段落翻译与实践（英汉互译）1

Part II

段落翻译与实践

I. 汉译英

1． 和平统一

1） 促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。2）所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三

次合作。3）大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。

1）To promote the reunification of the motherland, we must find a proper means.

2) So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation. 3) The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted different ideologies and political systems should not be allowed to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Straits and achieving the peaceful reunification.

2． 大学生?

1）现在大学生的学习压力相当重。2）除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。3）总之，他们就像一个机器人。4）压力大，时间少，功课多。5）看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。6）一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。7）他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。8）读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

1) College students now bear heavy academic pressure. 2) You will find

them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations, too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, too busy to share the interests of their friends, and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies. 3) In short, they

have become nothing but a robot. 4) They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time. 5) If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie, they will feel guilty. 6) The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night. 7) They stud so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people. 8) The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.

3． 金融危机

1）现在的国际金融是没有国界的。2）当东京的股市大跌时，受影响的不只是日本，而是全世界。3）因此要保持我们中国的经济稳定发展，就要帮助恢复亚太地区的稳定和发展。4）我们中国在这次亚洲金融危机中勇敢地承担了自己的责任。 [注释]

东京 Tokyo

1) International finance has no respect for national borders. 2) When stock

markets fall in Tokyo, the effects are no longer local; they are global. 3) So to have sustained economic growth. China must help to restore stability and growth in the Asia Pacific region. 4) China has steadfastly shouldered its responsibilities to the region in this latest financial crisis.

4． 抗洪抢险? 1）这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。2）官方的数字表明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。3）占中国总耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。4）工厂被迫停工，产量受到影响。5）客运和货运也被迫中断。6）在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。7）尽管损失如此严重，举国上下，展开与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。8）在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力。9）例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。10）事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。 [注释]

公顷 hectare

1) The floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years. 2) Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their homes. 3) Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares, 3 percent of China?s total cropland. 4) Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut. 5) The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted. 6) The overall effect on China?s economy will be felt for many months. 7/8 Despite the serious damage, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding, during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from flooding. 9) For example, 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded. 10) Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort.

5. 海滨浴场

1）游客就是冲着这一望无际的海滩和充足的阳光前来休养的。2）然而，随着青岛市的对外开放，青岛旅游业就显得过于单一。现代化设施也显得欠缺。3）虽然海滨浴场每年吸引了成千上万的中外游客，但却明显地受到季节自然因素的影响。 [注释]

青岛 Qingdao

1) Its endless beaches and abundant sunshine attract tourists each year in search

of rest and relaxation. 2) The opening of Qingdao to the outside world, however, has revealed the monotony of her touring programs and the inadequacy of modern facilities. 3) Take the bathing beach for example. It admits thousands of tourists from home and abroad annually, but its use is obviously limited by seasons and natural events.

6．投资市场

1）股票市场，国库券市场和企业债券市场是上海最大和最活跃的资本市场。2）这些市场的日趋活跃，表明上海金融体系越来越成熟，同时也看出上海企业正设法通过直接向群众借款的办法来克服信贷紧缩。3）它还说明，上海投资者越来越聪明。4）他们购买各种有价证券，从保值定期储蓄、国库券、股票、企业债券，到现在只要能使手中钱不因通货膨胀而贬值的各种其他金融债券。5）机构投资者和个人投资者踊跃购买每年发行的国库券。6）企业债券因为期限短，利率高于银行存款利率一到二个百分点，因此也十分受欢迎。7）人们争相购买证券，往往前一天晚上就在银行外排队，一个亿的债券几天就一售而空。 [注释]

国库券 the treasury bond

1,2) Increasing activity in the stock market, the treasury bond and enterprise bond markets—Shanghai?s biggest and most active capital markets—reflects the growing sophistication of the local financial system and the efforts of local enterprises to beat the credit squeeze by borrowing directly from the public. 3, 4) It also indicates that Shanghai investors are getting smarter, spreading their portfolios among inflation-linked fixed bank deposits, treasury bonds, shares, and enterprise bonds, and other financial instruments now available as a hedge against inflation. 5) Treasury bonds issued each year has been the most popular with institutional and individual investors. 6) Enterprise bonds are also popular because they have a short maturity and offer an interesting rate of 1-2% more than the average bank deposit rate. 7) Often RMB 100 million worth of enterprise bonds are subscribed within a few days by anxious investors who queue overnight outside banks.

7．快乐教育

1）快乐教育是指强调培养学生成为德、智、体、美、劳全面发展的人。2）它改变了我们以往唯有高分的学生才是人才的观念。3）因为我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。

1,2) By advocating enjoyable education we mean to challenge the notion that

grades are an exclusive measure of one?s talent and to aim to develop children?s total personality, not just their academic ability. We are also value virtues, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. 3) For China in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but talent of different kinds.

8．美国华人

1）70年代以来，美国华人社会发生了重大的变化。2）最显著的是许多来自大陆的中国人不断涌入美国，使美国华人的人数猛增。3）随着华人人口的迅猛增加和华族素质的明显提高，华人经济日趋繁荣。4）据悉，自1986年起，美国华人经济已跃居全美少数民族之首，遥遥领先于日裔、韩裔等其他后裔。5）美国华人家庭的年均收入已超过美国白人家庭。6）目前，一批华人企业家在美国经济界享有一定声望。7）更可喜的是，近年来美国冒出一批知名华裔科技人才。8）他们的科技成就引起了国际科技界的注意和钦佩。9）同时华人的政治地位明显提高，涉足美国政界的人越来越多。

1，2) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes, among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America?s shore. 3) As the population of the American citizens of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently

improved, so their economic conditions have prospered. 4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities, Japanese and Koreans, for instance. 5) The average Chinese family?s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family. 6) At present there is a number of enterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame. 7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent. 8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world. 9) Meanwhile, Chinese-descent citizens have more roles to play in American political circles, as they have risen evidently in political status.

9．谈国事

1）在谈话中，他涉及的是一些严肃的问题，诸如国有企业的改革，快速膨胀的政府机构，中国对亚洲邻邦承担的义务，决不使人民币贬值，整治环境和铲除腐败。2）自始至终，人们时而点头表示赞同，时而捧腹大笑。

1) In his talk, he tackled serious subjects, like the reform of state-owned enterprises and the growing bureaucracy, China?s commitment to her Asian neighbors and determination not to devalue her currency, the need to clean up the environment or root out corruption. 2) All the while, people alternately nodded in approval or held their sides with laughter.

10．小鸡风波

1）退休煤矿工人张师傅今年年初买了四只小鸡。2）有一天发现丢了一只，气得一个劲地埋怨老伴。3）傍晚，有一只小鸡突然从门外进来，随后邻居王某跟进院来，抓起小鸡就走。4）张老太哪里肯放。5）双方争吵起来。6）原来王某年初也买了两只小鸡，最近丢了一只。7）这时，另一个姓李的邻居过来了解情况。8）他将有争议的小鸡从两家中间撒出去。9）那只鸡不去王家，直向张家的鸡群跑去。10）张师傅叫了声“鸡鸡鸡”，他养的小鸡，连同有争议的那只，争先恐后地跑到他的脚下。11）王某无话可说，当场认错，一场小鸡风波平息了。

1) Mr. Zhang, a retired miner, bought four chicks early this year. 2) One day, he

found one of them missing. He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time. 3) Towards evening, into his yard came a chick, followed by his neighbor Wang, who ran to catch the chick. 4) Naturally Zhang?s wife wouldn?t let him go with the chick, 5) and so a quarrel ensured. 6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently, which he bought nearly the same time as Mr. Zhang did. 7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening. 8) Having heard the story, he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off. 9) The chick went straight to join Zhang?s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang?s home. 10) And at Zhang?s call “Chick, chick”, all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him. 11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.

11．徐霞客

1）徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。2）他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论，从不把权威看作是真理的唯一基础。3）他发现前人研究的地理记载中有许多不很可靠的地方。4）为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；5）为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区、人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；6）他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。7）他不仅善于观察，观察的精确、耐心、客观、而且对观察的结果锲而不舍地进行思考。

1) During his life time, Xu Xiake visited 16 provinces, leaving his footprints

nearly everywhere across the land. 2) He never blindly accepted the conclusions given by books, nor did he treat authority as the sole basis for truth. 3) As a result, he found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors. 4,5) In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the particular places, he preferred to travel on foot instead of by cart or boat despite long distances, and even ventured into mountainous areas and jungles, which are rarely traveled by people and full of dangers. 5,6) The payoff for his effort was his discovery of many fantastic landscapes which attracted him to return in different season sand even different hours of the day to observe their kaleidoscopic spectacles. 7) He was not only a good observer, accurate, patient and objective, but also applied persistent thought to the observations he made.

12．“马桶文学”

1） 在美国求学生涯是非常艰苦的，尤其是，三十岁了还在读书，又拖着两个顽童。

2）哈佛附近的房租奇贵无比，能租到一房一厅已经是相当不错了，3）房当然是被两个宝贝女儿占了，4）患难夫妻只好在厅里摆了一张沙发床，每天搬上搬下，5）厨房是在厅里的，我们这张床其实就在炉子边上，感觉好像是住在厨房里的老佣人。

6）先生的博士论文，就在厨房里的沙发床上想出来的，7）每到夜深人静，他就躺在沙发床上，半醒半睡地想公式。8）我从来没弄清他到底是醒着着还是睡着了，不敢开灯，想在饭桌上写文章就办不到了。

9）卧室里倒是有张书桌，先生不躺在沙发床上时，就地直霸占着这张书桌，等到书桌空出来，儿女已经入睡，卧室里又处于宵禁状况。10）躲到哪儿去写作呢？11）只有厕所了，我把马桶盖上，当成一个小书桌人蹲在地上，一个字一个字地写，一篇短文下来，腿已发麻了。12)这样辛苦出来，大部分被退稿不说，如果第二天不幸被我女儿翻出来当了玩具，就永远胎死腹中了。

“W. C. Literature”

1）Life is very tough for overseas students studying in America, especially for those who are over thirty and encumbered with two children.

2）The rent near Harvard is forbiddingly high. To be able to afford one bedroom

and one living room is enviable enough. 3）The former is of course the territory for our two dear daughters. 4）Being financially embarrassed, my husband and I have to content ourselves with sleeping in a sofa-bed in the living room. 5）Our kitchen being located there, the bed is in fact close to the stove, giving us the odd feeling that we are a pair of old servants quartered in that lowly place.

6）And it is in this piece of furniture that my better half designed his doctoral dissertation. 7）Every night be would lie in the bed half asleep and half awake thinking out his formulas. 8）Never being able to figure out in which state he was, I couldn?t switch on the light, thus eliminating the possibility of my writing at the dining table.

9）There is a desk in the bedroom, which is his colony when he is not occupying the sofa. When he withdraws from the lone position, the children are already fast asleep, necessitating the enforcement of a total blackout.10）Where can I entrench myself for my literary cerebrations? 11）There?s only the W. C. ! where I?ll go. I?ll let down the lid, making it serve as a mini-desk. There I?ll squat down and start composing. Finishing one short essay thus is enough to benumb both of my legs. 12)It the next day my daughters should happen to find the manuscripts and make toys with them, my brain-child would be still-born, not to mention the fate of rejection that will befall most of the contributions that are fortunate enough to escape the fate of destruction.

13．盲人挑灯

1) 一个漆黑的夜晚，一个苦行僧走到一个荒僻的村落中，他看见有一盏晕黄的灯正从巷道的深处静静地亮过来，身旁的一位村民说：“孙瞎子过来了。”2)苦行僧百思不得其解，一

个双目失明的人，挑起一盏灯笼岂不可笑？3)僧人于是问：“敢问施主，既然你什么也看不见，那你为何挑一盏灯笼呢？”4)盲人说：“现在是黑夜吗？我听说黑夜里如果没有灯光的映照，那么满世界的人都和我一样是盲人，所以，我就点燃了盏灯。”

5)僧人若有所悟地说：“原来您是为别人照明呀？”6)但那盲人却说：“不，我是为自己！” 7)盲人问僧人，你是否因为夜色漆黑而被其他行人碰撞过？但我就没有。虽说我是盲人，但我挑了这盏灯笼，既为别人照亮了路，也让别人看到了我而不会碰撞我了。

A Blind Man with A Lantern

1)One moonless night an itinerant monk wandered into a desolate village. Suddenly he descried a dim yellow light moving noiselessly towards him from the far end of a long lane. A villager close by told him, “Here comes Blindman Sun.”

2)The monk was much bewildered at the sight. Isn?t it ridiculous for a sightless person to carry a lantern? 3)Thereupon he asked, “Excuse me, sir, may I ask why you are carrying a lantern when you are visually challenged?”

4)“Is it night now?” the visionless man asked. After getting satisfied in that particular, he explained, “I?m told that without any illumination, people throughout the world would all be groping in the dark, therefore I?ve a lighted lantern with me.”

5)Seeming to have been enlightened somewhat, the religious man exclaimed. “So, sir, you?re lighting up the way for others?”

6)“No, for myself,” was the unexpected answer.

7)“Have you ever been bumped into by other pedestrians in the street because of utter darkness?” the differently-abled man querried. After getting an affirmative answer, he said, “But I?ve never. I have no vision, but, holding a lantern, I not only help the people see the way, but also myself, so that I won?t get knocked down.”

14．做人

1)母亲病了，住在医院里，我去守护她。

2) 很多人来探望母亲，他们带来各种各样的水果和补品。每一个人来，母亲都说：“你有心来探望我这把老骨头，我就很感激了；怎么能再让你破费？快把东西带回去给小孩吃。”

3)那些人自然不会把东西带回去。母亲叫我把东西硬塞回他们的怀里，可他们鬼机灵地把东西扔在桌子上就跑了。

4)母亲吃不了那么多水果和补品，就叫我也吃，一边看我吃，一边问：“好吃吗？” 5)我说：“好吃。”

6)过了两天，表哥来看望我的母亲，表哥手里空空的，没有水果，也没有补品，可是他临走时掏出一张百元大钞放在母亲的枕头边。7)母亲赶紧捡起钱，要还给表哥。8)表哥转身就走，母亲把钱递给我，指着表哥的背景说：“快。”

9)我接过钱去追表哥，追出很远才追上。10)表哥死活不肯要回钱。我硬把钱放在他的口袋里说：“快收下，别惹我妈生气。”

11)表哥摇摇头，无可奈何地说：“大姨这个人，心太好。” 12)我完成任务回到病房，母亲仰身半坐地问：“你表哥要不要？” 13)“他哪里肯要，我硬放进他口袋里去。”

14)母亲的头落回到枕头上，她不再说话，好久，才长长地叹了一口气。15)我赶紧凑到床前问：“你哪里不舒服？”

16)母亲伸出枯瘦的手抚摸我的脸说：“你几时才学会做人？” 17)我惶恐地问：“我哪里做错了？” 18)母亲抿抿嘴，似笑非笑地说：“我是你表哥的大姨，病成这个样子了，他给一百块钱不应该吗？”

19)我恍然大悟，转身再去追表哥。20)母亲一把拉住我的衣摆说：“你又错了。”

Learn the Ways of the World

1)My mother was hospitalized and I was often at her bed-side, looking after her.

2)She had lots of visitors, who invariably came with different kinds of fruit and tonics. Invariably she would decline thus, “I?m thankful enough to you for coming to see me. How can I bear to see you go to such expenses for my sake? Come on! Take those things back with you for your kids.”

3)Naturally, no caller would accept her suggestion, and mother would ask me to press the presents back into the hands of the guests, who would very cleverly leave the things on the table and quickly get away.

4)Not being able to consume so many nice things all by herself, she would invite me to share with her, and watching me eating, she would ask, “Aren?t they delicious?”

5)“Yes, they are, they are.”

6)Two days later, my elder male cousin on mother?s side came to see her, empty-handed. But before he left, he produced a one-hundred-yuan banknote and put it beside Mother?s pillow. 7)She hurriedly picked it up as a gesture of declination.8) My cousin quickly turned and left the ward. Mother handed the money to me, and pointing to his receding figure, and said, “Quick!”

9)I went after him with the money. It took me a long time before I intercepted him. 10)He simply wouldn?t take it back, but I succeeded in stuffing the banknote right into his pocket. “Take it back, please,” I said, “or my mother?ll be very angry.”

11)“Auntie indeed has a heart of gold,” my cousin said in admiration, which was emphasized with a resigned movement of the head.

12)Having carried out mother?s injunction, I returned to her side. She half rose from her lying position and asked, “Did he take it back?”

13)“No, he wouldn?t. I jammed it into his pocket.”

14)Mother?s head dropped back onto the pillow. She was silent for a long, long moment, and then let out a deep, deep sigh.15) I hurried over to the head of her bed and inquired concernedly, “Are you OK?”

16)She stroked my face with her emaciated hand and muttered, “When ever will you learn the ways of the world?”

17)“Have I done anything wrong?” I asked in trepidation.

18)Trying hard to compose her features into a smile, she let me into her thoughts. “I?m seriously ill. Shouldn?t he, my nephew, give me 100 yuan?”

19)Thoroughly enlightened as to her real intentions, I wheeled about, ready to catch my cousin again.20) She stopped my by gripping the hem of my coat, and murmured, “You?re wrong again.”

15．当代人生启示录

思想

1)人与人之间最本质的区别不在于服饰和外貌，而在于思想。

2)我们没有见过孔子，也没有见过老子和庄子。3)但是，我们却可以毫不费力地就把孔子、老子和庄子区分开来，而我们区分他们的依据就是他们的思想。

4)思想的特点可以说是一个人最大的特点。

5)每个人的思想都是不一样的。6)对于那些善于思想、长于思想的人来说，他们的思想就更为独特。7)他们的思想蕴含着他们对人生，对这个世界的根本看法。

8)人的最伟大和最高贵之处其实就在于会思想。

9)在思想中，人可以获得更强大、更健全、更完整、更深刻的自我。 10)我们应该学会思想，并在生活中始终坚持思想。

Learn to Think

1)The most essential difference between one person and another lies not in apparel or appearances, but in mind.

2)None of us has seen Confucius, or Lao-tzu, or Zhuang-tzu (369-286 B. C.) 3)However, we can easily distinguish these philosophers. The distinction is based on their different thinking.

4)What characterizes one?s thoughts might be said to be his most outstanding feature.

5)Ways of thinking vary from one individual to another. 6)These who enjoy the advantage of being good at using their brains might show originality of thought. 7)Their thoughts reflect their fundamental views on life and on this world of ours.

8)As a matter of fact, the greatest and noblest quality of humans is their ability to ruminate.

9)In the course of his rumination, a person can arrive at a stronger and sounder self with greater perfectness and more depth.

10)Hence, the need to learn to think and to make constant use of this speciality.

( II 英译汉部分）

1. Pollution

1) Pollution is a problem because man, in an increasingly

populated and industrialized world, is upsetting the environment in which he lives. 2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. 4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air, water and land. 5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living. 6) Thus still greater demands for electricity, water and goods result in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. 7) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.

8) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.

译文:

1）污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的

世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。2）许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。3）现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。4）人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。5）伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。6）于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。7）这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。

8）许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种损害。

2．Intelligent Test

1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term “intelligence” than there is on how to interpret or classify them（还原性增补）. （分译法） 2) But it is generally agreed （改为主动句）that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems（调整语序）. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure （转译成动词）of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It （还原性增补）does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed—it was（语言结构增补） not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it（还原性增补）for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects （确定词义）provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison（分译法）.

译文:

1）人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如

何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。2）但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。3）智力测试只能粗略地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。4）智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。5）人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。6）批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。7）既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在

对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。

Problem with Educational System

1) There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2) Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another

set of students, who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates? 3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply.

dispense with v. 裁减人员

6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about. [注释]

the Department of Employment 就业部 the Department of Education 教育部

译文:

1）目前全国有39所大学开设地理学位课程，但我从未看到广告上有招聘地理专业的大学毕业生的好工作。2）或是不是只有我一个人怀疑他们将回到学校教另一批学生的地理，而这些学生将来又去教更多的学生的地理？3）现在只有10所大学开设航天工程学位课程，考虑到飞机制造业一直在裁员的速度，还是这样做好。4）另一方面，由于缺少医生，全国的医院急诊室不得不纷纷关门。5）为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位的一半人提供名额。

6）对我说来，时机已经成熟，就业部和教育部应当和各大学携手起来，改革我们的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用学位的人才资源，学生的刻苦勤奋精神。而现在这些人才和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的文凭和学

位上。

4. Novelists

1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to Defoe they mean nothing to Jane Austen. 2) Here is the drawing room, and people talking, and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 3) And if, when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections, we turn to Hardy, we are once more spun around. 4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads. 5) The other side of the mind is now exposed—the dark side that comes uppermost in solitude, not the light side that shows in company. 6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny. 7) Yet different as these worlds are, each is consistent with itself. 8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective, and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us, as lesser writers so frequently do, by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book. 译文:

1）如果说旷野和历险对笛福的小说是主题，那么对奥斯丁小说就毫无意义。2）她的小说是客厅和客厅中闲聊的人们。他们的谈话像一面面镜子，反映出他

们的性格。3）当我们熟悉了奥斯丁的客厅和反映出来的事物后再去读哈代的小说，又得转向另一个世界。4）周围茫茫荒野，头顶一片星空。5）此时心态的另一面被揭示出来：不是聚会结伴时显示出来的轻松一面，而是孤独时最容易萌生的忧郁阴沉。6）和我们接触的也不是人，而是自然和命运。7）这些作家描写的世界是完全不同的，但它们都自然一体。8）每个世界的创造者都小心翼翼遵循自己观察事物的法则，不管他们的作品读起来是如何的费力，却不会像二流作家那样，把两种完全不同的世界塞进同一本书，让人感到不知所云。

5. The Law of Competition

1) Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. 2) The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. 3) But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. 4) We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential

to the future progress of the race. 译文:

1）在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。2）社会为这个法则付出的代价如同低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。3）担是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的，虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残酷，但对人类来说是好的，因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。4）我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等，接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里，接受和欢迎他们之间存在竞争的法则，我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件，看成对人类未来的进步不仅有益，而且是很有必要的。

6. Key to Success in Business

1) Every successful business is built on superior senses—of timing, opportunity, responsibility, and, not infrequently, humor. 2) None, however, is more critical than the ability to sense the market. 3) A senior executive’s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies, product and service offerings, indeed, all elements of a company’s strategic posture. 4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded. 5) Without it,

their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful. 6) But many top-level mangers, particularly those at industrial companies, consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff. 7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority, most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow, relying instead on subordinates’ reports—second-or-third-hand information—to define and sense the market for them.

[注释]

Bill Gates 比尔·盖茨，美国微软公司董事长

bailiwick 工作，事 译文:

1）每一个成功的工商企业都是建立在一些卓越的意识之上的，即懂得审时度势，抓住机遇，承担责任，并不乏幽默感。2）但这一切都没有比对市场了解的能力更为重要。3）高级管理人员的一个非常重要的本事是能很自然地设身处地为客户着想，并从他们那里获得真知灼见。他们利用这种能力来指导技术、产品和售后服务，乃至公司战略计划的各个方面。4）比尔·盖茨之类的成功者就曾把这种本事带进他们各自创立的企业中。5）没有这种能力，他们的事业或许只是昙花一现，至少没有像今天这样成功。6）但是许多高层经理，特别是工业公司的高层经理，把与顾客接触看成是销售和市场营销人员的事。7）即便他们确实也认为市场是公司的重心，但随着公司的发展，他们中大多数人也只与消

费者保持十分有限的接触而已。他们判断和把握市场，依赖于下属送来的报告，即二手、三手的材料。

7. The Policy of Mass Media

1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. 2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. 3) The disinclination to suggest real choice, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. 4) The organs of the Establishment, however well—intentioned they may be, have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt. 5) They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. 译文:

1）生活中充满了作为公民或个人必须作出决定的问题。2）但在媒体中却不经常见到有反映作出这些决定的真实难度，也没有反映作出这些决定给他们带

来的令人烦恼的难题。3）媒体不愿给出明确答案不只简单是一种取乐于顾客的广告手段。4）各种社会权力机构，尽管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的既得利益，确保社会的稳定，它们会设法影响新闻工作者，让他们不知不觉制作出的节目或写出的文章不痛不痒，不触及到问题的实质，虽然也装模作样地搞些辩论和调查。5）他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的观点表示出一点过激的疑问，在把它们写到现代生活的专栏时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。

8. The American and the English

1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English. 2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order, and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report. 3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated, perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent. 4) The Americans, though partly of the same blood, have felt no such restrain, and acquired no such habit of conformity. 5) On the contrary, they have plunged to the other extreme, for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring, and so they acquired that character of restlessness, that impatience of forms, that disdain of the dead hand, which now broadly marks

them. 译文:

1）许多本质上的不同造成了美语从英语中分出来，而主要的不同是两种语言根植于两个完全不同的社会环境和文化传统。自17世纪来，美国人和英国人在这两方面的差异十分明显。2）英国人相对说来生活在一个相对稳定的社会秩序里。这种秩序铭刻在他们心灵里的是对习惯上和名誉上的东西有一种特有的尊敬。3）虽然第一次世界大战改变了他们大多数的风俗习惯，但在这之前，他们的全部生活，或许比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制约。4）而虽然美国人中一部分的祖先是英国人，但他们没有这种约束。也没有这种一致性习惯的要求。5）相反，他们走到了另一个极端，因为他们国家的生活状况使他们看重的是好奇和冒险这恰恰相反的品质，这样他们养成的是不安现状，厌烦形式主义，藐视旧势力的影响的个性。这些个性在他们身上普遍反映出来。

9. Specialisations in Sciences

1) One must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous numbers of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. 2) Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of

research and to meet each other in conferences. 3) From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost schemes of cooperation. 4) But as the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. 5) These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advantages in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6) This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.

[注释]

specialisations 专门学科 译文:

1）必须认识到在各门科学中出现了许许多多的分支学科，这些学科通过开拓高精尖研究的领域，产生了一大批他们有着自己特别课题的专家。2）与此同时出现了越来越多的学术专刊，这就使得学者们可以了解其他地方的研究情况，并在国际大会上碰头交流。3）这种接触产生了他们个人之间的友谊，继而出现了几乎所有的合作计划。4）但是随着分支学科和专家的数量越来越多，研究的范围越来截止狭窄，出现了另一种相反的倾向，这就是跨学科的研究。5）这主

要基于这样一种看法：由于现代世界的发展和单一学科的狭窄领域方面的研究进展，出现了一些极其复杂的难题，而单凭一两人是不能对它们进行很好的研究的。6）这种跨学科研究倾向的结果是加强了各学科间的学术联系，和更重视了各专家知识的交流。这可以从许多国际会议所选择的广泛的研究课题中看出。

10. The Choice of Life

1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment. 2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will. 3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country. 4) I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands, and good fathers, and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting. 5) I am fascinated by the men, few enough in all conscience, who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking. 6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will, but at all events we have the illusion of it. 7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and, the choice once made, it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did. 译文:

1）对大多数人来说，生活是由环境决定的。2）他们在命运拔弄面前，不仅逆来顺受，甚至还能随遇而安。3）这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行，而对于那些不时在车流中进进出出，和欢快地奔驶在旷野上的摩托车不屑一顾。4）我尊重这些人：他们是守法的公民，尽职的丈夫，慈祥的父亲。当然，总得有人交纳税款，可是我并不觉得他们使人振奋。5）另有一些人把生活掌握在自己手里，似乎在按照自己的意愿创造生活，尽管这样的人的确寥寥无几，他们却深深地吸引了我。6）或许生活中没有可按自己意愿干的事，但不管如何，它确实存在我们的幻想中。7）站在十字路口，我们确实似乎可在左右两条道路中任选其一。一旦选定后，很难认识到，那实际是世界历史整个进程左右了我们的选择。

Part III

( TEM 8 )

翻译是TEM8 考试的项目之一。这个项目要求学生在60分钟内完成英译汉与汉译英各一篇短文的翻译。英语和汉语短文的长度各为150字/词左右。讲座分以下两个方面介绍翻译项目。

一．考试要求

《英语专业高年级教学大纲》（外语教学与研究出版社，1990）对八级翻译提出明确、具体的要求：进一步通过英汉两种语言对比，掌握英译汉、汉译英的理论和技巧（第6页）。按照教学大纲的基本精神，《八级考试大纲》对翻译项目作了如下要求：汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时约250汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。

翻译考试，顾名思义，是要求学生进行英汉、汉英互译，注重翻译理论与技巧的运用。但是，它实际上也是一种综合能力测试项目，检查学生运用进行两种语言对比的能力。翻译不是简单、机械地将一种语言符号转换成另一种语言符号的过程，而是一个多种能力因素相互作用的过程。除了必要的翻译技巧之外，这个过程涉及对两种语言的理解能力，对两种语言规范的熟悉、掌握程度，对两种语言文化背景的了解程度，等等。因此，翻译项目对学生的要求不是仅仅停留在翻译理论、技巧的了解之上，而是在翻译过程中综合能力的运用之上。

二．考试注意事项

TEM8 翻译考试对译文的要求是1、忠实原文 2、语言通顺。 1．忠实原文

翻译的功能是将原有的文字资料转换成另一种语言，从而使读者用熟悉的语言了解原本用另一种语言表述的信息。鉴于此，衡量译文的一个重要标准就是扑克其所转换的信息是否准确，是否忠实于原文。译者对原文的把握。如果在这方面出现偏差，译文就会与原文有出入，也就很难做到忠实于原文。

在TEM8翻译考试中，尤其是在英译汉有项目中，对原文的理解是按照要求完成翻译的第一步。学生拿到试卷后，应先仔细阅读原文，尽可能地全面领会原文的意思、语气、风格等。特别是要注意原文中的难点，因为这些难点的翻译常常关系到译文能否忠实于原文的问题。在历年的TEM8翻译考试中，学生一般能正确译出原文中较为容易理解的句子；而在翻译一些需动脑筋的句子时，他们就较容易错译或误译原文/句。请看下列例子：

1997年英译汉中的第一句是Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. （参考译文：欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈的享受：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。）原句并不长，但是一个翻译难点，尤其是后半句中的that, much。对此句的不同理解导致了翻译中出现各种译法。

1）手术是很费钱的，这是不可避免的。

（评语：考生把原文中的opera 误看成operation，故翻出来的句子与原文相差甚远。） 2）看歌剧是件相当奢侈的事情，而且也只能如此。

（评语：理解较为贴近原文意思，故基本上译出原句的含义。） 3）歌剧的确是昂贵的，但那是不可避免的。

（评语：把两句译成了原文中未有的对比关系了。） 4）戏剧费用昂贵，而且必不可少。 （评语：opera应为歌剧。“费用”含义模糊——不知译者指的是“票价”，还是“演出开支”。此外，“必不可少”与原文有出入。） 5）歌剧需要大笔金钱，这一点是必然的。 （前半句犯有类似4）的译汉错误。）

1998年英译汉的项目中有一句为：Kinship yields to a sudden alienation.（参考译文亲族般的密切关系被突然的疏远盖过了。）忠实于原句的关键在于根据上下文正确理解原意。请看下列不同的译法。

1）其总会屈服于突然的联合。 （评语：完全误解原文。）

2）“亲戚“的关系一下子分裂开来。

（评语：对原句的理解基本正确，但中文表达不太通顺。） 3）熟悉的亲缘关系最终还是被突然的外族隔离所取代。

（评语：问题在于alienation的翻译。除此之外，理解基本正确，且汉语较为通顺。） 4）家族性向一个突如其来的异化妥协了。

（评语：实际上是生硬的逐字翻译，未根据下上文译出原句的含义。）

综上所述，在翻译中对原文的正确理解是使译文在语气、含义、风格上与原文保持一致的关键所在。

2．语言通顺

质量高的译文除了忠实于原文外，在语言在也要力求做到通顺。具体地说，就是所译语言要符合规范、行文自然、流畅，不带有过多生硬翻译的痕迹。就英译汉而言，译文应该断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴，段与段、句与句之间呼应自然，有一定文采。对于汉译英来

说，要求译文的句式处理恰当，选词妥贴，英语比较地道。

在TEM8翻译考试里，语言通顺对汉译英项目来说尤为重要。译文英语不地道，不仅将失去原文的文体风格，而且还会误转原意。请看这方面的几个例子。

1997年汉译英中有一句为：我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。（参考译文：My supervisor is an Asian, a bad tempered heavy smoker and drinker.）

1) My tutor came from an Asian family. He was bad tempered and loved smoking and drinking.

2) My tutor was an Asian descendant, who was addicted to cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. His temper was hot.

3) My tutor was an Asian descendant, who liked smoking and drinking. He had a hot temper. 从原文中可以看出，“嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁”是导师的两大特点，在翻译中应显示出其内在的并列关系。而上述译法中，除了1）在翻译中转达了原意之外，其他译法都把这两点分裂开来。另外，1）句式排列较为平衡，语言读来也相对比较通顺、自然。2）和3）在句与句的衔接上不够自然，特别是第二句显得突兀，因此有不流畅之感。

1999年汉译英中有一句为：加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3，000万。（参考译文：Canada is a vast, sparsely populated country with its land area larger than that of China, and a population under 30 million.）

1）nada has vast land but a small number of people. It occupies more area than China does, but has only a population less than 30 million.

（评语：没有按照英语句式的特点来组织译文，而是根据原文句子的排列顺序逐字逐句地硬翻。结果是句子不连贯通顺。个别处用词不确切，如：a small number of people。） 2）Canada has a large land but with little population. The national land is even larger than

China. But the population is less than 30 million. （评语：存在与上句类似的毛病。）

3) Canada is a country of remote land and small population, with its territory even bigger than China while its population is less than 30 million.

（评语：翻译上存在一些问题，如：冠词的遗漏；while的句子不平衡。但是它试图超越原文句式框架，贴近英文句式的表达方式。）

因篇幅有限，仅在此举上述两例。从例子中我们可以看出，学生在语言通顺方面仍存在一些问题。一个较为普遍的现象是在翻译过程中缺乏对译文语言地道表达方法的考虑，而是仅仅停留在对原文进行逐字逐句翻译的水平上。这样产生的译文，即使在意思上与原文可能保持一致，也无法体现原有的文体风格等。此外，逐字逐句翻译的结果是句式变化少，大量的句子为简单句，因而句与句之间显得不连贯，行文不流畅。另一较为普遍的问题是用词不当或不确切。

如前所述，翻译考试是一种综合能力考试，而这种能力考试并非一朝一夕即可形成。要提高学生的翻译水平，须平时注重训练指导。鉴于在TEM8翻译考试中反映出来的一些问题，笔者以为在平时的翻译教学中应重视以下几点：

1）强化两种语言对比的意识，加深对两种语言结构不同点的认识； 2）加强对语言文化背景知识的了解；

3）加强翻译理论及技巧的教学，强调理论与技巧的运用；培养学生熟练运用各种翻译技

巧的意识与能力；

4）加强学生语言基本功的训练，提高语言表达能力，提高语言的准确性，注重语言的得

体性。

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Section A Chinese to English

1990年5月，联合国经社理事会通过决议，将于1995年举行一次妇女问题世界会议。根据联合国在各区域轮流举办大会的习惯做法和广大发展中国家的期望，我国外交部部长钱其琛1991年1月28日致函联合国秘书长，邀请1995年在北京举行第四次世界妇女大会。钱外长在信中说，“亚洲是妇女人数最多的大陆，中国又是世界上妇女最多的国家，因此，在中国举办这次会议是合适的。”钱外长还表示，“中国政府也愿意担任非政府组织论坛的东道国，它是妇女问题会议的辅助会议”。

1992年3月联合国妇女地位委员会第36届会议决定：感谢并接受中国政府的邀请，第四次世界妇女大会定于1995年9月4日至15日在北京召开，会期为10个工作日：会议主题：以行动谋求平等、发展与和平，次主题为卫生、教育和就业。此外，所有联合国会员国，联合国各专门机构及有关组织的代表将以观察员身份出席会议。预计届时将有上万人云集北京。

In May 1990, the UN Economic and Social Council passed a resolution that a world conference on women would be held in 1995. In line with the UN custom of alternating conference venues between regions and to meet the expectations of developing countries, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen wrote to the UN secretary-general on January 28, 1991, offering to host the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women FWCW in Beijing. In his letter, the foreign minister said that since Asia is the continent with the greatest number of women and China has the world?s largest population of women, it would be appropriate for China to host the meeting. Qian also noted that the Chinese government was willing to be the host country for the Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) Forum held as an adjunct to the conference. In March 1992, the 36th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women gratefully accepted the invitation of the Chinese government and decided to schedule the conference from September 4 to 15, 1995, in Beijing. To last for 10 working days, the meeting will foster the themes of equality, development and peace through action, along with the subsidiary subjects of health, education and employment. Moreover, all UN member states, representatives of UN special bodies and related organizations will attend as observers. It is estimated that about 10, 000 people will gather in Beijing for the conference and forum.

Section B English to Chinese

Thanks to the geek aesthetic of the high-tech industry, the work-in-your-jammies home office movement in today?s low unemployment hiring environment, business causal wear has taken off in a big way. And employers are increasingly tweaking dress policies in order to relax them. Traditionally, industries like media, fashion, information technology and advertising tend to be casual, while law, banking, accountancy and the service industry lean towards the conservative. But since technicians have taken over the world, techno-entrepreneur fashion has suddenly become popular. So its out with stuffy suits and court shoes, and in with trousers and funky trainers. And suddenly everyone—including bastions of conservatism like banks—is jumping on the bandwagon to look hip rather than Establishment. Tracy De Rozario from human resources consultant. Business Trends, feels that loosening dress codes has been a good thing. “People are generally more productive if they are relaxed and comfortable,” she says. According to an Asian woman?s website poll, more than half of the respondents suggested that the new economy dress code should be comfortable. Even employers agree with that.

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