2019版高考英语语法专题突破全国全解析专项训练：专题13 构词法

1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，69)However, be________ (care) not to go to extremes.

答案：careful 名词加后缀-ful变成形容词，作表语或定语。此句用于be careful (not) to do sth.结构。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，70)It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.

答案：certainly 此处应用副词修饰形容词fun, certain加后缀-ly 构成其副词形式。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ， 66)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)．

答案：education 形容词性物主代词通常在名词前作定语。由此可知her后面的空格处应为名词education。-tion为名词后缀。

4．(2017·江苏高考，29，改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smart-phones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.

答案：conventional 分析句子可知，名词PCs前缺少一个定语，故用形容词形式。-al为形容词后缀。句意：仅仅在史蒂夫·乔布斯去世五年之后，智能手机的销售额就打败了传统的个人电脑。

5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ，42)Handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve)．

答案：achievement 介词of后要用名词作宾语。动词achieve加后缀-ment构成名词。a sense of achievement “成就感”。

常用的英语构词法

一、名词加后缀构成形容词

二、动词加后缀构成形容词

三、动词加后缀构成名词

四、名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词

五、形容词加后缀构成副词

六、形容词加后缀构成名词

七、形容词加后缀构成动词(一)

八、形容词加前缀构成动词(二)

九、常见的表示特定含义的前缀

十、表示“人”的名词后缀

十一、常用的否定前缀

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．________ (fortunate), Natalie's family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridge closed.

答案：Fortunately 此处表述“幸运地是”，修饰整个句子，应当用副词形式。

2．It's still a useful and pleasant form of ________ (communicate)． 答案：communication 介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。

3．It is not ________ (surprise) that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so.

答案：surprising 此处表述that从句所陈述的事情是surprising “令人吃惊的”。惯用句式：It is＋adj.＋that ...，v.＋-ing→adj.。

4．Chinese scientists ________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.

答案：recently 修饰谓语动词应用副词形式。形容词recent＋-ly→副词。

5．The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________ (grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.

答案：growth 前面有形容词important修饰。此处应填名词

growth和后面的development构成并列关系。

6．Some schools will have to make ________ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.

答案：adjustments make adjustments “做出调整”，固定短语。 7．We should see ________ (fail) as a requirement for moving towards our goals.

答案：failure 设空处应填名词作动词see的宾语，且此处为抽象名词，不可数。由派生构词法可知，v.＋-ure→n.，故填failure。

8．You can live a more ________ (power) life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.

答案：powerful 修饰后面的名词的应是形容词，依据派生构词法，名词加后缀-ful构成形容词；powerful “强有力的”。

9．Ants are gathering their winter food in the middle of summer and make ________ (prepare) for the long cold winter.

答案：preparations make preparations for ... “为……作准 备”。

10．It is ________ (danger) for a woman to walk alone at night. 答案：dangerous 所填词位于系动词is之后，作表语，应填形容词；根据派生构词法规则可知，可在名词后加后缀-ous，构成形容词，故填dangerous，意为“危险的”。

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．With each shovel of dirt which hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazed.

____________________________________________________

答案：amazed→amazing 形容词修饰不定代词something应位于其后，且此处表示“令人惊讶的事”，故改为amazing。

2．In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperate.

______________________________________________________

答案：cooperate→cooperative 此处用形容词作表语。由派生构

词法可知v.＋-ive→adj.。

3．It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.

_____________________________________________________

答案：suddenly→sudden 句中，stop是名词，应由形容词修饰；根据副词的构词法规则可知，此处应将表示副词的后缀-ly去掉，故改suddenly为sudden。

4．The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.

____________________________________________________ 答案：taste→tasty 形容词small, juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语，故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知，v.＋-y→adj.。

5．They are true good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.

_____________________________________________________

答案：true→truly 此处用副词形式修饰后面的形容词good。 Ⅲ.语法填空

On the first day of her work, Sally found that a class full of problems was waiting for her. She was told six teachers__1__ (quit) before her. When she walked into the classroom, it was chaos: two boys were fighting in a corner, yet__2__rest of the class seemed not to notice them; some girls were chatting and some were running about with paper, food packages and other garbage__3__ (leave) everywhere. Sally walked onto the platform, __4__ (pick) up a piece of chalk and wrote on the blackboard: “Rule 1: We are family！” All students stopped__5__ (look) at her. And she continued with Rule 2, Rule 3 ... In the following weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them __6__the walls of the classroom.She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.

__7__ (surprise), Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; __8__， she won respect from the students.Over the years, she witnessed

gradual changes in the class. At the graduation ceremony, just __9__she expected, she was very proud to stand with a class of care, manners and __10__ (confident)．

1．________2.________3.________4.________5.________ 6.________7.________8.________9.________10.________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了一名老师通过努力最终将问题班级转化成优秀班级的故事。

1．had quit(ted) 考查动词的时态。辞职动作发生在“She was told”之前，因此需用过去完成时。

2．the 考查冠词。“the rest of ...”是固定短语，意为“其余 的……”。

3．left 考查非谓语动词。过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动。 4．picked 考查动词的时态。老师走上讲台，拿起粉笔在黑板上写字，构成并列谓语。and连接三个并列的谓语动作，由walked, wrote可知，此处填所给词的过去式。

5．to look 考查非谓语动词。所有学生都停下当时所做的事情来看老师，故使用“stop to look”。

6．on/onto 考查介词。把规则张贴到墙上，故使用“post ... on/onto the wall”。

7．Surprisingly 考查词性转换。副词修饰整个句子，翻译为“令人惊讶的是……”。

8．instead 考查副词。承接前文可知此处表述令人惊讶的是，Sally并没有像其他老师那样被赶出去，反而赢得了学生的尊重。副词instead “反而，相反”，符合语境。

9．as 考查定语从句。正如她所期待的那样。as引导非限制性定语从句。

10．confidence 考查词性转换。此处应用名词作介词of的宾语。 Ⅳ.短文改错

Born in America, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and an inventor. He was once thought to be a boy whom was not worth educating.

In fact, he was a man full of imaginations.

I admire Edison a lot because his great contributions to the world. He is said to having more than 1,000 inventions. In his lifetime, he were always eager to know how things worked. He was also very diligent and work day and night. And this explained why he had so much great inventions.

Success can never be easy achieved. Probably I can't be another Edison himself, but I will work hard to be a worthy person.

答案：

Born in America, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and ＼an

①

inventor. He was once thought to be a boy whom was not worth

②who

educating. In fact, he was a man full of imaginations. ③imagination

I admire Edison a lot because ∧ his great contributions to the

④of

world. He is said to having more than 1,000 inventions. In his lifetime,

⑤have

he were always eager to know how things worked. He was also very

⑥was

diligent and work day and night. And this explained why he had so

⑦worked

much great inventions.

⑧many

Success can never be easy achieved. Probably I can't be another

⑨easily

Edison himself， but I will work hard to be a worthy person.

⑩myself

1．去掉inventor前的an 考查冠词。前后两个名词同指一个人，所以去掉 inventor前面的an。

2．whom→who 考查关系代词。定语从句部分缺主语，所以应用who。

3．imaginations→imagination 考查名词的数。imagination是不可数名词。

4．because后加of 考查固定搭配。because后面为名词短语，所以加介词of。

5．having→have 考查非谓语动词。be said to do sth. “据说做某事”，固定搭配。

6．were→was 考查主谓一致。主语是he，谓语应用单数was。 7．work→worked 考查动词的时态。由本句前面的was可知，work应使用一般过去时。

8．much→many 考查形容词。inventions是可数名词，其前应用many修饰。

9．easy→easily 考查副词。此处easily用来修饰谓语动词be achieved。

10．himself→myself 考查反身代词。由句子的主语I可知，句意为“我本人无法成为另一个爱迪生”。

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