杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

综合测试题（一）

I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：(10 points) ：

() 1. General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.

() 2. The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology.

() 3. The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.

() 4. Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.

() 5. Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the source domain.

() 6. According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.

() 7. Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.

() 8. Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.

() 9. Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research. ()10. Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions: field, mode and tenor.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. ____________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

A. creativity

B. arbitrariness

C. displacement

D. interchangeability

2. Syntactically, Japanese is ____________ language.

A. analytic

B. isolating

C. synthetic

D. agglutinating

3. The general roles language plays are termed

A. metalanguages

B. metafunctions

C. metadiscourses

D. metagrammar

4. ____________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix.

A. Blending

B. Eponyms

C. Backformation

D. Clipping

5. The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a ___________.

A. suffix

B. prefix

C. morpheme

D. morph

6. __________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.

A. Environmentalist

B. functionalist

C. nativist

D. both a and b

7. Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC. are called __________.

A. person deixis

B. time deixis

C. place deixis

D. discourse deixis

8. Every syllable has a(n) __________, which is usually a vowel.

A. nucleus

B. onset

C. code

D. rhyme

9. ___________ is defined as the study of meaning.

A. linguistics

B. semantics

C. morphology

D. pragmatics

10. A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.

A. pidgin

B. creole

C. Esperanto

D. natural language

III. Match the terms in column A with the phrases in column B and put a, b…j into brackets: (10

1 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

points)

A

( ) 1. Socialinguistics

( ) 2. Applied Linguistics

( ) 3. Morphology

( ) 4. Phonetics

( ) 5. Linguistics

( ) 6. Syntax

( ) 7. Psycholinguistics

( ) 8. Pragmatics

( ) 9. Phonology

( ) 10 Semantics

B

a. the analysis of sentence structure

b. the analysis of meaning in context

c. the analysis of meaning

d. the study of sound systems and patterns

e. the application of linguistic theories to other spheres

f. the study of speech sounds

g.the study of the relationship between language and society

h.the study of word structure

i. the scientific study of language

j. the study of the relationship between language and mind

IV. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) they all share: (10 points) 1. [t∫][dз] 2. [m] [n] [ɡ] 3. [f] [θ] [s ] [∫] [h] 4. [d] [n] [z] [l] [r] 5. [i:] [i] [u:] [u]

V. Consider the following words and fill in the form: (10 points)

Words analyzed number of morphemes troublesome free morphemes

stepmother psycholinguistics understatement antidisestablishmentarianism

VI. Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences: (10 points)

1. The duck is too hot to eat. (1) ______________________________________ (2) ______________________________________

2. Visiting friends can be boring. (1) ______________________________________ (2) ______________________________________

VII. Explain the following terms: (10 points)

1. derivation

2. learner factors

VIII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)

1. What is the difference between “a red and a redcoat”?

2 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

2. What are the features of modern linguistics?

3. According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of?

综合测试题（二）

I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (10 points)

() 1. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and logical metafunction.

() 2. Duality is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

() 3. Modality can be categorized into modalization and modulation according to Halliday. () 4. Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.

() 5. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.

() 6. Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves social factors and learner factors.

() 7.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.

() 8.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.

() 9.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.

() 10. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. The language used to talk about language is called __________.

A. language

B. metalanguage

C. natural language

D. artificial language

2. [+continuant] specifies ________________.

A. all the fricatives

B. all the fricatives and glides

C. all the fricatives and liquids

D. all the fricatives, liquids and glides

3. _________ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.

A. Coinage

B. Blending

C. Acronmyms

D. Clipping

4. A __________ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.

A. morpheme

B. word

C. phoneme

D. allophones

5. The word “multinationality has ___________ morphemes.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

6. _________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user”.

A. field

B. mode

C. tenor

D. register

7. __________ are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.

A. back-channel signals

B. adjacency pairs

C. pre-sequences

D. insertion sequences

8. The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice

3 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

(1975) as ____________.

A. the principle of relevance

B. cooperative principle

C. the politeness principle

D. the theory of prototypes

9. Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in __________.

A. affective meaning

B. style

C. collocation

D. register

10. “John explained the theory” is a ___________ process according to Halliday.

A. material

B. mental

C. verbal

D. behavioral

III. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points) 1. Specially, there are four m__________ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.

2. M__________ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.

3. A speech act consists of three dimensions. The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l_____________ act. The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i_____________ act. The act of bringing about an effect is known as p____________ act.

4. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m____________.

5. C__________ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.

6. A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a___________,

7.The term language a___________ refers to the natural process of children’ language development.

8. A d___________ is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

IV. Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence: (10 points)

A

() 1. This vet is very famous in the town.

() 2. This classroom is large and bright..

() 3. He is watering flowers.

() 4.Orlon is a kind of cloth material.

() 5. Watt is the measurement unit of electricity.

() 6. EEC is an important organization in the world.

() 7. An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.

() 8. The road was enlarged last year.

() 9. Some young people have brunch quite often.

B

a. Conversion

b. Derivation

c. Blending

4 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

d. Backformation

e. Acronym

f. Compounding

g. Coinage

h. Eponym

i. Clipping

V. Pick out the sound that does not belong to the group of the sounds according to the natural class of sounds. And then name the feature(s) that define the one picked out and the group of sounds: (10 points)

For example: 1. [ 2. [ 3. [ 4. [ 5. [ [z] voiced/voiceless ____ ____ ____ ___________ [f] [θ] [z] [s] [m] [?] [l] [n] [p] [b] [m] [v] [w] [s] [z] [∫] [dз] [з] [i:] [i] [?] [u] [e] [i:] [?:] [e] [?] ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________] __________________________

VI. Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the se ntence, “He found his book on Wall Street”: (10 points)

VII. Explain the following terms: (10 points)

1. language and linguistics

2. semantics and pragmatics

VII. Answer the following questions:(40%)

1. How do you understand creativity, one of the features of human language?

2. What do Taboo and Euphemism mean? What is the relationship between them?

3. What are the general roles language plays according to Halliday?

综合测试题（三）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets. (10 points)

()1. A morpheme is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.

() 2. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.

() 3. The word “went” contains two morphemes.

() 4. The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis (CA).

() 5. Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons.

() 6. The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.

() 7. In English, the two liquids [l] and [r] are phonemes, but in Korean, they are allophones. () 8. Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.

() 9. Compounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and

5 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

bound morphemes.

()10. The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. The followings are all features of language except __________.

A. duality

B. productivity

C. changeability

D. displacement

2. The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.

A. synonymy

B. antonym

C. polysemy

D. homonymy

3. ______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.

A. Conversion

B. Abbreviation

C. Eponyms

D. Blending

4. Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.

A. babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech

B. babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic

C. babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech

D. babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word

5. The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except _________.

A. motivation

B. nationality

C. age

D. learning strategy

6. Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others. Based on this observation, Leech (1983) proposes _____________.

A. the cooperative principle

B. the principle of relevance

C. the politeness principle

D. speech acts

7. Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.

A. moon/noon

B. foot/food

C. she/sheet

D. sea/sea

8. The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________.

A. distinctive features

B. non-distinctive features

C. suprasegmental features

D. free variation

9. The ____________ function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.

A. ideational

B. interpersonal

C. textual

D. logical

10. Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes _________.

A. prefixes

B. suffixes

C. affixes

D. inflectional morphemes

III. Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence: (10 points)

A

( ) 1. Most children like drinking Coca-cola.

( ) 2. UNESCO is a branch United Nations.

( ) 3. The police machineguned the gang.

( ) 4. I like sandwiches very much.

( ) 5. There are a lot of fruits in the fridge.

( ) 6. Infotech is popular nowadays.

( ) 7. An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.

6 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

( ) 8. His stepmother is very kind to him.

( ) 9.The street was widened last year.

B

a. Conversion

b. Derivation

c. Blending

d. Backformation

e. Acronym

f. Compounding

g. Coinage h. Eponym i. Clipping

IV. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(10 points)

1. labiodentals

2. interdentals

3. back vowels

4. high vowels

5. palatal affricates

V. Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracket. (10 points)

A

( ) 1. The noise annoyed him.

( ) 2. The police caught him

( ) 3. There are two books on the table.

( ) 4. John explained the theory to me.

( ) 5. He watches TV every day.

( ) 6. The conference is on Monday

B

a. Material process

b. Relational process

c. Mental process

d. Verbal process

e. Behavioral process

f. Existential process

VI. Explain the following terms: (10 points)

1. arbitrariness

2. voicing

VII. Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, “They can fish”. (10 points) VIII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)

1. 2. What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse? What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples.

3. What are the components of metaphors?

综合测试题（四）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (10 points)

( ) 1. English is a tone language.

( ) 2. Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.

7 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

( ) 3. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings.

( ) 4. Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.

( ) 5. Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.

( ) 6. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.

( ) 7. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.

() 8. There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language. ( ) 9. Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.

( )10 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in learning a second language.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. The word “antidisestablishmentariaism” is composed of ______ morphemes.

A. six

B. seven

C. eight

D. nine

2. __________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.

A. Voicing

B. Voiced

C. Nasalization

D. Aspiration

3. Smog is a ___________ word.

A. derived

B. clipped

C. blended

D. compound

4. The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance. This kind of motivation may be termed ____ motivation.

A. instrumental

B. integrative

C. cognitive

D. none of them

5. [u:] possesses the features _____________.

A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense]

B. [+high][-back][+round][+tense]

C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense]

D. [-high][+back][+round][+tense]

6. English is an example of _________ languages.

A. VSO

B. SVO

C. SOV

D. SVO

7.A ________ is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.

A. phoneme

B. phone

C. morpheme

D. morph

8. Free morphemes were traditionally called _________.

A. affixes

B. prefix

C. suffix

D. root

9. The lexical sense relation between elephant and animal is __________.

A. hyponymy

B. synonymy

C. antonymy

D. homonymy

10. Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc. are ________ antonyms.

A. gradable

B. complementary

C. reversal

D. relative

III. Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracketbefore the sentence. (10 points)

A

( ) 1. John is talking to Jane.

( ) 2. Tom is the leader

( ) 3. There is a cat on the bed.

( ) 4. The bad news astonished her.

8 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

( ) 5. Edward broke the window.

( ) 6. He waved his hands.

B

a. Material process

b. Relational process

c. Mental process

d. Verbal process

e. Behavioral process

f. Existential process

IV. State what semantic property or properties are shared by the group of words. (10 points)

For example: typewriter, ruler, notebook 1. king, bachelor, son 2. bull, rooster, stallion 3. pine, rose, elm 4. bravery, charity, devotion 5. car, bike, plane [ +stationary] ________________________ ________________________

V. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and the describe it. (10 points)

Example: far [a:] back low vowel

1. thread

2. beat

3. important

4. live

5. stop [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]

VI. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10 points)

1. She can not bear children.

(1) (2)(3) ______________________________________________

2. He hates old men and women.

(1) (2) ______________________________________________

VII. Explain the following terms with examples. (10 points)

1. 2. Compounding Free variation

VII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)

1. 2. What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics? What are the four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence according to Hymes (1972)?

3. What are the three types of antonyms (lexical opposition) in English?

综合测试题（五）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (10 points)

() 1. Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

( ) 2. Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meaning.

() 3. The Swiss linguist Chomsky regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.

( ) 4. Language can be used to refer to things real or false, past, present or future.

( ) 5. Language is merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation.

9 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

( ) 6. We use language as symbolic code to represent the world around us.

( ) 7. The ideatonal function of language binds individuals together.

( ) 8. When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences. ( ) 9. Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.

() 10. Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.

Ⅱ. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it. (5 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Geographic Red Song Clock Psychopathy

Ⅲ. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions. (5 points)

Initial pit/bit Medial rapid/rabid Final cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. /k/-/g/ /m/-/n/ /l/-/r/ /b/-/v/ /b/-/m/

Ⅳ. Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process. (10 points) Column ⅠA. chairs B. wider C.looked D. Tom’s

Column ⅡA. reality B. movement C.malcontent D. stepmother

Column ⅢA. blackboard B. greenhouse C. makeshift D. paintwork

(1) What morphological process is shown by Column Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ.

(2) What is the morphological difference between a),b) and c),d) in Column Ⅱ.

Ⅴ. Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences if modality, then identify the type (modalization or modulation). (10 points)

1. I have not finished the task.

2. He often comes to my office.

3. I will show you how to make up the bed.

4. He hardly came back to see his mother.

5. The company ought to cut the price of the products.

Ⅵ. Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/-WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/-PAN], [+/-POT], [+/-OVEN], [+/-SIEVE], etc. (10 points)

boil: fry: steam: stew: bake:

Ⅶ. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved: (15 points)

a). The professor’s app ointment was shocking.

b). The design has big squares and circles.

c). The governor is a dirty street fighter.

Ⅷ. What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature? (5

10 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

points)

a). The dress is lovely, isn’t it?

b). The material is nice.

Ⅸ. Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand. Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree. (10 points)

Ⅹ. Answer the following question: (20 points)

1. What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?

2. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?

综合测试题（六）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (20 points)

( ) 1. In the study of the first step is the task of auditory phonetics.

( ) 2. The sound source is the larynx.

( ) 3. The oral cavity contains most of the articulators, namely, the uvula, the velum the hard palate.

( )4. Sounds which are produced with the upper teeth touching the lower lip are labialdentals.

( ) 5. Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.

( ) 6. Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.

( ) 7. Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. ( ) 8. All members.of a speech community can send and take messages.

( ) 9.Traditional grammar was initially based on European language, particularly on Latin and German.

( ) 10. One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept of immediate constituent.

( ) 11. Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.

( ) 12. The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings

( ) 13. An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.

( ) 14. Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use.

( ) 15. Relevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.

( ) 16. Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.

( ) 17. Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.

( ) 18. Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.

11 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

( ) 19. Mental processes are processes of sensing.

( ) 20. A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.

Ⅱ. Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (5 points)

1. Retroactive

2. Befriended

3. Televise

4. Margin

5. Endearment

Ⅲ.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the italicized part of each word in A. (5 points)

A

a. terrorized

b. uncivilized

c. terrorize

d. lukewarm

e. impossible B

(1) free root (2) bound root (3) inflectional suffix (4) derivational suffix (5) inflectional prefix (6) derivational prefix (7) inflectional infix (8) derivational infix

Ⅳ. Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following rules abbreviate. (5 points)

VP→V (NP) (PP) (Adv) NP→(Det) (Adj) N (PP)

Ⅴ .Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences: (10 points)

a) The man found the letter.

b) The students put the books in the classroom.

Ⅵ. Write the semantic feature shared by the given words. (5 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy Milk, water, alcohol, oil Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar

Ⅶ.Each of the following words is a basic level term. Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank. (10 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. table willow cat blue dictionary painting driver verb chemistry juice

Ⅷ. The opposite of analytic is contradictory. A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory.

Kings are female is an example. Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory. (10 points)

1. My sister is a man.

2. Witches are wicked.

3. My sister is an only child.

4. The evening star isn’t the morning star.

12 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

5. The evening star isn’t the evening star.

6. Babies are adults.

7. Babies can lift one ton.

8. Puppies are human.

9. My bachelor friends are all married.

10. My bachelor friends are all lonely.

Ⅸ. Pig Latin is a common language game of English; but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the “language game” with differen t rules. (10 points)

Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels: Dialect 1 “eat” “arc” [itme] [arkme] Dialect 2 [ithe] [arkhe] Dialect 3 [ite] [arke]

⑴State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect. Dialect 1: Dialect 2: Dialect 3: ⑵How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms. honest admire 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.

Illegal

1.

2.

3.

Ⅹ. Answer the following questions: (20 points)

1. What is the function of phonological knowledge?

2. Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric reference.

综合测试题（七）

Ⅰ. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points) 1. 2. The term l a refers to the natural process of children’s language development. It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the b 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. stage, holophrastic stage, , the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage. The practice of error analysis is divided into i describing and explaining. S refers to the analysis of meaning . In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is d D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language. In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.

8. 9. The sentence “The bachelor is unmarried” is it t The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain.

10. P event.

Ⅱ. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (5 points)

13 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

1. 2.

tense front mid vowel lateral liquid. domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech

3. 4. 5.

lax high back vowel voiced bilabial oral stop mid central lax vowel

Ⅲ. A phonetic symbol is actually a “cover term” for a composite of distin ct phonetic properties or features. Define each of the symbols below by marking a “+”or a “-” for each given feature: a “+”, if the property is present, a “-”,if it is absent: (10 points)

sou phone featu segme

u

?

Ou

I

u:

High Low Back Tense Round

Ⅳ. Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can: (10 points)

(1) Minimal pair (2) phoneme

Ⅴ. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it. (5 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Weight Orange Veil Hair Team

Ⅵ. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions. (5 points)

Initial pit/bit Medial rapid/rabid Final cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. /p/-/f/ /s/-/?/ /?/-/?/ /s/-/z/ /t/-/k/

Ⅶ. For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules: (10 points)

1. 2. She speaks good Japanese. The problem would be solved by them.

Ⅷ. Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them: (10 points)

1. 2. Girls are eager to please. Girls are easy to please.

14 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

Ⅸ. Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones: (5 points)

style/stile ear/ear hear/here tale/tail bank/bank know/no hare/hair bear/bear soul/sole one/won

Ⅹ. Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription. [? ] is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English word church. [ts] is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol. It is pronounced as the final sound(s) in cats. Japanese words (except for certain loan words) never contain the phonetic sequences. *[ti] or *[tu]: (20 points)

1. Based on these data. Are [t], [ ? ],and [ts]in complementary distribution?

2. State the distribution---first in words, then using features---of these phones.

3. Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as [t],[ ?],and[ts] are concerned. That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones.

4. Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed Japanese words given below. Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for [t],[ ?] ], and [ts]. tatami_____ tsukue______ tsutsumu_______ ?izu

Tomoda?i_______ tetsudau______

Ⅺ.Exemplify

The differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes: (10 points)

综合测试题（八）

Ⅰ. Multiple Choice：(10 points) ：

1. Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their

A. synchronic solidarity

B. systemic agreement

C. finite sentences

D. instinctive method in length and

47dc3d70d7bbfd0a79563c1ec5da50e2524dd19fnguage is a set (infinite) of sentences, each constructed out of a finite set of elements.

A. infinite

B. finite

C. fixed

D. definite

3. The Swiss Linguist regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier (sound image) and signified (referent).

A. Chomsky

B. de Saussure

C. Bloomfield

D. Halliday

4. Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language used to talk about language is called

A. special language .

B. local language

C. metalanguage

D. human language

5. refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.

A. Arbitrariness

B. Duality

C. Creativity

D. Displacement

6. A community language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic

A. artificial

B. natural

C. family

D. western

7. The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory is whether it is

15 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

A. disciple

B. observable .

C. verifiable

D. functional

8. may be defined as the scientific study of language.

A. Morphology

B. Linguistics

C. Phonology

D. Phonetics

9. Linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities to________sciences.

A. physical

B. natural

C. absolute

D. universal

10. The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, and meaning.

A. regularity

B. construct

C. structure

D. discipline

Ⅱ. True or False：(10 points) ：

( ) 1. Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society. Language varies from region to region, from class to class.

( ) 2. The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in th e air.

( ) 3. Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula.

( ) 4. Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.

( ) 5. Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes. ( ) 6. Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.

( ) 7. Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.

( ) 8. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.

( ) 9. Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another.

( ) 10. Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.

Ⅲ. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points)

1. Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.

2. Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s put together. can be

3.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are systematic

g .

4. Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called s f .

5. Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves. They are f m_ when they are components of words.

6. D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.

7. The ideational function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the t system of language. term. It is based on the

8. Associative meaning is actually an u associationist theory of psychology.

9. Synonyms of different r in different spheres. are words similar in meaning but used

10. The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a initial expression called antecedent. and the

16 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

Ⅳ. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it. (5 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hit Met Car Tool Football

Ⅴ. Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (5 points)

1. 2. Psychology Unpalatable

3. 4. 5.Holiday Grandmother Morphemic

Ⅵ. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (5 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. voiceless labiodental fricative low front vowel palatal glide voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative

Ⅶ. Write the semantic feature shared by the given words. (5 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum Walk, run, jump, hop, skip Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy

Ⅷ. Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can：(15 ：points)

(1) segmental phonemes (2) free variations (3) assimilation rule

Ⅸ. Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules：(10 ：points)

Behave yourself!

Ⅹ. What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle? (15 points)

Ⅺ. What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences? (10 points)

综合测试题（九）

I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets. (30 points)

( ) 1. Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

( ) 2. Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings. ( ) 3. If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated, the words in different languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar. ( ) 4. According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.

() 5. In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.

( ) 6. All vowels are voiced.

() 7. The initial vowel in economics can be either [i:] or [e]. The two vowels are in free

17 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

variation.

( ) 8. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.

( ) 9. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.

( ) 10. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. ( ) 11. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.

( ) 12. Chinese is an agglutinating language.

( ) 13. Not all vowels are voiced.

( ) 14. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.

( ) 15. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.

( ) 16. Pragmatics is concerned with conventional meaning.

( ) 17. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.

( ) 18. Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes. ( ) 19. A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.

( ) 20. Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.

II.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) they share: (5 points)

Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless

1. [g] [z] [d]

2. [v] [h] [s]

3. [m] [p] [b] [f] [v]

4. [t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]

5. [i:] [i] [u] [u:]

III.Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby. (10 points)

IV.What is deixis? Please give examples to show the different types of deixis.

V. Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences: (10 points)

a)

Those who went there quickly made a fortune.

b) c) d) e)

Flying planes can be dangerous. They can fish. The design is full of big squares and circles. I saw the couple in the cafeteria.

VI.What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature?

(5 points)

A: Don’t you think the hostess was abnormal? B: What another cup of coffee?

VII.What’s wrong with the following two sentences: 1) Bring this here. 2) Take that there. Please give an explanation in English. (10 points)

18 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

VIII.Answer the following questions: (30 points)

a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis?

b) c) Give an example to show the components of metaphors. How do you distinguish homonyms from polysemes?

综合测试题（十）

I. Multiple Choice (30 points)

1. ________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

A. Duality

B. Arbitrariness

C. Creativity

D. Displacement

2. Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday?

A. Ideational function

B. Interpersonal function

C. Textual function.

D. Logical function

3. The study of speech sounds is called ________.

A. Phonetics

B. Articulatory phonetics

C. Phonology

D. Acoustic Phonetics

4. Every syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.

A. onset

B. nucleus

C. coda

D. rhyme

5. Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?

A. Stress

B. Intonation

C. Tone

D. Syllable

6. ________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Lexicon

D. Morpheme

7. Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.

A. collocative

B. social

C. affective

D. reflected

8. ______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.

A. Adjacency pairs

B. Turn-talking

C. Preferred second parts

D. Insertion sequences

9. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.

A. functional

B. social

C. regional

D. Standard

10.______ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.

A. Metalanguage

B. Interlanguage

C. Sign

D. Esperanto

11. In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.

A. telegraphic

B. two-word

C. holophrastic

D. babbling

12. ______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”

A. Register

B. Field

C. Mode

D. Tenor

13. _____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.

A. Clipping

B. Blending

C. Eponym

D. Conversion

14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. four

15. Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.

A. minimal pairs

B. minimal sets

C. allophones

D. phomes

16. Pragmatics analysis is concerned with ______.

19 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

A. sentence meaning

B. utterance meaning

C. listener meaning

D. speaker meaning

17. Analysis of ______ necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.

A. intentional meaning

B. conventional meaning

C. syntactic meaning

D. semantic meaning

18. ______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.

A. Sperber and Wilson’s principle of Relevance

B. Leech’s theory of Politeness Principle

C. Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle

D. Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle

19. Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to ______.

A. teaching theories

B. environmentalist theories

C. functionalist theories

D. nativist theories

20. The sentence “My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.” is of ____

A. the formal style

B. the frozen style

C. the casual style

D. the intimate style

II.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (5 points) Example: vowel front high [i:] 1. bilabial nasal 2. voiced labiovelar glide 3. back high lax 4. literal liquid 5. voiced bilabial stop

III.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences: (10 points)

1. This is a beautiful girl’s dress.

2. Tom hates his boss and so do I.

3. They finally decided on the boat.

4. Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?

IV.Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English: (10 points)

a. lorry

b. lift

c. pavement

d. tin

e. sweets

V.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature? (5 points)

A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it? B: The material is nice.

VI.Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence: (5 points)

The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.

VII.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?

(10 points)

Column I a. The White House b. a redcoat c. a bluebird d. a lighthouse keeper Column II a white house b.a red coat c.a blue bird d.a light housekeeper

20 / 38

杨忠语言学概论课后综合测试题及中文版答案

VIII.Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute). (5 points)

IX.Answer the following questions (30 points):

1. What are the features of metaphors?

2. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?

3. What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?

各章习题答案第一章习题答案

I. II. III. 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. 3. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings. Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary. 4. The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously. They are the ideational metafunction, the Interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.

IV. 1. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. 2. Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons: (1) Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists; 1-5 T F F T T 1-5 a c a a b 6-10 6-10 FTTTF cbdac

(2) Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication; (3) Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language; (4) Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language. 3. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous: (1) Priority is given to spoken language; (2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language; (3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;

(4) Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.

第二章习题答案

I. II. 1—5 TFTTF 1—5 b d a c a bilabial voiced stop alveolar nasal stop

III. 1. [ b ] 2. [ n ] 3. [ w ] bilabial glide 4. [ v ] voiced labiodental fricative 5. [ t ] voiceless alveolar stop 6. [ i:] high front tense vowel 7. [? ] voiceless interdental 8. [u:] high back tense vowel 9. [? ] low front vowel 10 [?:] central tense vowel

IV. 1. [b p m] 2. [d n] 3. [?] 4. [m] 5. [ ?: ?] 6. [s z] 7. [u: u] 8. [θ] 9. [j] 10 [ ]

V.1. voiceless alveolar 2. voiced stop 3. voiced fricatives 4. palatals 5. voiced bilabial 6. voiced velar 7. back tense vowels 8. back round vowels 9. front high vowels 10. sibilants VI. 1. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. 2. Voicing refers to the vibrating of the

21 / 38

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/1y7q.html