英语读写教程4翻译and综合训练710

英语原文and翻译

Ps:翻译来自百度，可能会出现语句不通的，请发挥你的大脑自己看懂。

范围是根据老师给的。

顺序为：读写教程(记原文，题目在完形填空)

综合训练（记中文，阅读理解） 黄皮（记中文，阅读理解）

第二单元 Para1

He was born in a poor area of South London. He wore his mother's old red stockings cut down for ankle socks. His mother was temporarily declared mad. Dickens might have created Charlie Chaplin's childhood. But only Charlie Chaplin could have created the great comic character of \ Para2

Other countries—France, Italy, Spain, even Japan—have provided more applause (and profit) where Chaplin is concerned than the land of his birth. Chaplin quit Britain for good in 1913 when he journeyed to America with a group of performers to do his comedy act on the stage, where talent scouts recruited him to work for Mack Sennett, the king of Hollywood comedy films.

第三单元 Para1

A welfare client is supposed to cheat. Everybody expects it. Faced with sharing a dinner of raw pet food with the cat, many people in wheelchairs I know bleed the system for a few extra dollars. They tell the government that they are getting two hundred dollars less than their real pension so they can get a little extra welfare money. Or, they tell the caseworker that the landlord raised the rent by a hundred dollars. Para2

I have opted to live a life of complete honesty. So instead, I go out and drum up some business and draw cartoons. I even tell welfare how much I make! Oh, I'm tempted to get paid under the table. But even if I yielded to that temptation, big magazines are not going to get involved in some sticky situation. They keep my records, and that information goes right into the government's computer. Very high-profile. Para3

As a welfare client I'm expected to bow before the caseworker. Deep down, caseworkers know that they are being made fools of by many of their clients, and they feel they are entitled to have clients bow to them as compensation. I'm not being bitter. Most caseworkers begin as college-educated liberals with high ideals. But after a few years in a system that practically requires people to lie, they become like the one I shall call \

第四单元 Para1

A transformation is occurring that should greatly boost living standards in the developing world. Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date

telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment. It may take a decade for many countries in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe to improve transportation, power supplies, and other utilities. But a single optical fiber with a diameter of less than half a millimeter can carry more information than a large cable made of copper wires. By installing optical fiber, digital switches, and the latest wireless transmission systems, a parade of urban centers and industrial zones from Beijing to Budapest are stepping directly into the Information Age. A spider's web of digital and wireless communication links is already reaching most of Asia and parts of Eastern Europe. Para2

All these developing regions see advanced communications as a way to leap over whole stages of economic development. Widespread access to information technologies, for example, promises to condense the time required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries that involve engineering, marketing, and design. Modern communications \give countries like China and Vietnam a huge advantage over countries stuck with old technology\第五单元 Para1

Here we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed. Para2

Loneliness may be a sort of national disease here, and it's more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they venture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town. Now, that's character for you.

综合训练

第二单元 Passge1

Outside the movie theater in virtually and American town in the late 1910s stood a life-size cardboard figure of Charlie Chaplin. He was pictured in baggy pants, a cutaway coat and vest, impossibly large, worn-out shoes and a battered hat. The advertisement would bear the inscription I AM HERE TODAY. An advertisement for a Charlie Chaplin film was a promise of happiness, of that valuable, almost shocking moment when art delivers what life cannot.

Eighty years later, Chaplin is still here. In a 1995 worldwide survey of film critics, Chaplin was voted the greatest actor in movie history. He was the first, and to date the last, person to control every aspect of the filmmaking process——founding his own studio, United Artists, with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and D.W. Griffith, and producing, casting, directing, writing, scoring and editing the movies he starred in. In the first decades of the 20th century, when weekly movie-going was a national habit, Chaplin more or less invented global recognize ability and helped turn an industry into an art. In 1916, his third year in films, his salary of $10,000 a week made him the highest-paid actor-possibly the highest paid person——in the world. By 1920,“Chaplinitis”, accompanied by a flood of Chaplin dances, songs, dolls, comic books and cocktails, was rampant. Filmmaker Mack Sennett thought him “just the greatest artist who ever

lived”. Other early admirers included George Bernard Shaw, Marcel Proust and Sigmund Freud. In 1923 Hart Crane, who wrote a poem about Chaplin, said his pantomime手势，哑剧 “represents the hopeless gesture of the poet today”. Later, in the 1950s, Chaplin was one of the icons of the Beat Generation. Jack Kerouac went on the road because he too wanted to be a tramp. From 1981 to 1987, IBM used the tramp as the logo to advertise its venture into personal computers. 翻译:

在1910年代后期几乎和美国小镇电影院外面站着一个真人大小的纸板人物查利卓别林。他被拍到在宽松的裤子，剖外套和背心，不可能大，破旧的鞋子和一顶破旧的帽子。广告会承担我的今天。对于查利卓别林的电影广告是一个幸福的承诺，是有价值的，几乎令人震惊的时刻，艺术提供了什么样的生活不能。

八十年后，卓别林仍然在这里。在一个电影评论1995全球调查，卓别林被选为电影史上最伟大的演员。他是第一个，迄今为止，最后，个人控制电影制作的各个方面——成立自己的工作室，美国艺术家，以道格拉斯，玛丽璧克馥和D.W.格里菲思，制造，铸造，导演，写作，评分和编辑他所出演的电影。在第二十个世纪的前几十年，当每周的电影是一个国家的习惯，卓别林或多或少发明了全球识别能力和帮助一个行业成为一种艺术。1916，他在第三年的电影，他的工资是10000美元一个星期使他片酬最高的演员可能是工资最高的人——在这个世界上。1920，“chaplinitis”，伴随着大量的卓别林的舞蹈，歌曲，娃娃，漫画书和鸡尾酒，猖獗。导演马克·塞内特认为他“最伟大的艺术家谁住”。其他早期的崇拜者，包括萧伯纳，普鲁斯特和西格蒙德佛洛伊德。1923起重机，一个关于卓别林的诗是谁写的，他的哑剧手势说，哑剧”代表诗人的绝望的姿态今天”。后来，在上世纪50年代，卓别林是一个“垮掉的一代”的图标。杰克凯鲁亚克走在路上，因为他太想成为一个流浪汉。从1981到1987，IBM使用的流浪汉的标志宣传其进入个人电脑。 书上题目：

1. What is mainly talked about in this passage?

A. Charlie Chaplin changed the filmmaking industry into an art.

B. Charlie Chaplin had great influence on film-making and people worldwide. C. Charlie Chaplin was once the highest-paid actor in the world.

D. Charlie Chaplin was the only person who participates in every aspect of filmmaking. 2. The word “rampant” (underlined in Para.2) most probably means____________. A. unique B. impressive C. original D. widespread

3. It can be inferred from the passage that _______________.

A. up to now Charlie Chaplin has been the wealthiest person in the world. B. movie theaters still use Charlie Chaplin’s image as a welcoming sign C. in the 1920s, movie-going was a popular entertainment in the US D. Charlie Chaplin was alive in 1995

4. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A. Charlie Chaplin belonged to the Beat Generation

B. Charlie Chaplin’s tramp was employed by IBM in its advertisement. C. Jack Kerouac became a tramp.

D. Charlie Chaplin acted the part of a poet in one of his film. 5. When was this article most probably written?

A. In the 1950s B. In the 1980s C. In the 1990s D. In 1995 Passage3

Lives like Chaplin’s are now being systematically studied by social scientists. They are finding

that all children subjected to homelessness and sever stress don’t turn out the same way. While many become severely disturbed adults, others, like Chaplin, surprisingly turn out to be smart and resourceful.

As adults they may go on to lead paradoxically high-achieving and remarkable lives as valued members of society. Chaplin was such a person.

Chaplin’s first feature-length comedy and masterpiece, The Kid ( 1921 ), was a remarkable film in which the Little Tramp found, adopted and raised a lost child. While The Kid derived its immediate inspiration from 30-year-old Chaplin’s personal bereavement (his first-born son had died a few days after birth, only two and a half weeks before Chaplin began shooting the film), its twin themes of emotional loss and homelessness resonated with contemporary social concerns. On everyone’s minds were the displaced refugee children of World War I, as well as for those persons grieving for loved ones killed in that war.

And among intellectuals, Charlie’s cinematic lost child spoke to a lost generation. No movie maker and no other movie ( with the exception Griffith’s Birth of a Nation ) had done as much in one single stroke to earn instant recognition for the cinema as a legitimate art form.

During the worldwide economic crisis of the 1930s, Chaplin attempted to place the serious problems of society into a comic perspective through the running satiric commentary of Modern Times.

It was his next picture, The Great Dictator (1940), that got Chaplin into the political hot water that ultimately led to his being barred from the United States. While he was on a visit to England in 1952, his reentry permit would be revoked (撤回) as retribution for his so-called communist sympathies and moral character. It was an ironic twist that Chaplin himself had forecast in a famous gag (打诨) sequence in Modern Times. 翻译:

生活就像卓别林的现在被社会科学家系统研究。他们发现，所有的孩子都受到无家

可归和严重应激结果不一样。虽然许多成为严重干扰人，人，像卓别林，令人惊讶的是变得机敏。

作为成年人，他们可能会导致矛盾的是高成就和卓越的生活作为社会的重要成员。

卓别林是这样一个人。

卓别林的第一部长篇喜剧杰作（1921），是一个了不起的电影中的小流浪汉发现，收

养了一个迷路的孩子。当孩子得到其直接的灵感来自于卓别林的个人丧岁（他的第一个出世的儿子只有两周半之前，卓别林开始拍摄电影出生后，过几天就死了），它的双主题情感损失和无家可归的共鸣与当代社会问题。在每个人的心中都流离失所的难民儿童的世界大战，以及对那些人的亲人在那场战争中死亡的悲伤。 而在知识分子中，查利的电影失去了孩子，失去的一代说话。没有电影，没有其他的电影（除了格里菲思的一个国家的诞生）所做的一样，在一个单一的行程赚的电影作为一种真正的艺术形式瞬间识别。

上世纪30年代的世界经济危机期间，卓别林试图将社会的严重问题，变成了一种滑稽的角度通过运行讽刺评论现代倍。

这是他的下一个画面，大独裁者（1940），让卓别林为他最终LED被禁止参与美国政治的热水。当他在1952去英国访问，将吊销他的回乡证（撤回）作为他所谓的共产主义的同情和道德报应。这是一个讽刺，卓别林本人曾预测在一个著名的GAG（打诨）在现代时间序列。 书上题目：

1. It cannot be inferred from the article that ______. A. Chaplin’s childhood was very miserable

B. Chaplin grew up to be a severely disturbed adult

C. Discarded and homeless children do not lead similar lives D. social studies of Chaplin’s life may have explored the details 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true about The Kid ? A. The lost child in it was called “the Little Tramp”. B. It cared about homeless children.

C. It reflected social concern about the refugee children in WWI. D. Its creative idea came from Chaplin’s personal experience. 3. Modern Times ______.

A. caused Chaplin to run into political problems B. was about economic crisis in 1930s C. was an ironic comedy

D. helped film be accepted as a formal art form 4. The Great Dictator ______.

A. caused him to be denied admission into England B. forecast Chaplin’s political problems C. was a picture Chaplin painted in 1940 D. got Chaplin into political problems 5. This passage mainly tells about ______. A. Chaplin and his movie sequences B. Chaplin’s remarkable career life C. social studies of Chaplin’s life D. Chaplin’s masterpieces

第三单元 Passage2

The administration, which already declared part of its plan to revise the landmark 1996 welfare law, plans to announce its proposals on Tuesday. Mr. Bush told the nation's governors meeting here today that he would ask Congress to approve new work requirements but would also seek to give states the flexibility to meet the needs of people who need training or drug abuse (吸毒) treatment.

Still, Mr. Bush said, \ought to be the core of welfare reform.\In an excerpt (摘录) from an advance text of his speech, Mr. Bush declares: \of welfare reform, but we are not content. We ended welfare as we've known it, yet this is not a post-poverty America. Child poverty is still too high, too many families are strained and fragile (易碎的) and broken, too many Americans still have not found work. Because these needs continue, our work is not done.\

At least 50 percent of a state's welfare families must now participate in work and other activities aimed at self-sufficiency; Mr. Bush proposes to raise that requirement so that 70 percent must be working by 2007. Administration officials also said they hoped to close loopholes (堵塞漏洞) that render the work requirement, in some cases, largely meaningless.

The administration plans to require welfare recipients (享受者) to work 40 hours a week

\required to work 30 hours a week, of which no more than 10 could be in job training or education programs.

But advocates for low-income people were already starting to mobilize (动员起来) against the plan. \National Campaign for Jobs and Income Support, a group seeking to make the welfare law liberal. \不景气). Now is a strange time to be arguing we ought to toughen work requirements on poor families.\

翻译:

政府已经宣布，其修改地标1996福利法计划的一部分，计划在星期二公布其建议。布什告诉全国州长会议今天在这里，他将要求国会批准新的工作要求，但也会给美国的灵活性以满足人需要训练或药物滥用（吸毒）治疗。

不过，布什先生说，“工作应该成为社会福利改革的核心。”摘录（摘录）从他的演

讲推进文本，布什先生说：“我们是通过福利改革的初步结果感到鼓舞，但我们并不满足。我们结束了福利我们现在所知的，但这不是一个贫困的美国后。儿童贫困仍然是太高了，太多的家庭紧张和脆弱（易碎的）破碎，太多的美国人仍没有找到工作。因为这些需要继续，我们的工作还没有完成。”

至少百分之50个国家的福利家庭现在必须参加工作和其他活动旨在自给自足；布什

提出提出要求，百分之70必须工作2007。政府官员还表示，他们希望填补漏洞（堵塞漏洞）提供的工作要求，在某些情况下，很大程度上是没有意义的。

政府计划要求福利接受者（享受者）在工作或设计来帮助他们实现独立”计划一周工

作40小时。成年人现在一般需要一周工作30小时，其中不超过10可以在职业培训或教育项目。

但对低收入者的主张已经开始调动（动员起来）反对这个计划。”这是在仙境几乎福利改革，”Deepak加瓦，全国工作和收入支持的竞选主任，寻求一组使福利法的自由。”我们在经济衰退期间（不景气）。现在是一个奇怪的时间是说我们应该加强对贫困家庭的工作要求。”

书上题目：

1. The purpose of the new welfare plan of the administration is to A. cancel the landmark 1996 welfare law

B. provide poor people with job training activities C. make more people participate in work D. eliminating poverty in America

2.Mr.Bush believes that welfare reform has_.

A. provided enough job training for welfare people B. solved all the problems in America C. achieved initial success

D. made American people break away from poverty

3. According to the administration plan, there will be ______ of welfare families should become self-reliant now.

A. 30 percent B. 50 percent C. 70 percent D. all 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Half of the welfare population has achieved self-sufficiency B. Congress has agreed to the new work requirements

C. Those who need training don’t have to work

D. Welfare people will have to work longer hours per week

5. According to the passage, advocates for the low-income families_.

A. believe that poor people can support themselves without government aid B. consider it unreasonable to raise work requirements now C. encourage welfare recipients to work 40 hours a week D. fully support the administration’s plan Passage 4

I have the pleasure of working with Shen Hong for five years in my capacity as Human Resoures Manager of ABC Company. She has been employed with us from November 1997 as a receptionist and, most recently, as my executive secretary.

Throughout her career at ABC Company, Shen Hong has distinguished herself with her positive attitude toward people and work. In her dealings with both internal and external customers, she always maintains a high level of professionalism(职业风范) because she fully understands she represents a company whose prosperity depends on satisfied customers. Since becoming my secretary in 2001, Shen Hong has been planning my schedules, coordinating meeting and updating me on daily events. She has also assisted me in a variety of human resources activities ranging from interviewing and recruiting to in-house training and performance reviews. She is one of those rare individuals who can both follow instructions and take initiatives, as appropriate. She is a well-liked team player as well as a self-starter.

Shen Hong’s competence extends beyond secretarial skills for which she was originally hired. Her talent for organization has resulted in an office library with newspapers, business documents, journals and books for all staff members to enjoy. Also because of her efforts, our office files have changed from a source of frustration and lost documents to an efficient information retrieval(回收) system.

Finally, I find Shen Hong to be a good and trusted friend. I came to depend on her advice and her support and have never been disappointed. I feel sorry to lose her, but I agree with her decision to venture into the advertising area where she can move no to become an account manager. I am sure her background at ABC will help her tremendously as she makes her professional advancement. You will find her to be a welcome addition to your staff.

翻译:

我与沈虹工作我是ABC公司的人力资源经理的能力五年的快乐。她已经与我们从十一月1997作为前台接待，最近，我的行政秘书。

在她的职业生涯，在ABC公司，申宏区分自己与她对人和工作的积极态度。在她的交易与内部和外部客户，她总是保持高水平的专业性（职业风范）因为她完全了解她是一个公司的成功取决于客户的满意。自从成为2001我的秘书，申宏已经安排我的时间表，协调会议和更新我的日常活动。她还帮助我在各种人力资源活动从访谈和内部培训和绩效评估招聘。她是一个罕见的个人谁可以指示及采取的举措，如适当。她是一个喜欢团队合作精神以及自我激励。

沈虹的能力超出了秘书技能，她最初聘请。她的组织才能导致在一个报纸，办公室

图书馆业务文件，所有员工享受期刊和书籍。也正因为她的努力，我们办公室的文件从一个挫折的源头和丢失的文件到一个高效的信息检索（回收）系统。

最后，我发现沈虹是一个很好的和值得信任的朋友。我是依赖于她的建议，她的支持和从来没有失望。我很遗憾失去她，但我同意她的决定冒险进入广告的地方，她可以不成为

一名客户经理。我相信她的背景在ABC将帮助她异常使她职业发展。你会发现她是一个值得欢迎的除了你的员工。 书上题目：

1. What job has Shen Hong held most recently? A. Secretary in human resources. B. ABC company receptionist. C. Human Resources Manager D.ABC company executive.

2.Human resources activities include_

A. dealing with internal and external customers

B. giving employees reviews of their job performance C. updating people on their daily events

D. following instructions and taking initiatives 3.The word recruiting most probably means

A. employing B. conducting C. discharging D. entertaining 4.We can infer from the last paragraph that_

A. the writer depends on Shen Hong too much to let her leave B. Shen Hong will be promoted in ABC Company

C. Shen Hong will be competent in working as account manager D. Shen Hong is recently applying for a new position

5. From the information given, we know this is a letter of_. A. evaluation of an employee’s work B. application for a new post

C. recommendation for an employee D. report to the high authority

第四单元 Passage 2

During the past few years, the popularization of the Internet, by lowering the cost of

global communication to moderate levels, is leading to a near-perfect market for information. It has bred enterprises that grow and change with astonishing speed, creating millionaires and invigorating the economy. The Net has brought to even poor libraries a wealth of resources at very low cost. It has enabled individuals to speak in forums small and large, with an ease and fluency that would delight the founders of this nation, if they could see mail, the World Wide Web, Usenet, and online chat.

The tremendous good done by the popularization of the Internet has caused some

problems, of course. Chief among these are a weakening of privacy, greater exposure for matters that most people would prefer were absent from society, such as hate speech and child pornography (色情描写), and an increased risk of one’s children (or oneself) being confronted by an image or text that better might have been left unseen. The Internet has brought the entire world into the living room, but some people are finding that there are certain parts of the world they would prefer not to have anywhere in their home. An example that has become an everyday displeasure for many is junk email, also called “spam”(垃圾邮件). On a bad day, up to 30% of the email processed by major Internet service providers (ISPs) is spam, much of it promoting sex sites and get-rich-quick schemes. Many people have had to abandon their email accounts, as they

become filled with trash. Left unchecked, spam could spoil the great public good of the Internet. 翻译:

在过去的几年中，互联网的普及，通过降低全球通信成本中等水平，导致近完美的市场信息。它孕育了企业成长，以惊人的速度改变，创造百万富翁和搞活经济。网络已经在非常低的成本带来了更差的图书馆丰富的资源。它使个人在论坛小的和大的说，一个轻松流畅，将是这个国家的创始人，如果他们能看到邮件，万维网，新闻组，网上聊天。

巨大的互联网的普及已经带来了一些问题，当然。其中主要是削弱隐私事宜，大多

数人宁愿缺席社会更大的曝光，如恨言语和儿童色情（色情描写），和风险增加的一个孩子（或自己）面对图像或文字，更可能是左看不见。互联网已经使世界进入客厅，但有些人发现世界上的某些地区，他们不愿意在他们家里的任何地方。一个例子，已经成为许多日常的不满是垃圾电子邮件，也被称为“垃圾邮件”（垃圾邮件）。在一个糟糕的一天，高达30%的主要互联网服务供应商（ISP）处理的邮件是垃圾邮件，大部分是促进性网站和快速致富的计划。许多人不得不放弃他们的电子邮件帐户，他们变得充满垃圾。任其发展，垃圾邮件可能互联网的公众极大的好坏。 书上题目：

1. The popularization of the Internet is leading to a near–perfect market for information because ______.

A. it provides information at high speed and low cost B. it creates many chances for enterprises

C. it helps to encourage technical innovation D. enterprises are growing quickly

2.There is an increased risk for children with the popularization of the Internet because they are likely to ______.

A. express their ideas freely while online B. be exposed to unhealthy information

C. make dangerous friends when chatting online D. confuse what is good with what is bad

3. According to the passage, the Internet _______.

A. shows us pictures of the world in the living room

B. brings us into contact with the current issues of the world C. provides easy access to information from all over the world D. enables us to keep in touch with anyone in the world

4. Junk email is used as an example to demonstrate the Internet may_.

A. help people become millionaires quickly B. bring great troubles to one’s life C. give excitement to people

D. bring about an age of information

5. What is the writer’s attitude toward the Internet? A. Approving. B. Disapproving. C. Critical. D. Neutral. Passage 4

Dear Sam,

You have just encountered a major setback by being asked to leave the University of Erudition, and my heart goes out to you.

You have given it your very best and there's nothing to be ashamed of. You've always

aimed high, and your mother and I encouraged you every step of the way. In hindsight, however, your high school counselor probably was right when she urged you to enroll instead in any number of universities that were just about as well regarded as U of E, but were somewhat less demanding.

In any case, you'll be home in a couple of days and we'll all be glad to see you. Sam, you

have your whole life ahead of you, so before jumping into anything, take some time and unwind. The car is yours for the asking, and I'm sure you'll get used to home cooking once again.

Before deciding on which college or university to enroll in for next fall, take a close look

at where you've been and where you're heading.

Some people thrive on the pressure--cooker atmosphere you experienced at U of E...

one that constantly demands 110% of their efforts. Their need for it doesn't end with graduation. Unless one is attuned to this pace, you might expect an ulcer or a stress-induced coronary in later years. Better to find out now that this isn't your bag and pace your life accordingly.

Hang in there, Pal. Come fall, you'll make a fresh beginning somewhere else. And don't

consider the past year a waste. You've matured enormously and will be better off for it.

Take time out to enjoy football games and weekend parties... you're only young once.

Keep giving it your best, and I'm sure you’ll land on your feet.

翻译:

你只是被要求离开大学博学遇到重大挫折，我的心与你。

你给你的最好的，没有什么值得羞愧的。你总是很高的目标，你的母亲和我鼓励你走好每一步。然而，在事后，你高中的辅导员也许是对她要求你注册而在任何数量的大学都一样，作为U E，但有些要求不高。

在任何情况下，你会在几天内回来，我们会很高兴见到你。山姆，你有你你的一生，

所以在跳到什么，花些时间放松。这辆车是你的要求，我相信你会习惯在家做饭再次。

在决定上大学报名参加明年秋天，仔细看看你在哪里，你的方向。

有些人需要在压力锅的气氛——你有你的努力。一个不断要求自己的努力110%。

他们对它不应该随着毕业而结束的需要。除非是适应这样的节奏，你可能期望一个溃疡或应激以后冠状动脉。更好的了解现在，这不是你的包和步伐，你的生活因此挂在那里，伙计。到了秋天，你会创造一个全新的开始的地方。不要把过去一年浪费。你已经成熟了，它将成为更好的。

花时间去享受足球比赛和周末聚会…你只能年轻一次。给你最好的，我相信你会成

功的。 书上题目：

1. What’s the likely relationship between the writer and Sam? A. Friends B. Brothers C. Father and son. D. Teacher and student. 2. According to the passage, the problem with Sam is that_. A. he has developed a coronary

B. he has to drop out of his university C. he misses his family very much

D. he’s nervous about the college exam for next fall 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Sam has tried his best in his studies. B. Sam’s mother feels ashamed of Sam.

C. Sam can’t adapt himself to a high-pressured life.

D. Sam has always aimed too high. 4. The writer wishes Sam to

A. come back home and relax for a while B. make a decision on his future immediately C. talk with his high school counselor

D. go on working hard at the University of Erudition 5. What is the writer’s attitude toward Sam’s problem? A. Anxious and worried.

B. Indifferent and discouraged. C. Pessimistic and hopeless. D. Optimistic and courageous.

第五单元 Passage 2

InterHall, a two year-old student organization created to improve residential life for students on campus, has increased membership this year, and hopes to become a more active source of student entertainment.

The general objective of the group is to promote student involvement in their residential communities. It is trying to fill a void on campus.

InterHall is planning many “ dorm-centric activities” throughout the year. Freeman said InterHall will hold a field-goal kicking contest during halftime of one of the football games in which each kicker will represent a particular hall. The victorious kicker would win T-shirts for all members of his or her fllor. Freeman hopes to get the money for the T-shirts from corporate sponsorships.

InterHall’s other goals for the year include holding a “parade of halls” , for which students would decorate their dorms; encouraging a larger student attendance at the homecoming football game; holding inter-dorm video game competitions like GPB’s campus-wide Golden Eye tournament and distributing awards that would recognize students, resident assistants and employees who make contributions to student life.

This year InterHall boasts representatives from all dorms and apartment complexes and has a budget of $5,000 from the office of Residence Life. InterHall had originally hoped for a portion of the $144,000 allocated to student groups from the Office of Student Affairs.

InterHall Adviser Todd Harris believes the organization will provide a voice for students to speak directly to administrators. He said this will give the students an opportunity to express their vision for better campus life.

The group also creates leadership opportunities for freshmen. “ Freshmen can gain confidence by planning projects,” Harris said. “Then they’ll have the leadership skills to take on more complex projects and leadership opportunities.” 翻译:

interhall，一二岁的学生组织来提高学生对校园生活住宅，今年已增加会员，并希望成为一个更积极的学生娱乐的来源。

本集团的总体目标是促进学生参与他们的住宅社区。这是试图填补空虚的校园。

interhall计划许多“宿舍为中心的活动”，一年四季。弗里曼说interhall将举行一场球踢比赛的足球游戏，每个球员都代表一个特定的大厅在上半场。获胜的球员会为他或她的层所

有成员赢得T恤。弗里曼希望从企业赞助的T恤拿到钱。

interhall的今年的目标，包括持“游行的大厅”，为学生会装饰他们的宿舍；鼓励大一学生出席参加了足球比赛；举办国际宿舍的视频游戏的竞争一样，GPB的校园黄金眼比赛和分配奖就承认学生，居民和员工谁做助手学生生活的贡献。

今年interhall拥有所有的宿舍和公寓的代表，从居住生活办公室5000美元的预算。interhall原来希望的144000美元分配给由学生事务处学生团体的一部分。

interhall顾问托德哈里斯认为该组织将为学生提供了一个直接向管理员说话的声音。他说这会给学生一个机会，更好的校园生活，表达自己的愿景。

该集团还创造了新生的领导机会。“新生可以通过规划项目中获得信心，”哈里斯说。“那他们就有能力承担更复杂的项目和领导的机会。” 书上题目：

1.It can be inferred from the passage that InterHall has

A. only the first and second year college students as its members B. just been in existence for two years C. only two forms of entertainments D. only two objectives

2.According To Paragraph 3,IntelHall is probably trying to have the students A. take part in sports B. promote sports C. be active in their community D. learn new games

3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. InterHall is going to hold a field-goal kicking contest

B. InterHall will award T-shirts for all members of the organization C. InterHall will get the money from corporate sponsorships D. InterHall is going to have video game competitions 4. What is the author’s attitude toward InterHall? A. Worried B. Indifferent C. Sarcastic D. Supportive 5. The following statements are true EXCEPT

A. InterHall offers students opportunities to improve leadership skills B. InterHall is very popular with the college students

C. InterHall will be a bridge between the students and the administrations D. InterHall has gotten $144,000 from the office of Student Affairs.

Passage4

Dear Bonnie：

I'm sitting in my room and looking through my old records． There is one here that reminds me of you, one by Jethro Tull． Do you remember? We played that record together every afternoon for over a year. I was so sure then that my life would be much happier in five or six years．Well, here I am five years later．I have the same worries about money and school．I'm still living in New Orleans（新奥尔良）school．I'm not married at all．

I went back to Alexandria（亚里山大）several months ago． I stopped in front of your old house．It really looks different! It is a strange color that's not quite yellow and not quite orange to look at．It makes me sad to think that someone else is living in your house．

I'm still working my way through school．I'll graduate in a year or two, if I'm lucky． Of course, you know that I change my mind a lot．My major（主修科目）is now English. After I get my degree,

I might teach． I'm not sure．Teachers don't earn very much money．Maybe I'll know what I want to do when I grow up．Here I am, I'm twenty-two, and I don't know what to be．Oh, well！

I'm still working part-time at a hospital．The job is not exciting．I'm working in the English Department（系）at school, too． That job is a little more interesting, but not much．

Do you still go to the movies a lot? Since movie tickets are so expensive, I don't go much any more．Instead, I find some friends who have cable（电缆）TV and I watch movies at their houses. It's much cheaper that way．I still read as much as ever．I don't mind paying for good books．

Mother wants me to help her in the kitchen．I'll say goodbye． Write soon with stories of life in New York． Take care of yourself． Think of me when you listen to Jethro Tull（一张唱片的名）． 翻译:

我坐在自己的房间里，看着我的旧记录。有一个在这里，让我想起了你，一个由Jethro Tull。你还记得吗？我们玩了，记录每天下午在一起一年多了。我是那么肯定，我的生命将在五或六年更幸福。好吧，我在这里的五年后。我有关于金钱和学校同样的忧虑。我依然生活在新奥尔良学校。我没结婚时。

我回到亚历山大几个月前。我停在你的旧房子前面看起来真的不同！这是一个奇怪的颜色，不黄不橙看。这让我难过，认为别人的生活在你的家里。

我还在工作，我在学校。我会在一年或两年的研究生，如果我幸运的话。当然，你知道，我会改变我的想法很多。我的专业（主修科目）现在是英国。我拿到我的学位后，我会教。我不知道。老师不挣很多钱。也许我会知道我想要做什么，当我长大了。我在这里，我二十二岁，我不知道是什么哦，好的！

我还兼职在一家医院工作。不兴奋。我在英语系工作（系）在学校，太。这项工作是更有趣一点，但不多。

你还经常看电影吗？因为电影票太贵了，我不去任何更多的钱。相反，我发现有些朋友有有线电视（电缆）和我在他们家看电影。它很便宜。我还读过那么多。我不介意付钱买好书。

妈妈要我帮她在厨房里。我会说再见。很快写信与在纽约生活的故事。好好照顾自己。我想当你听Jethro Tull（一张唱片的名）。 书上题目：

1. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning my private life? A. I’m single now.

B. I’m married to a rich man.

C. I live a happy and relaxing life now. D. My life will be perfect in the future. 2. Bonnie used to live in_

A. New Orleans B. Alexandria C. Connecticut D. Levin 3. According to the passage, I like _.

A. working at the local hospital B. teaching C. making friends D. reading 4. The following statements are true EXCEPT_ A. we used to play Jethro Tull’s record every day B. I’m still a student now

C. I didn’t worry about money or school before D. I can’t afford to see movies frequently 5. What’s my worry about study and work?

A. It will still take one or two years for me to graduate. B. I have to work part-time at a local hospital

C. I’m going to become a teacher, but I don’t like teaching. D. I’m so immature that I don’t know what I want to do.

黄皮

24Passage 1

The best interview is one in which there is two-way communication between the employer and the job applicant. Often there is some \actually very important, because the applicant's answers may indicate how easily the person can converse. A job seeker who appears unfriendly or unsociable may not be offered a position, even if the person is the most qualified. Employers look for people who seem to be likeable and easy to work with as well as technically competent.

The first few minutes of the interview are very important when it comes to making a good impression. A smile and handshake are expected after the job applicant walks into the prospective employer's office. In addition, the applicant must pay attention to certain areas related to personal appearance. During the interview, a supervisor or manager will ask the applicant questions that must be answered fully but without excessive detail. It is important to watch the employer's face for nonverbal cues as to whether enough has been said.

Some people may have difficulty answering certain questions because of their cultural

perspectives. In cultures where humility and modesty are virtues, the question \strengths\not to talk or boast about their individual accomplishments. Yet, during an interview, an employer often wants the job applicant to talk about his or her accomplishments. In an American interview, applicants must learn to present themselves in the most positive light. This is a challenge for many people from other countries. 翻译：

最好的面试是一个有雇主和求职者之间的双向通信。经常有一些“闲聊”面试开始，这实际上是非常重要的，因为申请人的答案可能表明如何轻松的人可以交谈。求职者的不友好或不友好的出现可能不会提供一个位置，即使是最有资格的人。雇主寻找的人似乎太容易以及技术能力的工作。

面试的前几分钟是非常重要的当它来做一个好的印象。微笑和握手预计求职者走进雇主的办公室后。此外，申请人必须注意个人形象相关的某些领域。在采访过程中，主管或经理会问必须回答的完全没有过多的细节问题的申请人。这是看老板的脸，非语言暗示是否已经说够重要。

有些人可能很难回答某些问题，因为他们的文化视角。在一些文化中，谦逊和谦虚是美德，问题是“你有什么优势”将会很尴尬。在许多文化中，像一些亚洲文化中，人们被教导不要说话或夸耀他们的成就。然而，在面试中，雇主往往希望应聘者谈论他或她的成就。在美国的面试，应聘者必须学会自己最积极的光。这是许多人来自其他国家的挑战。

25Passage 2

To many of us live our lives as if the secret purpose is to somehow get everything done. We stay up late, get up early, avoid having fun, and keep our loved ones waiting. Sadly, so many of us put off our lived ones so long that the loved ones lose interest in maintaining the

relationship! Often, we convince ourselves that our obsession with our \do\list is only temporary--that once we get through the list, we'll be calm, relaxed, and happy. But in reality, this rarely happens. As items are checked off, new ones simply replace them. The nature of your \basket\will always be phone calls that need to be made, projects to complete, and work to be done. In fact, it can be argued that a full \basket\is essential for success. It means our time is in demand.

Regardless of who you are of what you do, however, remember that nothing is more important than your own sense of happiness and inner peace and that of your loved ones. If you're obsessed with getting everything done, you'll never have a sense of well-being! In reality, almost everything can wait. Very little in our work lives truly falls into the emergency category. If you stay focused on your work, it will get done in due time.

I find that if i remind myself that the purpose of life isn't to get it all done but to enjoy each step along the way and live a life filled with love, it's far easier for me to control y obsession with completing my list of things to do. Remember, when you die, there will still be unfinished business to take care of. And you know what? Somebody else will do it for u! Don't waste any more precious moments of your life regretting the inevitable

翻译：

我们很多人的生活如秘密的目的是以某种方式得到的一切。我们熬夜，早起，避免有乐趣，让我们所爱的人等待。可悲的是，很多人把我们的生活这么久，所爱的人保持关系失去兴趣！通常，我们说服自己，我们对我们的“做”名单是暂时的——一旦我们获得通过的名单，我们会冷静，放松，快乐。但在现实中，这种情况很少发生。当物品被检查了，新的简单的更换。自然你的“篮子”，这意味着要完成这项——这并不意味着是空的。总是会有电话要做，项目完成，和要做的工作。事实上，它可以说是一个完整的“篮子”是成功的关键。这意味着我们的时间需求。

不管你是谁，你做什么，但是，请记住，没有什么比你自己的幸福感和内心的平静，你爱的人更重要。如果你痴迷于得到一切，你永远不会有幸福的感觉！在现实中，几乎所有的事情都可以等待。在我们的工作中很小的生活真正陷入紧急类别。如果你专注于你的工作，它会在适当的时间做。

我发现如果我提醒自己，生活的目的不是得到一切但享受路上的每一步，享受一个充满爱的生活，这是我控制，完成我要做的事情列表Y的痴迷更容易。记住，当你死的时候，仍然会有未完成的事需要照顾。你知道吗？别人会为你做它！不要再浪费宝贵的时刻，你的生活必然后悔

41Passage 1

The 1990s have been designated the Decade Against Drug Abuse by the United Nations. But, (1)_____ less than three years to go before the end of the decade, governments and health organizations (2)_____ that they have made (3)_____ progress in reducing drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse. Today, consumption of all these substances is increasingly steadily worldwide. (4)_____ every country now has problems with (5)_____ drugs. And the world is producing and consuming more alcohol and tobacco than ever. Between 1970 and 1990 beer production (6)_____ rose by over 80 per cent. And, (7)_____ the number of smokers keeps on (8)_____,by the second or third (9)_____ of the next century there could be 10 million deaths each year (10)_____ smoking related illnesses.

Drugs are also a huge burden (11)_____ the world economy. In the United States, for example, it's estimated that alcohol and illegal drug use costs the country tens of billions of dollars each year, mainly (12)_____ health care. When the cost of tobacco related illnesses is added, (13)_____ total more than doubles.

Drugs are also closely (14)_____ crime. Many police forces no longer (15)_____ between illegal and legal drugs when fighting crime. In Australia, for example, experts (16)_____ that police in some parts of the country spend between 70 and 80 percent of their time dealing with alcohol-related incidents.

One explanation for the increase in drug (17)_____ is simply that people have more money to spend. Tobacco and alcohol companies are now (18)_____ much more on developing countries to take (19)_____ of greater wealth there. And criminals involved in the illegal drug trade are following (20)_____, introducing drugs into countries where they were previously hardly use. 翻译：

41Passage 2

Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen's patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second \bite\in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills, as much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements. 翻译：

电视改变了美国政治的改变信息传播的方式，通过改变政治运动，并通过改变反应的公民政治模式。通过给予公民独立进入候选人，电视削弱了政党的作用的主要政党候选人的

选择。以政治上的候选人，电视加快公民关注角色而非问题。

电视同样也改变了政治传播的形式。对我们大多数人依靠信息是简短的比他们曾经是。的演讲，一个政治性的演讲旅行，政客和持续11 / 2至2小时，为19世纪的政治话语，已经让30秒的广告和10秒的“声口”的广播新闻。越来越多的演讲的听众是不是在站在政治家，而是观众谁会听到和看到的新闻上的一段讲话。

在这些缩写形式，什么构成了早期传统政治话语已经失去了。在15秒或30秒，发言人无法建立的历史背景型问题，不能详细阐述问题的可能原因，并无法检查替代建议认为，一种更可取。在片段中，政治家断言，但不争论。

因为电视是一个亲密的介质，通过它需要改变说话的风格，更多的是政治对话，个人，和视觉比老式的演讲。依赖电视意味着越来越多的政治世界中令人难忘的画面而不是令人难忘的话。学校教给我们的分析的话，打印。然而，在政治一词越来越视觉，知情的公民需要一套新的技能，尽可能多的政治活动，我们在电视上看到的新闻已经制作的政客，他们的演讲稿撰写人，以及他们的公共关系顾问的电视消费。在新闻和辩论越来越像广告，回答问题的声音叮咬。

57Passage 1

Many of the most damaging and life threatening types of weather torrential rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes(龙卷风,)--begin quickly, strike suddenly, and disappear rapidly, destroying small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched. Such event as a tornado struck the north eastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado exceeded $ 250 million, the highest ever for any Canadian storm.

Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to study carefully the subtle (微妙的)atmospheric changes that come before these storms. In most nations, for example, weather - balloon observations are taken just once every twelve hours at locations typically separated by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions than they do forecasting specific local events.

Until recently, the observation intensive approach needed for accurate, very short - range forecasts, or \of conventional weather stations was extremely high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were hard to overcome. Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly continuous observation over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modem computers can quickly compile and analyze this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists(气象学者) and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, now casting is becoming a reality. 翻译：

许多最具破坏性和危及生命的天气暴雨，强烈的雷暴和龙卷风，（龙卷风，）——开始的很快，突然出现，迅速消失，破坏小区而不影响邻近地区。这样的事件作为一个龙卷风袭

击了埃德蒙顿，阿尔伯塔的东北部，在七月1987。从龙卷风的总损失超过250000000美元，有史以来最高的加拿大任何风暴。

大气的传统的计算机模型预测短暂的局部风暴像埃德蒙顿龙卷风的价值有限，因为可用的天气数据通常不足以使计算机研究的微妙（微妙的）大气变化，来之前，这些风暴。在大多数国家，例如，气象气球观测只服用一次，每十二小时在几百英里通常分开的地方。这些有限的数据，传统的预测模型能够较好地预测大范围的总体天气情况而不是具体的局部天气事件。

直到最近，准确的观察需要密集的方法，很短的距离预测，“现在把“，是不可行的。E表示和操作成千上万的常规气象站的非常高的成本，并参与了从网络上快速收集和处理气象数据的困难是难以克服的。幸运的是，科技的进步已经克服这些问题。雷达系统，自动气象仪器，和卫星都能够作出详细的，几乎连续观察过大的地区在一个相对较低的成本。通信卫星可以传输数据，世界各地的廉价和瞬间，和现代计算机可以快速收集和分析大量的气象信息。气象学家（气象学者）和计算机科学家共同设计的计算机程序，能够将天气数据转化为文字，视频设备的符号，生动的图形显示，用户可以更容易地。气象天气预报办公室已经开始使用这些新技术，现在铸造成为现实。

57Passage 2

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.

Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish (Sheik) this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst. 翻译：

大型动物栖息在沙漠，具有一系列适应降低极端高温的影响。是一种适应彩色光，并反映而不是吸收太阳的光线。沙漠哺乳动物也离开保持恒定体温的正常哺乳动物的实践。而

不是试图降低身体内部的温度，这将涉及水和能量的消耗，沙漠哺乳动物们允许他们的温度上升到什么高度，通常会发热，温度为46摄氏度已在格兰威士忌瞪羚测得高。过热的身体然后冷却寒冷的沙漠夜晚，而且气温可能下降异常低的黎明，在摄氏34度为骆驼低。这是一个优势，因为白天的最初几小时内吸收热量升温的身体，和热过多堆积，不到一天的开始。

另一个策略是容忍大沙漠动物体内水分的流失，这一点就不适合动物是致命的。骆驼能减掉百分之30的体重是水不伤害本身，而人死只损失12到百分之13的体重后。一个同样重要的适应是补充能力（酋长）这一杯水的损失。沙漠里的动物能在短时间内喝大量，骆驼被吸收（吸收）超过100升，在几分钟内。一个脱水的人，另一方面，不能喝足够的水来补充一次，因为人的胃不够大，因为过快的体液稀释导致水中毒死亡。水流失的宽容是沙漠中的明显优势，因为动物没有保持水孔附近，但可以从稀疏的牧场放牧获得食物。适应荒漠哺乳动物饲料通常当极度脱水进一步的能力，它是人们共同的体验，也会失去胃口甚至适度口渴时。

75Passage 1

China’s medical system has to treat the world’s largest national population, a massive cohort that is rapidly aging. The illnesses that plague Chinese patients are shifting from life-threatening third-world ailments that can be treated relatively cheaply to the more complex and chronic infirmities of economically developed societies. It’s a daunting task — and an expensive one. Since China’s transition from a completely socialist model, medical bills have become one of the most common factors sending Chinese into poverty. That’s because hospitals have had their government funding slashed, forcing clinics to pass the cost burden to patients. In recent years, the central government has rolled out public health coverage to increase access to affordable care.

These reforms notwithstanding, China’s medical system is still deeply diseased, riddled

by corruption that impedes efficient care-giving and sends costs skyrocketing for patients. Beyond the proliferation of hongbao, hospitals recommend unnecessary but expensive tests and procedures to keep afloat departments now starved of public money. Extra fees for ambiguous items often end up on medical bills. Medical manufacturers and drug companies are also complicit, handing out cash to health workers in exchange for their products being used in hospitals.

China’s corrupt health care sector was exposed last month when foreign pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline was accused by government regulators of bribery and over-charging for its drugs. GSK staff in China have been detained and implicated in allegedly channeling up to $490 million through conduits to physicians and other medical staff to prescribe their drugs at inflated prices. In a statement GSK admitted that “certain senior executives…appear to have acted outside of our processes and controls which breaches Chinese law.” Other Western pharmaceutical companies are now being probed by government investigators, although these firms’ representatives maintain the inquiries are routine. Whatever the outcome, the fact remains that China’s doctors and clinics are woefully underfunded, leaving ample space for the kind of bribery that is poisoning the country’s health care system.

In Beijing, for instance, the average after-tax monthly income of a deputy chief physician is less than 3,000 yuan, or $480. Salaries for other Chinese white-collar professionals have dramatically increased in recent years but doctors’ wages have stagnated. “When I was young, being a doctor was still a highly esteemed job and salaries of doctors were comparatively high,”

says a senior surgeon at a top Beijing hospital. “Since Chinese doctors are now very underpaid, why are there still so many people who want to study medicine? One reason is that they are really interested in this job, and they can get professional satisfaction from curing patients. The second reason is hongbao and kickbacks.”

翻译：

中国是世界上人口最多的国家，且大量的人口在迅速老化。困扰中国患者的疾病，正在从第三世界国家那些相对较便宜就可以治疗的危及生命的疾病，转向经济发达社会更加复杂的慢性病。中国的医疗保健系统不得不面对这个艰巨且昂贵的任务。自从中国由一个完全的社会主义模式过渡出来，医疗费用已成为令中国人陷入贫困的最常见的因素之一。因为政府给医院的经费削减，迫使医院和诊所将成本转嫁给患者负担。

近年来，中央政府已推出了公共医疗保险，以提高能支付得起的医疗服务，但中国的医疗系统仍然被腐败搞得深度“患病”，千疮百孔，阻碍了有效的护理，并让病人们承担的费用暴涨。除了红包外，医院还建议病患进行不必要、但昂贵的检查。不清不楚的收费项目也经常出现在医疗账单里。医疗设备制造商和制药公司串通一气，给医疗工作人员送现金，以换取其产品在医院中被使用。

上个月，当外国制药巨头葛兰素史克公司被政府监管人员指控贿赂和药品定价过高时，中国腐败的医疗机构被曝光。葛兰素史克在中国的一些员工遭拘捕。葛兰素史克在一份声明中承认，“有几位高级行政人员...似乎没有依照我们的程序行事，违反了中国的法律。”其他西方制药公司也正在受调查。无论结果如何，事实仍然是中国的医生和诊所资金严重不足，给这种贿赂留下了足够的空间，来毒害这个国家的卫生保健系统。

例如，在北京，副主任医师平均每月税后收入在3000元人民币（480美元）以内。近年来，中国其他白领的薪金已大大增加，医生的工资却停滞不前。“当我年轻的时候，医生仍然是一个非常受人尊敬的工作，医生的工资相对是高的”，北京一家著名医院的资深外科医生说。“中国的医生现在工资是过低的，那为什么还有这么多人想学医呢？一个是他们真的对医生的工作感兴趣，可以从治愈患者上得到专业上的满足感。第二个原因是红包和回扣。”

75Passage 2

Art is considered by many people to be little more than a decorative means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case, however; at times, art may be seen to have a purely functional side as well. Such could be said of the sandpaintings of the Navaho Indians of the American Southwest; these have a medicinal as well as an artistic purpose.

According to Navaho traditions, one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in come way disturbed or come in contact with the supernatural—perhaps a certain animal, a ghost, or the dead. To counteract this evil contact, the ill person or one of his relatives will employ a medicine man called a “singer” to perform a healing ceremony which will attract a powerful supernatural being.

During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the “singer” will produce a sandpainting on the floor of the Navaho hogan. On the last day of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sandpainting and the “singer” will rub the ailing parts of the patient’s body with sand from a specific figure in the sandpainting. In this way the patient absorbs the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the ceremony, the sandpainting is then destroyed and disposed of so its power will not harm anyone.

The art of sandpainting is handed down from old “singer” to their students. The material used are easily found in the areas the Navaho inhabit; brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone,

which is pulverized by being crushed between 2 stones much as corns is ground into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and fore-finger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designs of stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho belief system.

翻译：

艺术是被许多人认为是一个多装饰给人带来愉悦感的手段。这是情况并非总是如此，然而；有时，艺术可以被视为一个纯粹的功能性的一面。这样可以说的纳瓦霍印第安人的美国西南sandpaintings；这些药物以及艺术的目的。 根据纳瓦霍人的传统，一个患有精神或身体疾病有办法来干扰或是与超自然的也许是某种动物，接触鬼，或死。为了抵消这种邪恶的接触，生病的人或者其亲属将采用药的人被称为“歌手”进行愈合仪式将吸引一个强大的超自然现象。

在仪式上，这可能会持续2到9天，“歌手”会产生对纳瓦霍人霍地板sandpainting。在仪式的最后一天，病人会坐在这sandpainting和“歌手”会生病的部分病人身体的沙子在sandpainting具体数字。这样的病人，特别是吸收了超自然的力量和强大喜欢。仪式结束后，随后的sandpainting销毁处理，不会伤害任何人。

sandpainting艺术流传下来的古老的“歌手”的学生。使用的材料是在地区的纳瓦霍人居住很容易找到；棕，红，黄，白，粉砂岩，被粉碎的2块石头之间多玉米磨成面粉。“歌手”在他手中持有少量的沙子让它流在拇指和食指之间，在干净的地板上，平坦的表面。一个稳定的手和极大的耐心，他能够创造风格的人设计的，蛇和其他动物，在纳瓦霍人的信仰系统的功率。

Sandpainting 沙画仪式

which is pulverized by being crushed between 2 stones much as corns is ground into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and fore-finger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designs of stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho belief system.

翻译：

艺术是被许多人认为是一个多装饰给人带来愉悦感的手段。这是情况并非总是如此，然而；有时，艺术可以被视为一个纯粹的功能性的一面。这样可以说的纳瓦霍印第安人的美国西南sandpaintings；这些药物以及艺术的目的。 根据纳瓦霍人的传统，一个患有精神或身体疾病有办法来干扰或是与超自然的也许是某种动物，接触鬼，或死。为了抵消这种邪恶的接触，生病的人或者其亲属将采用药的人被称为“歌手”进行愈合仪式将吸引一个强大的超自然现象。

在仪式上，这可能会持续2到9天，“歌手”会产生对纳瓦霍人霍地板sandpainting。在仪式的最后一天，病人会坐在这sandpainting和“歌手”会生病的部分病人身体的沙子在sandpainting具体数字。这样的病人，特别是吸收了超自然的力量和强大喜欢。仪式结束后，随后的sandpainting销毁处理，不会伤害任何人。

sandpainting艺术流传下来的古老的“歌手”的学生。使用的材料是在地区的纳瓦霍人居住很容易找到；棕，红，黄，白，粉砂岩，被粉碎的2块石头之间多玉米磨成面粉。“歌手”在他手中持有少量的沙子让它流在拇指和食指之间，在干净的地板上，平坦的表面。一个稳定的手和极大的耐心，他能够创造风格的人设计的，蛇和其他动物，在纳瓦霍人的信仰系统的功率。

Sandpainting 沙画仪式

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/2bag.html