新标准大学英语 综合教程1 答案Unit1-4

Unit 1

Active reading 1

4 Match the words and expressions in the boxwith their definitions. 1 to make a sincere statement that you are telling the truth (swear)

2 a piece of flesh that connects bones and moves a particular part of yourbody (muscle)

3 to make you admire or respect someone (impress)

4 to drink in small amounts (sip)

5 a period of time between two events (gap)

6 to arrive somewhere and give your personal details to the person workingat the reception desk (check in)

5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words and expressions in the box.

1 There was only just enough room for two people. (barely)

2 Be careful or you’ll accidentally pour your drink down your clothes. (spill) 3 He was completely unaware of what to do in the library. (ignorant) 4 She was very clever and got excellent grades. (intelligent)

5 You write your name on the list to join the club. (sign up)

6 She tells me that she’s definitely read the book. (assures)

She assures me that she’s read the book.

7 I need to go and buy some tea, I have finished it all. (run out of) I need to go and buy some tea, I have run out of it.

6 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions.

1 Is a warden likely to be (a) a teacher at the college, or (b) someonewho looks after the hall of residence?

2 Is a tutor likely to be (a) a teacher, or (b) astudent?

3 If you go along somewhere, do you (a) go to aplace and join other people there, or (b) walk a long way

to get to a place?

4 If you rent out a room, do you (a) paint and decorate it, or (b) allow itto be used by someone who pays you regularly to use it?

Active reading 2

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box. 1 When he speaks, people notice that he sounds Irish. (detect)

2 Frank McCourt had read a lot of books which was deserving respect consideringhe had no high school education. (admirable)

3 You can tell the students on the underground trains by the number ofbooks they carry. (subways)

4 The woman in the admissions office suggests that his European educationis not good enough.

(inadequate)

5 The professor was writing very quickly in his notebook. (scribbling)

6 Many immigrants came to America to escape extremely bad treatmentbecause of their race, religion or political beliefs in their own countries. (persecution) 5 Answer the questions about the expressions.

1 I’m in heaven Does this mean I’m (a) delighted, or (b)unhappy?

2 ideas don’t drop fully formed from the skies Does this mean thatideas (a) need to be developed with careful thinking, or (b) areimmediately created through good teaching?

3 in the long run Does this mean (a) at a timein the future, or (b) with a great deal of effort?

4 frighten the life out of someone Does this mean (a) to makesomeone very ill, or (b) to make someone extremely afraid andnervous?

Language in use

with / without

1 Match the sentences with the uses of with /without .

1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (c) 6 (d)

2 Rewrite the sentences using with / without.

1 Her tutor moves his head from side to side. He spills his coffee intothe saucer. With his head moving from side to side, her tutor spills his coffee intothe saucer. 2 “Splendid,” he says. He doesn’t wait for an answer.

“Splendid,” he says, without waiting for an answer.

3 Frank McCourt speaks in class. He has an Irish accent.

Frank McCourt speaks in class with an Irish accent.

4 He plans to go on the subway. He has the books covered in purple andwhite NYU jackets.

He plans to go on the subway with the books covered in purple and whiteNYU jackets. 5 He’s only allowed to take two courses. He isn’t told why.

He’s only allowed to take two courses without being told why.

6 He would like to ask a question. He doesn’t like to raise his hand.

He would like to ask a question without raising his hand.

collocations

3 Read the explanations of the words andexpressions. Answer the questions.

1 climb When you climb into / out of / throughsomething, you do it with difficulty. (a) So why does the writer’s father climb out of the room?

Because the room is very small.

(b) Why would you climb into bed?

You would climb into bed if you are so tired that it feels like a hugeeffort. (c) If you climb through a hole, what do you do with your body?

You would probably need to bend over, and crawl through the hole.

2 spill This word usually suggests several ideas: liquid,accidentally, movement and out of control.

(a) What has happened if you’ve spilt coffee all over your desk?

You have accidentally knocked over a cup / mug and the coffee has gone(uncontrolled) all over the

desk.

(b) What has happened if toys spilt out all over the carpet?

The toys are in a container, such as a box, and either the box is too fullso some toys are falling out

onto the carpet, or the box has been tipped over so most of the toys havefallen out of the box.

(c) What might be happening if crowds were spilling out of the bars andrestaurants? Many people would be leaving the bars and restaurants all at once,probably because they were closing

for the night.

3 join When you join something, you become part of it. Thewriter joins a queue, and several clubs.

(a) When might someone join a band?

When they can play a musical instrument and want to play with others.

(b) What has happened if you join the unemployed?

You have lost your job and become unemployed.

(c) What do you do when you join in?

You do the same activity that most other people are doing.

4 burst into This phrase suggests that something suddenly happens,or someone suddenly starts doing something.

(a) What does the writer suddenly start doing when she bursts intotears? The writer suddenly starts crying.

(b) What bursts into bloom?

Flowers, when they emerge from buds.

(c) What do you do when something bursts into flames?

Put out the flames immediately if you can, or keep well clear and call theemergency services (the

fire brigade).

5 clean This word usually suggests several ideas: not dirty, notillegal or wrong, without problems,

inoffensive.

(a) If you’ve got a clean licence, what have or haven’t you done?

This refers to a driving licence. It means that you have been drivingsafely or at least you have no

penalty points on the licence – a person gets such points as a punishmentafter breaking the law on

the roads, eg speeding or causing an accident, and the licence then has anote on it (it’s not “clean”)

and the police have a record.

(b) If you use clean language, what do you avoid saying?

You avoid using swear words or other examples of bad language.

(c) If something has a clean bill of health, is it healthy orworking correctly?

Here this phrase is used metaphorically and means something is workingproperly, for example, a

car might have a clean bill of health, after a check or test thatit is working properly.

6 easy This word usually suggests that something is not difficultor doesn’t need much work. It can also suggest that a person is confident,happy and not worried about anything.

(a) If someone is easy-going, how do they behave with other people?

An easy-going person behaves in a relaxed, calm manner with othersand is happy to accept things

without getting worried or angry.

(b) If someone is easy on the eye, how do they look?

A person who is easy on the eye is pleasant to look at inappearance and in the way they dress.

(c) If something is easier said than done, is it more or lessdifficult to do? When something is easier said than done, it is easy to talk about,but difficult to achieve.

(d) If someone tells you to “Take it easy”, what are they tellingyou to do? When they tell you to “Take it easy” they can mean either of twothings: You should rest and not do

things that will make you tired, or you should keep calm, being less upsetor angry. 4 Complete the sentences using thecollocations in Activity 3.

1 If ever I spill out of my clothes, it’s because I have put on a lot of weight and my clothesdon’t fit me any more.

2 The last time someone made me burst into tears was when I was asmall child and someone hurt me.

3 I always use clean language when I talk to my teachers or parents.

4 It was easier said than done when someone suggested that we should put the flag on thetop of the mountain.

5 I’ll never forget the time when I had to climb through a window becauseI was locked out of the house.

6 Unfortunately I spilt water over myassignment, so I had to print another copy. 7 When my friends suggested that they wanted to play football on thebeach, I decided to join in.

8 When the cherry trees burst into bloom, I think of myvisit to Japan two years ago. 9 I would only lose my clean licence if ever I had acar accident in which I was driving under the

influence of alcohol.

10 The people I think are easy on the eye are attractiveand pleasant to look at. 5 Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1 Finally, with my mother red in the face and short of breath, we find Room8, I unlock the door, and we all walk in.

等我们终于找到8号房间的时候，妈妈已经涨红了脸，累得上气不接下气。我打开门锁，我们都走了进去。

2 She impresses me, and I feel so ignorant that I shouldn’t even breathethe same air as her.

她给我留下了深刻的印象，我觉得自己太无知了，甚至不配跟她呼吸同样的空气。

3 I don’t know why I have to be introduced to literature but the woman inthe admissions office says it’s a requirement even though I’ve read Dostoyevskyand Melville and that’s admirable for someone without a high school education. 我不知道为什么我非得了解文学。可是招生办公室的那位女士说，虽然我读过陀思妥耶夫斯基和梅尔维尔的小说，虽然一个没上过高中的人能读这些书的确令人敬佩，但这门课是必修课。

4 I’m in heaven and the first thing to do is buy the required textbooks,cover them with the purple and white NYU book jackets so that people in thesubway will look at me admiringly.

我乐得飘飘然了，第一件事就是去买所需要的课本，然后用纽约大学紫白相间的护封把它们套起来，这样地铁里的乘客就会向我投来艳羡的目光了。

5 Then the professor tells us ideas don’t drop fully formed from theskies, that the Pilgrims were, in the long run, children of the Reformationwith an accompanying world-view and their attitudes to children were soinformed.

接着，教授告诉我们，观念并不是从天而降的现成品。从长远来看，清教徒是宗教改革运动的

产物，他们继承了宗教改革运动的世界观，并且他们对孩子的态度也由此体现了宗教改革运动

的思想。

6 Translate the sentences into English.

1 他们对业余剧社的介绍给苏菲留下了深刻的印象，于是她就报了名。(Amateur Dramatics; sign up for)

Theirintroduction of Amateur Dramatics impressed Sophie so much that she signed upfor it.

2 网络教育为全职人员提供了利用业余时间接受继续教育的机会。(work full time) Onlineeducation provides those who work full time with opportunities to receivefurther education in their spare time.

3 刚上大学时，他不知道是否需要把老师讲的内容一字不落地都记下来。(be supposed to; scribble down)

When hefirst arrived at university, he was not sure whether he was supposed toscribble down every word out of the professor’s mouth.

4 没有人觉察出他隐藏在笑容背后的绝望。(detect)

No onedetects his despair well hidden behind his smile.

5 有些学生能轻松自如地与陌生人交谈，可有些学生却很难做到这一点。(be easy about) Somestudents are easy about talking with strangers, while some others find it hardto do so.

Unit 2

Active reading one

Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.

1 honest about the situation or your opinions, even if this offends people(frank) 2 a place that many people go to for a holiday (resort)

3 tasting extremely good (yummy)

4 containing a lot of liquid, so tasting good (juicy)

5 dark in a way that makes you feel sad or a little afraid (gloomy)

6 lack of experience of life (innocence)

7 the ability to understand and make good judgments about something (perception) 8 ideas, behaviour, or statements that are not true or sensible (nonsense) 4 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box. 1 The waves were very large in size as they fell onto the beach. (enormous)

2 There was so much seafood that it was holding tightly onto the plate. (clinging) 3 In the area of land where they were visiting, it wasn’t usual to eatfish and chips. (region)

4 When he had eaten the shellfish, he got rid of the shells. (discarded)

5 To eat shellfish you need special tools to break open the shells and digout the food. (implements; crack; scrape)

6 The boy was especially fond of his mother’s bread and cakes from theoven. (baking) 7 Because they’re smooth, wet and quite difficult to hold, it’s quite achallenge to try your first oysters. (slippery)

5 Answer the questions about the words in thebox.

1 Which word means feeling? (emotion)

2 Which word means a feeling that a situation is so bad that there’s nothingyou can do to change it? (despair)

3 Which word means to say you’re not happy with someone or something? (complain) 4 Which word describes how your face looks when you’re annoyed or worriedabout something? (frown)

5 Which word describes something that is unpleasant to taste, smell orsee? (nasty) 6 Which word means to say something to someone in order to have fun byembarrassing or annoying them slightly? (tease)

Active reading 2

Dealing withunfamiliar words

4 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions in the box.

1 Is something stimulating likely to make you feel (a) moreactive, or (b) more passive?

2 Are the properties of chocolate likely to be (a) itsfeatures, or (b) the way it’s made?

3 If one thing accounts for another, does it explain (a) themeaning of it, or (b) the reason for it?

4 Is something that is manufactured something (a) handmade, or (b) made in afactory? 5 If chocolate helps release hormones from the brain, does it (a) help causehormones to leave the brain, or (b) contain hormones, then let them go?

6 If you crush something, do you (a) press itstrongly, or (b) squeeze it gently?

7 If you have inherited something, have you got it from (a)society, or (b) your parents?

8 When something melts, does it become (a) solid, or (b) liquid?

9 When you confess something, would you (a) tellpeople, or (b) not tell them? 5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box. For a (1) product which you enjoy but don’t really need, chocolate is extremely(2) beneficial to your health. Chocolate as we know it today first appeared inthe 1800s, when liquid chocolate was poured into a (3) shaped container to cooland become solid. Then the chocolate (4) maker Lindt discovered how to make chocolate(5) break easily by adding extra cocoa butter, and Daniel Peter first made milkchocolate using milk which had been (6) concentrated and then mixed with cocoa paste,which gave it a smoother (7) taste. But the (8) appeal for so many people ofchocolate is both an

(9) inherited (10) characteristic and an effect of the 300chemicals it contains, including vitamins.

Key: (1) luxury (2) nourishing (3) mould (4) manufacturer (5) snap

(6) condensed (7) flavour (8) popularity (9) genetic (10) trait

Language in use

giving extrainformation

1 Rewrite the sentences.

1 The restaurant was in a French seaside resort by the Atlantic Ocean. Youget excellent seafood from the

Atlantic Ocean.

The restaurant was in a French seaside resort by the Atlantic Ocean, whereyou get excellent seafood.

2 My father had decided to take me for lunch to a restaurant. He wanted meto try my first oyster.

My father, who wanted me to try my first oyster, had decided to take mefor lunch to a restaurant.

3 The oyster was unlike anything I have ever tasted before or since. Itwas slippery. The oyster, which was slippery, was unlike anything I have ever tastedbefore or since.

4 Chocolate is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao.Theobroma cacao means “food

of the gods”.

Chocolate is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, whichmeans “food of the gods”.

5 The world’s best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, didn’tappear until the end of the 19th

century. Milk chocolate is sweeter and smoother than dark chocolate.

The world’s best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, which issweeter and smoother than dark

chocolate, didn’t appear until the end of the 19th century.

6 Daniel Peter perfected the process of making milk chocolate. He was Swiss. Daniel Peter, who was Swiss, perfected the process of making milkchocolate.

leaving out words

2 Rewrite the sentences.

1 ... and the waiter had already brought an enormous portion of seafood, crabs,prawns, lobsters and all sorts of shellfish which were clinging onto each other...

... and the waiter had already brought an enormous portion of seafood, crabs,prawns, lobsters and all sorts of shellfish clinging onto each other ...

2 On his plate was a pile of discarded lobster claws, and alongside was abattery of implements which were used to crack the shells ...

On his plate was a pile of discarded lobster claws, and alongside was abattery of implements used to crack the shells ...

3 The next development was learning how to get cocoa butter from the beans,a process which was first tried in 1825.

The next development was learning how to get cocoa butter from the beans,a process first tried in 1825.

4 Condensed milk is a thick, sweet milk which is sold in cans.

Condensed milk is a thick, sweet milk sold in cans.

5 Hormones are a chemical substance which is produced by your body.

Hormones are a chemical substance produced by your body.

word formation

3 Form new words with the following words andthe prefixes / suffixes in the table. air – airsick car – carsick fiction – non-fiction help – helpful

sea – seasick shop – shopaholic smoker – non-smoker spoon – spoonful stop – non-stop work – workaholic

4 Answer the questions with the words youformed in Activity 3.

What’s the word for:

1 how you feel if the sea makes you ill? (seasick)

2 someone who likes shopping a lot? (shopaholic)

3 what something is if it is useful and providing help? (helpful)

4 what a flight is if it goes directly from one place to another? (non-stop) 5 someone who doesn’t smoke? (non-smoker)

6 writing which is about real people and events, not imaginary ones? (non-fiction) 5 Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1 Outside the skies were grey and a strong wind was blowing off the sea.It looked as gloomy as I felt.

外面，天空灰蒙蒙的，海面上刮来一阵强风。天气看起来和我的心情一样阴郁。

2 “Now, stop complaining, try one oyster for me, then you can have somethingnice and easy to eat, maybe some prawns with bread and butter,” he suggested,striking a note of compromise for the first time during the whole meal.

“好啦，别抱怨了，就给我尝一只牡蛎，然后你就可以吃些好吃、顺口的东西，比如对虾加黄油面包。”他提议说。吃了这么长时间的饭，他的话中第一次有了妥协的意思。

3 But with the clear conception which only a ten-year-old boy can have, Istill understood that the

compromise included eating that oyster, sitting on the side of my father’splate.

但是，尽管清晰地感觉到了他的妥协——只有一个十岁的男孩才有这样的感觉，我仍然明白这妥协包含着吃掉那只牡蛎，那只放在我父亲的盘子边上的牡蛎。

4 The chocolate sets into bars which will easily snap into pieces and thenmelt in the mouth.

（添加了可可油后）巧克力凝固成易折断的条块，入口即化。

5 But what accounts for its amazing popularity or even the properties thathave made millions of peopleconfess to being chocaholics?

但是，是什么原因使得巧克力出奇地畅销？又是什么原因导致了巧克力的上瘾特性，使无数人承认自己是巧克力迷呢？

6 Translate the sentences into English.

1 他们这儿不卖薯条，如果你想吃，得去肯德基或麦当劳。(serve)

They don’t serve chips / French fries here. If you want them, you have togo to a KFC or McDonald’s.

2 他拣起一个核桃，想用锤子把它砸开，可没想到却把它砸碎了。(crack; crush)

He picked up a walnut and tried to crack it with a hammer, but instead hecrushed it.

3 当金子加热融化后，他们把金水倒进模子，铸成金条。(melt; mould)

When the gold was heated and melted, they poured it into a mould to form agold bar. 4 他承认是他打破了教室的窗玻璃。(admit to)

He admitted to breaking the window of the classroom.

5 令我们欣喜的是，新的经济计划开始对经济发展产生积极影响。(have effecton) To our delight, the new economic policy is beginning to have a positive effecton the economy.

Unit 3

Active reading one

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.

1 to move your body so it is closer to or further from someone orsomething (lean) 2 a total amount made by adding several numbers or amounts together (sum) 3 the ability to think about and plan for the future, using intelligenceand imagination (vision)

4 used for emphasizing that something refers to one specific situation

(particularly)

5 a feeling that you do not trust someone or something (suspicion)

6 to press or move your hands or an object over a surface (rub)

5 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions in the box.

1 If you are doing an advanced course in something, is it at (a) a highlevel, or (b) a low level?

2 If you peer at something, is it (a) difficult, or (b) easy tosee?

3 If you get a glimpse of something, do you see it (a) clearly andfor a long time, or (b) not very clearly and for a short time?

4 Is a radical idea (a) traditional and widely accepted, or (b) new anddifferent?

(This word indicates some fundamental changes in ideas or actions.)

5 If you are in agony about something, do you feel (a) in painand uncomfortable, or (b) happy and

comfortable?

6 If you do something in the presence of someone, are they (a) with you, or (b)somewhere else?

7 If someone affirmed something, did they (a) show theyrespect and approve of it, or (b) not respect or disapprove of it?

8 If you do something on purpose, do you (a) mean to doit, or (b) do itby accident? 6 Complete the sentences with the correctform of the words and expressions in the boxes in Activities 4 and 5.

1 Many people greet radical ideas with suspicion because they areafraid of change. 2 Looking at the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, you feel as if you are inthe presence of a genius whohad an extraordinary vision of the future.

3 You need to peer closely at the figures on the board, particularly as thehandwriting is so bad.

4 It doesn’t take an advanced level ofintelligence to realize that you need at least two numbers to be ableto workout the sum.

5 If you lean forwards, you may see the star as he comes out of the theatre, but you’llprobably only catcha glimpse of him.

6 I rubbed some medicine onto the wound hoping to stop the pain, but I’m still in agony.

7 Tom’s excellent exam results affirmed the teacher’sfaith in his ability. 8 The police think the fire was started on purpose.

7 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions.

1 If you thwart something, do you (a) stop it, or (b)encourage it?

2 If there is a dearth of something, is there (a) a lot of it, or (b) not enough? 3 Does unmitigated encouragement suggest (a) completely positive,or (b) slightly negative support?

4 If a teacher is maligned by their pupils, do you think they say(a) nice things, or (b) bad things about theteacher?

5 If you humiliate someone, do you make them feel (a) good, or (b) upset andembarrassed?

6 If someone speaks at length, do they speak (a) for a longtime, or (b) for a short time?

7 If something is prevalent, does it occur (a) often, or (b) notvery often?

Active reading 2

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.

1 to connect or combine two or more things so that together they form aneffective unit (integrate)

2 involving a lot of imagination and new ideas (creative)

3 connecting ideas in a sensible way (logical)

4 to move something from one place to another (transfer)

5 expressing an opinion when you think something is wrong or bad (critical)

(This definition is only one aspect of this word. Being critical does notalways refer to a negative aspect of something. Ss can look in a dictionary forother definitions.) 6 working well and producing the result that was intended (effective)

7 to recognize something and understand exactly what it is (identify)

8 to create or produce (generate)

9 to remember something (recall)

5 Complete the passage with the correct formof the words in Activity 4.

Writing an essay requires a number of special skills. One of these is to(1) transfer information from

different sources into a single, short document. Another is to present anargument which is (2) logical and easy tounderstand. And, of course, to be (3) effective an essay shouldbe properly planned and researched. Luckily, the Internet can help you withthis research. Most students these days (4) integrate their own readingof a subject with Internet searches. But it is not easy to use the Internet.You should always be (5) critical of what you findand not just use the first web page. A quick search of the Web for a particulartopic may (6) generate thousands of hits, but you must be able to (7) identify the informationyou need. You should be able to (8) recall where you foundit too, because it is important to refer to your sources of information. Andfinally, you need to be

(9) creative – because an essay should be an original piece of work.

6 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.

1 Doing a doctorate makes it possible to become an expert in a particularfield. (specialize)

2 I remember the main point of what he was saying, but I can’t rememberwhere it was we had the

conversation. (thrust; the setting in which)

3 It’s a very long and difficult book, and I’m afraid people may feel undergreat pressure when they turnthe first pages. (overwhelmed)

4 Ours is a small university, but the teaching is organized in a sensibleand practical way. (rational)

5 Students can get help with money. (financial)

Students can get financial help.

6 The amount of help is different from one university to another. (extent;varies) 7 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions.

1 If you hone a skill, do you (a) improve it, or (b) forgetit?

(The word hone also indicates the improvement of a skill that isalready well-developed.)

2 If you strike a balance between two things, do you (a) choose oneof them, or (b) find a middle way?

3 Is an open-ended discussion one which (a) doesn’tcome to a conclusion, or (b) anyone can join in?

4 If you assimilate information, are you likely to (a) take it inand use it effectively, or (b) analyze it and reject it asirrelevant?

5 Is something which is subjective likely to be based on (a) fact,or (b) your own feelings or ideas?

6 If you get bogged down in something, are you (a) enjoying it, or (b) not ableto get free from it?

7 Is a step-by-step approach likely to (a) jump to a conclusion, or(b) moveforwards slowly and logically?

Language in use

much

1 Match the sentences with the uses of much .

1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a)

2 Rewrite the sentences using not think muchof.

1 I didn’t think that lesson was very good.

I didn’t think much of that lesson.

2 None of us like the timetable we’ve been given for this term.

None of us think much of the timetable we’ve been given for this term. 3 I’m afraid I’ve got strong doubts about what I’ve written.

I’m afraid I don’t think much of what I’ve written.

4 Our professor is always criticizing this book.

Our professor doesn’t think much of this book.

5 I don’t like the theme of this week’s essay.

I don’t think much of the theme of this week’s essay.

6 I don’t agree with Honey and Mumford’s ideas about learning types. I don’t think much of Honey and Mumford’s ideas about learning types. 3 Complete the sentences using much rather ormuch prefer .

1 I’d much rather work in thelibrary than in my room.

2 Li would much rather study with afriend than on her own.

3 Personally I much prefer taking notes to being givenphotocopies.

4 Some people would much rather start writingstraight away than spend a lot oftime reading.

Now write two more sentences about your ownstudy preferences. Use much rather and much prefer .

I would much rather listen to lecturesthan read the lecture notes.

I would much prefer asking questionsafter class to asking questions in class. 4 Rewrite the sentences using much less .

1 I can’t even say two words in Chinese, so I definitely can’t speak thelanguage. I can’t even say two words in Chinese, much less speak the language.

2 Basic study skills are often not taught here, and certainly notpractised. Basic study skills are often not taught here, much less practised.

3 Nobody has even started the essay, let alone finished it.

Nobody has even started the essay, much less finished it.

4 Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, and so ofcourse they didn’t understand him.

Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, much lessunderstood him.

5 I haven’t got a PC in my room, so obviously I haven’t got an Internetconnection. I haven’t got a PC in my room, much less an Internet connection.

6 I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, let alone criticize what hesaid. I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, much less criticize what hesaid. while / when +participle

5 Rewrite the sentences.

1 When you choose a course, think about the amount of study it willrequire.

When choosing a course, you should think about the amount of study it willrequire. 2 When you are writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme. When writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme.

3 Always keep a record of your sources when you do research on theInternet. Always keep a record of your sources when doing research on the Internet. 4 Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while he is explaining basic concepts.

Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while explaining basic concepts.

5 I had a brilliant idea while I was sitting in the library this morning. I had a brilliant idea while sitting in the library this morning.

subject-verbinversion

6 Rewrite the sentences using subject-verbinversion.

1 If I had known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone. Had I known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone. 2 I would have corrected the work, if I had noticed the mistake.

I would have corrected the work had I noticed the mistake.

3 If you had thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be introuble now. Had you thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be in troublenow. 4 If he had shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress. Had he shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress.

5 They would have improved the facilities, if they had received more moneyfrom the government.

They would have improved the facilities had they received more money fromthe government.

7 Complete the sentences about yourself usingthe inversion structure Had I + verb. 1 I would have enjoyed myself more had I had ahigher university entrance exam score for computer science.

2 Had I known about this football match, I would havemade different arrangements for the weekend.

3 I wouldn’t have worked so hard had I known the exam was so easy.

4 Had I received this college’s information earlier, I would havegone to a different college.

8 Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1 When was the last organizational vision statement you saw that includedthe words “ to develop

ourselves into a model environment in which everyone at every level canthink for themselves”?

“ 在我们周围逐渐创建出一个模型环境，使各个层次的人都有独立思考的空间。”你最后一次看到包含上述字眼的机构愿景陈述是在什么时候？

2 Had she affirmed our intelligence first and spoken about the joy of thinkingfor ourselves, had she not fanned our fear of her, we would all have learnedeven more powerfully what it meant to do our own thinking. And we might havebeen able to think well around her too.

要是她一开始就肯定我们的聪明才智，给我们讲讲独立思考的乐趣，要是她没有激起我们对她的畏惧，我们大家就能更深切地体会到独立思考的意义。而且，我们在她面前也会更好地开动脑筋、思考问题。

3 Like everyone else, students have their fair share of problems. Gettingto know a new environment,

forming relationships with other students, and surviving on limitedfinancial resources are all typical

problems.

和其他人一样，学生们也有他们自己必须面对的问题。典型的问题包括熟悉新环境、与其他同学相处，以及靠有限的经济来源维持生活。

4 Talk to some of your friends after a lecture or a tutorial and you willprobably find they remember

different things about it – which may be more or less relevant to theteacher’s aims.

下课后或个别指导后，如果你和朋友们聊一聊，你可能会发现他们所记住的东西不尽相同，但或多或少都与老师的教学目的相关。

5 Effective reading requires you to vary your rate and style of readingaccording both to the type of

reading material and your purpose in reading it.

有效的阅读需要你根据不同的阅读材料和阅读目的来调整阅读的速度和方式。

9 Translate thesentences into English.

1 老师很有可能不欣赏不会独立思考的学生。(not think muchof ; think for oneself) It is most likely that teachers won’t think much of students who cannotthink for themselves.

2 他上中学的时候，几乎没有什么人去做科学实验，更谈不上接受这方面的训练了。(hardly; much less)

When he was in high school, hardly anyone did scientific experiments, muchless had training in this

respect.

3 嫉妒是由懒惰和无知造成的。(the result of )

Envy is the result of laziness and ignorance.

4 有些大学生是根据自己的专业来选择志愿服务的，而不是碰到什么就做什么。(volunteer job;rather than)

Rather than picking any volunteer job, some college students chooseactivities based on their majors.

5 最好的办法就是把学生分成若干小组，让他们针对具体的问题进行讨论。(break up into ; focus on)

The best approach is to break the students up into several groups so that theycan focus their discussion on specific problems.

Unit 4

Active reading 1

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Answer the questions about the words fortelephoning.

1 What do subscribers pay for?

Subscribers pay for line rental so that they will be able to make phonecalls. In other contexts, they may pay for newspapers, magazines or being amember of a club or professional association.

2 What part of the phone is the handset?

The handset is the part that you hold in your hand.

3 What can you do if you’re in range of a mobile signal?

If you’re in range of a mobile signal, you can make and receive calls. 4 What kind of phone is a house phone?

A house phone is a landline phone (a fixed phone for the whole house). 5 If you can use a mobile anywhere, where can you use a landline?

You can use a landline only where there is a wire connection (thetelephone signals are carried by a line).

6 What has happened if you receive voicemail?

If you receive voicemail, it means that someone has left a spoken messagewhich has been recorded on your phone so that you can listen to it later.

5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to makeother changes.

1 The businessman uses his mobile in his free time, while he mostly useshis landline at work. (whereas)

2 The businessman and the working mother don’t consider their mobilephones to be a basic and

important part of their lives. (essential)

The businessman and the working mother don’t consider their mobile phonesto be an essential.

3 When she didn’t have her mobile, she became confident and not afraid ofpeople. (bold)

4 Nothing usually gets in the way of my social life, but on this occasion,not having a mobile phone meant I spent three days alone. (interfereswith)

5 The passage describes the strong effect of mobile phones on their lives.(impact) 6 Soon the mobile signal will be increased to cover the whole of London. (extended) 6 Complete the paragraph with the correctform of the words in the box.

Information technology in general and mobile phones in particular havebeen important in bringing

about an (1) utter change to our lifestyles. But the problem with mobile phones is that theycan (2) distract you from doing your job. The businessman gives his mobile phone number to(3) practically everyone he knows. Without his mobile, he isn’t necessarily able to do thingsimpulsively. He (4) speculates that he could give up his mobile, but life would be rather (5) tedious and dull withoutit. The schoolgirl has to make social arrangements on thelandline at home in order to avoid having a

(6) solitary life for a few days. At firstthe working mother thinks it’s (7) risky not to have amobile phone, as her family might be in danger. Herfirst (8) impulse is to worry that they couldn’t contact her, although they think she’smaking a (9) fuss about not having a mobile. Finally she feels it is like (10) therapy when no one interruptsher.

Active reading 2

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.

1 the distance from one side of an object to the other (breadth)

2 a hit or knock to a part of your body (bump)

3 slightly nervous, worried, or upset about something (uneasy)

4 strange and unusual, sometimes in a way that upsets you (weird)

5 thinking seriously about something (thoughtful)

6 a feeling that you do not understand something or cannot decide what todo (confusion)

7 the attitude of someone who is willing to accept someone else’s beliefs,way of life etc without

criticizing them even if they disagree with them (tolerance)

8 the ability to notice things (awareness)

9 to include something as a necessary part of an activity, event or

situation(involve)

5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box. When you meet people from other cultures, there will be many (1) timeswhen someone behaves in a way which you (2) notice as being unusual, but whichis (3) acceptable in their culture. If it (4) attracts

your (5) attention, it’s all right to (6) ask about cultural differences,because people are (7) usually happy to (8) reply. But don’t worry if you areunsure about what to do or what to say. Just remember that finding out aboutcultural differences should give you pleasure and not (9) unhappiness anddiscomfort.

Key: (1) occasions (2) perceive (3) conventional (4) arouses

(5) curiosity (6) inquire (7) generally (8) respond (9) misery

Language in use

it + passive voice

1 Rewrite the sentences using it + passivevoice.

1 Russell Crowe couldn’t get a call out to Australia. Someone said this. It was said that Russell Crowe couldn’t get a call out to Australia.

Britain over the past 15 years. Someone has claimed this.

It has been claimed that mobile phones have been the biggest factor of changein everyday behaviour in Britain over the past 15 years.

3 When told “Have a nice day!”, an Englishman replied “I’m sorry, I’vemade other arrangements.”

Someone reported this.

It was reported that when told “Have a nice day!”, an Englishman replied“I’m sorry, I’ve made other arrangements.”

4 You don’t need to say “Thank you” in Spanish as much as you do inEnglish. Someone has suggested this.

It has been suggested that you don’t need to say “Thank you” in Spanish asmuch as you do in English.

5 Disneyland is a typically American place. Someone thinks this.

It is thought that Disneyland is a typically American place.

6 Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee. Someone hasbelieved this. It has been believed that good communication is as stimulating as blackcoffee. over

2 Complete the sentences about yourself usingover .

1 I’ve owned a mobile phone over the last three years or so.

2 Over the winter I’ve called my parents every week.

3 Over the summer my best friends and I wenttravelling to South China.

4 Over the last semester my social life has been very limited:I think I need a better study-life balance.

5 Over the last year the number of people from different culturesI’ve met is quite extraordinary, compared to the few I met in middle school.

6 Over the last two weeks my favourite expression in English has been “Go on, youcan do it!”

emphatic structures with what

3 Rewrite the sentences using the emphaticstructure with what .

1 Life can be solitary without a mobile phone. I rediscovered this.

What I rediscovered was that life can be solitary without a mobile phone. 2 My mobile phone is an essential, not a luxury. I think this.

What I think is that my mobile phone is an essential, not a luxury.

3 The people who needed to, got hold of me. I found this.

What I found was that the people who needed to, got hold of me.

4 People kiss each other four times. This happens in Paris.

What happens in Paris is that people kiss each other four times.

5 By not saying “Thank you” so often, he was perceived to be rude. Hedidn’t understand this.

What he didn’t understand was that by not saying “Thank you” so often, hewas perceived to be rude.

4 Translate the sentences into Chinese.

Britain over the past 15 years. Today it is thought that there are more than55 million mobile phone subscribers, a rise from less than 10 million in 1997.

在过去的15年里，手机已成为改变英国人日常行为方式的最主要的因素。据估计，目前英国手机用户已超过5,500万，而在1997年还不足1,000万。

2 Now it has been announced that the signal range throughout London willbe extended, nowhere in London will be beyond the reach of a mobile phone, noteven the Underground. 现在有消息说，伦敦的手机信号覆盖范围将拓展延伸。以后，在伦敦的每一个角落都有手机信号，就连地铁也不例外。

3 This subject of research aroused my interest and took me the length andbreadth of France.

这个研究话题激起了我的兴趣，为此，我走遍了法国各地。

4 These episodes and incidents all involve a cultural bump, somethingwhich you notice usually with

curiosity, usually with pleasure, occasionally with shock orembarrassment.

这些插曲、事件都包含着文化碰撞，使你感到好奇、愉悦，但偶尔也会让你感到震惊或尴尬。 5 But it’s not a matter of knowing all the conventions and rituals indifferent cultures. It’s impossible

to collect all the information you might need to be relaxed in the manydifferent cultures around

the world.

但是这不等于说我们需要悉数掌握不同文化的风俗习惯和礼仪。丰富的知识能使你自如地应对世界各国不同的文化，但是你不可能掌握全部必备的知识。

5 Translate the sentences into English.

1 据估计，目前中国4亿手机用户中，有大约一半人的隐私受到了威胁。(it is estimatedthat ; privacy)

It is estimated that today, the privacy of half of the 0.4 billion mobilephone subscribers is in danger.

2 人们在购买生活必需品上的花费越少，他们安排的诸如旅游等娱乐活动就越多。(the less the more )

The less people spend on daily necessities, the more arrangements they willmake for leisure activities, such as travelling.

3 对我来说，旅游最大的好处就是可以去不同的地方，了解不同文化背景下人们的生活方式以及传统习俗。(What Iespecially like about is )

What I especially like about travelling is that I can go to differentplaces and learn about particular

lifestyles, conventions and customs in different cultures.

4 在大多数情况下，文化碰撞激起的是人们对不同文化的好奇心，只有在极少数情况下，文化碰撞会造成尴尬。(culture bump;on rare occasions)

In most cases, cultural bumps arouse people’s curiosity about different cultures.Only on rare occasions can they cause embarrassment.

5 你可以保留自主选择的权利，但作为一个成年人，你做事不要冲动。(reserve theright to; act on impulse)

You can reserve the right to make your own choices, but as an adult, youshould not act on impulse.

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