雅思语法讲义

A language is acquired through practice; it is perfected through grammar.

-- 语言通过实践获得，通过语法臻进完美。

英语句子成分与词性

英语句子的构成成分共分为8种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语和同位语。 1.主语：是全句述说的对象，一般位于句首，除了在there be 结构、疑问句和倒装句中。 Time and tide wait for no man. We live and learn.

The young and the old do not have the same idea about physical exercises. Reading makes a full man.

To master a foreign language is necessary.

2.谓语：说明主语的情况，永远只能由动词组成。 Life is full of ups and downs. Many hands make light work. Every dog has his day.

There are no waves without wind.

You can’t control your life, but you can control your attitude towards life. 3.宾语：表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词或不及物动词 Reading enriches the mind. Nobody can deceive him.

The good in school uniforms outweighs the bad. Most weight losers decide to have a vegetarian diet.

Teleworkers can avoid wasting their precious working time.

4. 表语：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态或特征。 常见的系动词有：

Love is blind.

Good health is wealth.

The master of your life is yourself. I am under the weather.

Old people are usually experienced.

The aim of telework is saving costs and reducing workload.

The most effective solution is to enhance the public awareness of the rubbish problem.

5.定语：修饰名词的成分。 Amy is a lovely girl.

Poor computer skills hinder children’s development. This could change our lives. Our office is on the 12th floor.

They are going to send a trade delegation to China. There is a door leading to the street. That is the boy who stole my E-bike.

6.补语：补充说明主语或宾语的性质和状态。

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Many youngsters may consider violence on TV reasonable. Parental love and care can keep juvenile crimes low.

7.状语：可以修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。表示程度、伴随、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。 Daisy welcomed us warmly.

We were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.

Not knowing when to go, he decided to ask the teacher for advice. To begin with, John is too young for that kind of job.

8.同位语：用来补充说明另一个名词（短语）或代词的具体内容或情况。 We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.

People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished guests. We two like the saying: money talks.

9.插入语：对一句话的附加说明，常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开。 True, it would bee too bad.

To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you. Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist.

That, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issues. 词性须知练习： Adj.→n./pron.

年轻人应该把零花钱花在值得的东西上。

没有经验或不成熟的年轻人特别容易误入歧途。

Adv. →adj.

Education plays a ( ) important role in people’s success in career. Divorce family exerts ( ) detrimental effects on children’s mental health.

英语句子种类：简单句、并列句、复合句

? 简单句（simple sentence）：包含一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语）；简单

句的特点就是简单、明了、有力。但简单句使用过多会使文章显得单调、乏味、结构松散。

1. He teaches this class.

2. Tom and Jack often help each other. 3. All roads lead to Rome.

4. They had a full exchange of view on a series of major issues and reached an agreement on

the matter.

5. I have never been to Tibet.

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五种基本句型：S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+P Subject=主语

Verbal phrase=谓语

Object=宾语 （Oi=间接宾语，Od=直接宾语） Complement=补语 Predicative=表语

S+Vi

1. Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.

2. Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.

S+V+O

1. Media violence affect children’s mental health.

2. Frequent physical punishment contributes to a child’s later crimes.

S+V+0+C

1. Gambling may turn an ordinary man crazy.

2. Educators call TV both a good and bad information source.

3. Parents should encourage their kids to take part in more rewarding activities.

S+V+Oi+Od

1. Gambling could bring us a dramatic increase in crime.

2. Communicative service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.

S+LV+P

1. Young people are the pillars of society.

2. Environmentalists’ opinions sound convincing. 主 系 表 VS 主 谓 宾

翻译： S+V

1. 随着经济的迅猛发展，环境也在不断地恶化。

2.全球一体化的时代已经来临。

3.1995年至1998年，男生的人数保持稳定态势。

4. 8月和9月期间汽车价格波动。fluctuate

5. 电视观众的人数在晚上8点到10点之间急剧上升。 TV viewers/ climb significantly

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S+V+O

1. The toxic gases . 有毒气体危害人们健康。

2. Before presenting my view, I will . 在表明观点之前，我将讨论一下这具有争议的事件的正反面。 3. Art funding . 资助艺术浪费我们有限的公共资金。

4. Playing computer games . 打游戏浪费父母的血汗钱。

5.Improper living habits . 不良的生活习惯有害健康。

6. Unrestrained development of tourism . 旅游业无限制的发展破坏生态平衡。

7. Cross-cultural communication can . 跨文化交流有助于消除偏见和敌意。

8. Many residents the construction site which makes great noise day and night. 很多居民投诉整天发出巨大噪音的工地。

9. computer games . 过分沉迷于电脑游戏导致肥胖和近视。

10. You advertisement in Guangzhou Morning Post me. 贵公司刊载于《广州英文早报》的广告吸引了我。

11. I can hardly the latter opinion for the following several sound reasons. 我很难认同后一种观点，理由有以下几方面。

S+V+Oi+Od

1. I wish Wu Jiachen . 我祝吴佳辰一路顺风。

2. Job-hopping offers people an opportunity to . 跳槽给人们展示才艺的机会。

3. The installation of cameras brings residents . 摄像头的安装给居民强烈的安全感。

4. Museums give people . 博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感。

5. Part-time jobs give students through contributing to society. 通过为社会做贡献，学生从兼职工作中获得一种成就感。.

S+V+O+C

1. The life makes many people sick. 紧张的生活使很多人生病。 2. People call TV . 人们把电视叫做白痴盒子。

3. I require you to send some as soon as possible.

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我要求你尽快派人处理这棘手的问题。

4. The Internet enables us to the latest information worldwide. 互联网使我们很容易接触到全世界的全新的资讯。

S+LV+P

1. is one of man’s greatest . 生物多元化是人类最大的财富。 2. TV is a . 电视是个消磨时间的东西。

3. Playing computer games is . 打游戏是个费时的爱好。

4. The number of visitors to U.S.A. during the summer. 到美国的游客数目在夏季保持不变。 5. Cloning is . 克隆是违背自然和不道德的。

6. The project sounds quite .

这个方案听起来相当令人信服和具有建设性。

? 并列句：将两个或者更多的简单句用连接词联结起来就可以构成并列句。并列句表面两

个或更多的简单句表达的信息同等重要，或有时间上的联系。 1）常用并列连词有：

平行并列连词：

1. Child abuse is a crime and law enforcement have a legal duty to stop it.

2. Students should not only learn academic knowledge but also do volunteer work in

communities.

3. Neither has he change his mind, nor will he do so.

选择并列连词：

1. Either we will find a supply, or we will make the goods.

2. Heavy penalties should be imposed on traffic violators or they may not abide by traffic laws.

转折并列连词：

1. This article is very good, yet it can be better.

2. Some offenders are good in nature, but they go astray under some negative influence. 3. Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.

4. Some kill people only to defend themselves while others are trigger-happy.

因果并列连词：

We continually wage war on insects, for they contaminate our food and carry diseases.

2) 常用连接副词有：

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3) 常用标点符号有：

1. Mike made the beds; his wife did the laundry. 2. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.

3. A writer wants something more than money for his work: He wants permanence.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Owning a gun is illegal in most countries, it is considered dangerous.

2. Many ads do give important information about products; , some of them are merely misleading and cheating.

3. Nuclear power is relatively cheap, some people argue that it’s not safe. 4. People must ignore energy crisis overstate them.

5. P-books will not be replaced by e-books, will fast food replace traditional food. 6. Not only does television appeal to those who can read to those who can’t.

7. Agriculture remains the biggest source of water pollution, waste from wastes of industries and

cities have increased enormously in recent decades.

8. The government should go on fighting drug-related crimes, they will pose threat to

social stability.

? 复合句 （complex sentence）

复合句（Complex Sentence）分为并列复合句和从属复合句，并列复合句是有并列连词：and、or、but连接；从属复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。 复合句可分为： 1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）； 2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）； 3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）:主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

Ⅰ.主语从句

a. Whether 引导的主语从句

1. Whether technology is a blessing or a curse has sparked off considerable

debate.技术是福还是祸已经引发了大量的争辩。

2. Whether traditions deserve preserving has sparked a heated discussion in our community. 传统是否值得我们保护在我们的社区引发了一场激烈的讨论。 3. Whether the technological research should be conducted by the government or

private companies been discussed widely.

Practice:政府是否应该资助传统艺术家和音乐家成了公众关注的话题。

b. Wh-/ how引导的主语从句

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包括连接代词： 和连接副词： 例句：

1. Whoever has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.

2. What can be done to conserve traditional culture will be presented in the essay. Practice:为什么媒体暴力会影响孩子的心理健康的原因非常清楚。

c. That 引导的主语从句

It is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.

It is necessary that museum accumulate objects that are beautiful, costly, rare or merely curious.

It is an unavoidable task that the young generation conserve their national and cultural heritage.

It goes without saying that home is the warmest place in the world. Note:

Practice:

1. 人们普遍认为互联网正在替代报纸和杂志。

2.对于一个国家而言，保护文化遗产很有必要。Cultural heritage

Ⅱ. 宾语从句 一般结构：

a. 由that引导 常用表达：

Some experts firmly believe that… A recent report notes that … A recent study reveals that … Most scientists agree that … Research suggests that…

e.g. Numerous studies show that the increase in greenhouse gases has enhanced the greenhouse effect.

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Practice:

1）专家预言世界上一半的语言在100年内会消亡。

2）我个人坚信吸烟对我们的健康产生有害的影响。

b. 由what/ whether (if)引导

e.g. 1. I wonder whether the practice can hold water.

2. People do not know what will happen to minority languages under the pressure of English globalization. Practice:

1）许多专家怀疑英语是否应该作为全球唯一的官方用语。

2）我不知道这种做法是否经得起推敲。

Ⅲ. 表语从句 一般结构： 引导的连词：

雅思写作中常用的句型： e.g.

1. The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

2. The traditional view is we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. Note:

Practice: 1. 问题是我们能否在这么短的时间内挽救濒危动物。

2. 这就是为什么电视广告被认为是垃圾的原因。

Ⅳ. 同位语从句 结构： 引导词：

常用抽象名词：

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e.g.

1. There is possibility that in the near future few young people can really appreciate traditional art forms such as Peking opera and puppet show.

2. The view that language extinction will give rise to cultural disaster is an exaggeration.

Practice: 有很多证据显示私立学校能够提供更好的教学设备和更高的教学质量。 Teaching facilities

Fill in the gaps:

1. is easy to some people seems difficult to others.

2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants. 3. I can hardly assent to the view women are inferior to men. 4. can be done to keep ideal weight has become a public focus.

5. The problem is the cost for telephone calls is so high that many people

cannot afford it.

6. It goes without saying change is an unavoidable trend.

7. The reason he refused the tempting job was that he would go abroad

soon.

8. the whole society should preserve and popularize traditional culture has

been a hot issue.

9. There is evidence English has been the dominant language online.

10. It is doubtful most present languages are truly on the brink of extinction.

定语从句

1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有： 关系副词有：

3. 关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

例如：

Yesterday I helped an old man. An old man lost his way.

Yesterday I helped an old man (who lost his way.)

下列关系词在从句中做什么成分？

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The boys who are playing football are from Class One. I lost the book which you gave me. The man who told us a funny story is in the next room. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. I still remember the day when I first came to the school. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.

? 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）

(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）

定语从句难度分析：

Practice I

1. The elderly usually feel lonely. They live in nursing homes.

2. He is the professor. Many people respect him very much.

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3. A doctor will be in a dilemma. His patient gets cancer.

4. These children sit in a schoolroom. Its windows are all broken.

5. The gossip may not be correct. It talks about the details of celebrities private lives.

6. The young man was happy to get back the gold ring. He had lost it on the train.

7. This is the reason. Rich countries refuse to aid their poor counterparts.

8. There are occasions. Someone must lie.

9. This is the school. They studied three years ago.

10. This is the school. They built three years ago.

Practice Ⅱ

1. 身体上心理上都不成熟的青少年容易误入歧途。

2.那些父母孤立去参加兼职工作的孩子们将来能更好地适应社会。

3.学生评价的老师有机会改进自己的教学。

4.博物馆就是收藏稀有物品的地方。

5.一些学生把本应该用于学习的时间浪费在电脑游戏上。

6.这就是我不同意同居的原因。

7.越来越多的人乘飞机旅行，这对环境造成了巨大的负担。

8.孩子们会不加辨别地学习父母和老师教给他们的任何事。

PracticeⅢ

1. Experience is a school from you willnever graduate.

2. Education, plays a decisive role in people’s life, should be financially

aided by the authorities.

3. Pride and Prejudice is the novel I borrow form the library which was

newly open to.

4. The people and things the student experiences abroad lay a profound

influence on him.

5. The greatest challenge is facing oversea students might be getting used

to the customs.

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6. Some parents believe that an affluent material condition is all they

should offer their kids.

7. Airplanes are the only practical means of transport people can take for

international travelling.

8. He is not the young was thirty years ago.

9. can be concluded from the discussion above, the positive effects of

international tourism outweigh negative ones.

状语从句 （九类）

1. 时间状语从句 常用引导词：

特殊引导词： e.g.

1. When the audience enjoy horse racing or bull fighting, the animals are suffering. 2. We violate an animal’s rights the minute we catch it for the purpose of our entertainment.

Practice:

1. 在一切变得太迟之前，我们应该采取措施保护濒危动物。

2. 死记硬背式的学习迫使学生不断重复知识直到用心记住为止。rote learning

注意：

hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than, as soon as有“一。。。就。。。”之意。 1. Children hardly/ scarcely raise a pet when they develop a caring mind. 2. Children no sooner raise a pet than they develop a caring mind. 3. As soon as children raise a pet, they develop a caring mind.

当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时， 时间状语从句主句应用倒装语序。例如：

a) 不倒装：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. b) No sooner do children raise a pet than they develop a caring mind.

c) No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to

commence work.

d) Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.

Until的两种固定句型：

句型一：not until…在句首，主句用倒装

Not until the early years of 19th century did man know what damages he had caused to the Mother Nature.

句型二：It is not until… that… 强调句型

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It is not until raising a pet that people realize that it is a costly and time-consuming hobby.

2. 地点状语从句

常用引导词： 特殊引导词：

Man needs animal companions anywhere he lives.

The human race should protect endangered animal species where the species can be taken good care of.

Generally, the wildlife is on the brink of dying out where there are serious pollutions.

Practice:

1. 判断下面这个句子是地点状语从句吗？

Zoos are ideal research center where scientists find causes for diseases.

2. 有人类的地方，野生动物都被迫离开。

3.无论动物园设在哪里，都会造成空气、水、土壤污染，甚至传播疾病。

3.原因状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词：

Animals are housed in unnatural surroundings zoos are short of financial support.

The animals kept in zoos can undoubtedly receive better care and treatment there are many well-trained professionals like vets and scientists.

The book inspires readers in that it focuses on the ability of humanity to keep courage and hope.

Seeing that the price is reasonable, I’d like to accept this item.

Practice: 人类区别于动物在于他们能思考和说话。

4. 结果状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词： e.g.

1. Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it

2. Animal activists are such extremists that they don’t even care about human welfare.

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3. Some people wallow in pets to the extent that they neglect the emotional needs of their family members.

Practice: 施工噪音巨大，可能对人类的听力造成损害。Hearing

比较：

a. There is so rapid an increase in population that a food shortage is caused. b. There is such an rapid increase in population that a food shortage is caused.

5.目的状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词： e.g.

1. Zoos preserve species from becoming extinct so that they can be reintroduced into ecosystems.

2. He worked hard for fear that he might be fired by the boss.

3. Ecosystems including forests, jungles and animals should be conserved lest humankind itself might die out.

Practice:有必要教育学生和大众，让他们了解生态平衡的重要性。ecological balance

6.条件状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词： e.g.

1. The ecological balance will be broken unless the wildlife is protected. 2. Provided that circumstances permit, we shall hold the meeting next week.

Practice:

1. 如果一个孩子学会友善第、耐心地对待宠物，那么他也能学会这样对人。

2. 只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。

7.让步状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词：

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e.g.

1. Though animals testing sounds cruel, it has yet contributed to numerous medical breakthroughs.

2. Whatever the benefits are, animals testing is totally unacceptable.

Practice:

1. 虽然人类是这个世界的主宰，但是我们没有权利去危害地球。

2.尽管他很年轻，但是懂得的很多。

8.比较状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词： e.g.

1. The more we know about the wildlife, the better we will live in the future. 2. Animals have the right to life just as humans have the right to life.

3. People do not love animals as much as they claim because most of them still eat meat.

Practice: 雅思考试不像你想象的那么难。

9.方式状语从句 常用引导词： 特殊引导词： e.g.

1. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 2. As water is to fish, so air is to man.

3. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 4. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 5. Please pronounce the word the way I do.

Practice:

1. 多数人总是抱怨困难就像生活本来就该很容易。

2. 种瓜得瓜种豆得豆。（As… so…）

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Fill in the gaps:

1. You will fail the IELTS test, you study hard. 2. you venture nothing, you will have nothing. 3. Don’t trouble trouble trouble troubles you. 4. People have the right to live they want.

5. Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement we never have time to

do it.

6. the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

7. we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our

mind.

8. Our eating habits have changed drastically western fast food was

introduced into China a decade ago.

9. animal welfare is a reasonable concern, talking of animal “rights” is

extreme.

10. All animal experiments should be closely monitored animal suffering

might be reduced.

非谓语动词

形式：非谓语包括不定式（infinitive）、-ing分词和-ed分词

性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语的作用，即：除谓语以外的一切成分。 语态：必须弄清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。 Entering the room, he heard the phone ring. （正确）

Entering the room, the phone rang. （错误）

1._____(see ) those picture, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an 2._____( turn ) round, Fanny found a bus driving up.

3._____( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples. 4._____( finish ) the work, he went back home on foot.

5._____( inspire ) by Dr. Chen’s speech, they decided to study math harder. 6._____( persuade) by my mother, she gladly went there alone.

7. Warmly _____( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep. 8. _____( arrive ) at the station, we found the train gone.

9. _____( send ) the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils’ exercises. 10._____( surround), the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up. 11.While _____( cross )the street, look out for cars. 判断下列对或错：

1. Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 2. Having had dinner, the dishes were washed. 3. Leaving at home, the little girl felt much afraid.

1．不定式：

To talk with him is a great pleasure. He said he wished to be a professor.

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Her work is to look after the children. He is always the last to leave the office . He got up early to catch the first bus.

My parents expect me to go an ideal university.

2. –ing分词 （1）动名词

Talking with him is a great pleasure. Her work is looking after the children.

You certainly mustn’t miss seeing the wonderful film. (2)现在分词

分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。

The issue of female crime is pressing for our serious consideration作表语

A pressing issue facing us is that a growing amount of trash is being produced day and night. 作定语

The deteriorating environment has aroused people’s wide concern. While helping animals, we will be helping ourselves too. 作状语 I feel my heart beating at high speed. 做补语

Some parents find their children experimenting with drugs.

3. –ed分词

Our natural energy will soon be depleted if we pay no attention to the conservation of it. 做表语

Many career women are worn out after a day’s toil.

I request you to replace the broken walkman with a new one. 作定语

If asked to make a choice, I would not hesitate to side with the latter view. 做状语 We often find ourselves caught in a dilemma whether we should send our children to a bording school or a day school. 做补语 We found He Guohuang greatly changed.

翻译练习：

1. To artists and musicians is a wise measure to 资助艺术家和音乐家是保护传统文化的明智措施。

2. My proposal is to the animals kept in zoos 我的建议是把关在动物园的动物放出来。 3. The 21st century requires us to 21世纪要求我们用先进的知识武装自己。

4. Protecing is an extension of our existing system of 保护濒危动物是我们现存的伦理体系的延伸。 5. 眼见为实

6. I suggest to improve the present situation. 我建议有关部门采取一些措施改善现状。

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7. The fact that many animals are used in medical research is . 许多动物被用于医学实验的事实令人恶心。 8. Playing computer games is . 打电子游戏耗费时间。

9. Our city is becoming due to the and in the number of private cars.

由于人口不断增长和私家车数量的剧增，我们的城市变得愈来愈拥挤。

10. Sent to study overseas, some students are reported to fail to and even .

据报道，有些学生送出国学习之后不能适应当地的生活甚至自杀。 不规则动词巧记表 1.AAA 动词原形 cost[k?st] cut[k?t] hurt[h?:t] hit[hit] let[let] put[put] read[ri:d] set[set] spread[spred] spit[spit] shut[??t] 2.ABA 动词原形 become[bi'k?m] come[k?m] run[r?n] 3.ABB （1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d, t或ed构成过去式或过去分词。 动词原形 burn[b?:n] deal[di:l] dream[dri:m] hear[hi?] hang[h??] learn[l?:n] light[lait] mean[mi:n] 过去式 burnt[b?:nt] dealt[delt] dreamed/dreamt heard[h?:d] hanged/ hung[h??] learned/learnt[l?:nt] lit/lighted[lit] meant[ment] 过去分词 burnt[b?:nt] dealt[delt] dreamed/dreamt[dremt] heard[h?:d] hanged/ hung learned/learnt[l?:nt] lit/lighted[lit] meant[ment] 燃烧 解决 做梦 听见 绞死，悬挂 学习 点燃, 照亮 意思 过去式 became[bi'keim] came[keim] ran[r?n] 过去分词 become[bi'k?m] come[k?m] run[r?n] 变 来 跑 过去式 cost[k?st] cut[k?t] hurt[h?:t] hit[hit] let[let] put[put] read[red] set[set] spread[spred] spit/spat[spit] shut[??t] 过去分词 cost[k?st] cut[k?t] hurt[h?:t] hit[hit] let[let] put[put] read[red] set[set] spread[spred] spit/spat[spit] shut[??t] 花费 割，切 受伤 打，撞 让 放下 读 安排，安置 展开，传播，涂 吐痰, 关上, 闭起,停止营业 18

prove[pru:v] shine[?ain] show[??u] smell[smel] speed[spi:d] spell[spel] wake[weik] 动词原形 build[bild] lend[lend] rebuild[,ri:'bild] send[send] spend[spend] 动词原形 bring[bri?] buy[bai] fight[fait] think[θi?k] proved shone/shined showed smelled/smelt[smelt] sped[sped]/speeded spelled/spelt[spelt] woke[w?uk] 过去式 built[bilt] lent[lent] rebuilt[,ri:'bilt] sent[sent] spent[spent] 过去式 brought[br?:t] bought[b?:t] fought[f?:t] thought[θ?:t] proven/proved['pru:v?n] shone/shined[??un, ??n] showed/shown['??un] smelled/smelt[smelt] sped/speeded[sped] spelled/spelt[spelt] woken['w?uk?n] 过去分词 built[bilt] lent[lent] rebuilt[,ri:'bilt] sent[sent] spent[spent] 过去分词 brought[br?:t] bought[b?:t] fought[f?:t] thought[θ?:t] 证明, 证实,试验 使照耀，使发光 展示, 给...看 闻, 嗅 加速 拼写 醒来，叫醒, 激发 （2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。 建筑 借给 改建, 重建 送 花费 （3）原形→ought →ought 带来 买 打架 思考,想 (4) 原形→aught →aught 动词原形 catch[k?t?] teach[ti:t?] （5）变其中一个元音字母 动词原形 dig[diɡ] feed[fi:d] find[faind] get[ɡet] hold[h?uld] lead[li:d] meet[mi:t] sit[sit] shoot[?u:t] spit[spit] stick[stik] win[win] 动词原形 feel['fi:l] keep[ki:p] leave[li:v]

felt[felt] kept[kept] left[left] 过去式 dug[d?ɡ] fed[fed] found got[ɡ?t] held[held] led[led] met[met] sat[s?t] shot[??t] spit/spat[sp?t] stuck[st?k] won[w?n] 过去分词 dug[d?ɡ] fed[fed] found got/gotten['ɡ?t?n] held[held] led[led] met[met] sat[s?t] shot[??t] spit/spat[sp?t] stuck[st?k] won[w?n] 掘(土), 挖(洞、沟等) 喂 发现，找到 得到 拥有，握住，支持 引导, 带领, 领导 遇见 坐 射击 吐痰, 插进, 刺入, 粘住, 赢 过去式 caught[k?:t] taught[t?:t] 过去分词 caught[k?:t] taught[t?:t] 捉,抓 教 （6）原形→□lt/pt/ft→□lt/pt/ft 过去式 过去分词 felt[felt] kept[kept] left[left] 感到 保持 离开 19

sleep[sli:p] sweep[swi:p] (7)其它 动词原形 lay[lei] pay[pei] say[sei] stand[st?nd] understand lose[lu:z] have[h?v] make[meik] sell[sel] tell[tel] retell[,ri:'tel] 动词原形 blow[bl?u] drive[ draiv ] draw[dr?:] eat[i:t] fall[f?:l] give[ɡiv] grow[ɡr?u] forgive[f?'ɡiv] know[n?u] mistake[mi'steik] overeat['?uv?'i:t] prove[pru:v] take[teik] throw[θr?u] ride[raid] see[si:] show[??u] write[rait] 动词原形 break[breik] choose[t?u:z] get[ɡet] hide[haid] forget[f?'ɡet] freeze[fri:z]

slept[slept] swept[swept] 过去式 laid[leid] paid[peid] said[sed] stood[stud] lost[l?st, l?:st] had[h?d, h?d, ?d] made[meid] sold[s?uld] told[t?uld] retold[,ri:'t?uld] 过去式 blew[blu:] drove[dr?uv] drew[dru:] ate[et,eit] fell[fel] gave[ɡeiv] grew[ɡru:] forgave knew[nju:] mistook[mi'stuk] overate[,?uv?'reit] proved took[tuk] threw[θru:] rode[r?ud] saw[s?:] showed wrote[r?ut] 过去式 broke[br?uk] chose[t??uz] got[ɡ?t] hid[hid] forgot[f?'ɡ?t] froze[fr?uz] slept[slept] swept[swept] 过去分词 laid[leid] paid[peid] said[sed] stood[stud] lost[l?st, l?:st] had[h?d, h?d, ?d] made[meid] sold[s?uld] told[t?uld] retold[,ri:'t?uld] 过去分词 blown driven[driv?n] drawn[dr?:n] eaten['i:t?n] fallen['f?:l?n] given['ɡiv?n] grown[ɡr?un] forgiven known mistaken overeaten proven/proved taken['teikn, 'teik?n] thrown[θr?un, 'θr?un] ridden['rid?n] seen[si:n] showed/shown['??un] written['rit?n] 过去分词 broken['br?uk?n] chosen['t??uz?n] got/gotten['ɡ?t?n] hidden['hid?n] forgotten[f?'ɡ?tn] frozen['fr?uzn] 睡觉 扫 下蛋, 放置 付 说 站 understood[,?nd?'stud] understood[,?nd?'stud] 明白 失去 有 制造 卖 告诉 重讲，重复，复述 5.ABC（1）原形→过去式→原形+(e)n 吹 驾驶 画画 吃 落下 给 生长 原谅, 饶恕 知道 弄错; 误解, (使)吃过量 证明,证实, 试验 拿 抛，扔 骑 看见 展示 写 （2）原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n 打破 选择 得到 隐藏 忘记 冷冻,结冰，感到严寒 20

speak[spi:k] steal[sti:l] spoke[sp?uk] stole spoken['sp?uk?n] stolen['st?ul?n] 说 偷 (3) 变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。 [i→a →u] 动词原形 begin[bi'ɡin] drink[dri?k] sing[si?] sink[si?k] swim[swim] ring[ri?] （4）其它 动词原形 be(am, is, are) bear[bε?] do[du:, du:] fly[flai] go[ɡ?u] lie[lai] wear[wε?] 过去式 was/ were bore[b?:] did[did] flew[flu:] went[went] lay[lei] wore[w?:] 过去分词 been born/borne[b?:n] done[d?n] flown[fl?un] gone[ɡ?n] lain[lein] worn[w?:n] 是 负担, 忍受 做 飞 去 躺 穿 过去式 began[bi'ɡ?n] drank[dr??k] sang[s??] sank[s??k] swam[sw?m] rang[r??] 过去分词 begun[bi'ɡ?n] drunk[dr??k] sung[s??] sunk[s??k] swum[sw?m] rung[r??] 开始 喝 唱 下沉, 沉没 游泳 打电话

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speak[spi:k] steal[sti:l] spoke[sp?uk] stole spoken['sp?uk?n] stolen['st?ul?n] 说 偷 (3) 变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。 [i→a →u] 动词原形 begin[bi'ɡin] drink[dri?k] sing[si?] sink[si?k] swim[swim] ring[ri?] （4）其它 动词原形 be(am, is, are) bear[bε?] do[du:, du:] fly[flai] go[ɡ?u] lie[lai] wear[wε?] 过去式 was/ were bore[b?:] did[did] flew[flu:] went[went] lay[lei] wore[w?:] 过去分词 been born/borne[b?:n] done[d?n] flown[fl?un] gone[ɡ?n] lain[lein] worn[w?:n] 是 负担, 忍受 做 飞 去 躺 穿 过去式 began[bi'ɡ?n] drank[dr??k] sang[s??] sank[s??k] swam[sw?m] rang[r??] 过去分词 begun[bi'ɡ?n] drunk[dr??k] sung[s??] sunk[s??k] swum[sw?m] rung[r??] 开始 喝 唱 下沉, 沉没 游泳 打电话

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