the geological processes. The energy from interior of the earth is called Internal energy, mainly includes Inner energy, gravitational energy, earth rotation energy, chemical energy and crystals. The energy from outer of the earth is called external energy, mainly includes solar radiant heat, potential energy, tidal

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外力作用按照方式不同分风化作用、侵蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用和固结成岩作。风化作用包括物理风化作用、化学风化作用和生物风化作用。剥蚀作用，包括机械风化作用化学风化作用。搬运作用，包括机械搬运和化学搬运作用两类。沉积作用，包括机械沉积，化学沉积和生物沉积三类．

内力作用是它们既发生于地表，也发生于地球内部。有的强烈急促，如地震；有的微弱缓慢，如地壳运动。地球的地表现状是地质作用对地球表面长期改造的结果。

地质作用能量即产生地质作用的能。来自地球内部的能称为内能，主要有地内热能、重力能、地球旋转能、化学能和结晶能。来自地球外部的能称为外能，主要有太阳辐射热、位能、潮汐能和生物能等。

地质作用也会给人带来危害，如地震、火山爆发、洪水泛滥等。人类无力改变地质作用的规律，但可以认识和运用这些规律，使之向有利于人的方向发展，防患于未然，如预报、预防地质灾害的发生，就有可能减轻损失。

地质现象是指大量的地质变迁现象.

地质现象有滑坡、泥石流、岩崩、岩溶、岩堆（坡积层）、软弱土、膨胀土、湿陷性黄土、冻土、水害等.

地震被称为“活的地质现象”。天然地震是地球构造运动的一种表现形式，一次强烈地震的发生通常伴随大规模的地震断层或其它地表破坏现象的出现。同时，地下岩层所积累的应变能以弹性波（地震波）的形式向外传播，造成地面剧烈振动，从而引起建筑物倒塌和人畜伤亡。天然地震又可按其成因分为构造地震、火山地震和塌陷地震三类。

地质学是一门综合性学科。科学的发展趋势是由分科走向综合，许多重大科

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学问题只有通过综合性研究才能解决。地质学也在经历这个过程。从全球角度，将物质研究、地壳与整体地球构造研究以及地球历史研究融为一体的板块构造学就是这一趋势的重要体现。地质学能观察和研究的范围和领域将日益扩大。在空间上，不但能通过直接或间接的方法逐步深入到岩石圈深部，而且对月球、太阳系部分行星及其卫星的某些地质特征，将有更多的了解。

参考文献：《普通地质学》夏邦东 《地球物理勘探概论》刘天佑 《古生物地史学概论》杜远生 童金楠

《大地构造学概论与中国大地构造学纲要》巫建华 《岩石学》徐耀鉴

《结晶学与矿物学基础》赵建刚 王娟鹃 孙舒东 《矿床学》袁见齐

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