英语写作 - lesson 4-paragraph writing

Lesson 4 段落写作

Paragraph Writing

Questions to consider:

? What is a paragraph?

? What is the structure of a typical English paragraph? ? What

kind of paragraphs are strong / good

paragraphs?

Paragraph

a group of sentences that deal with the same subject or topic

several related sentences that support one main idea, which is limited to and focused in one sentence.

段落的结构

(paragraph structure)

? 主题句（topic sentence) TS

（+重述(restating) R）

? +发展句（Supporting/developing sentences) D ? +结论句（concluding sentence） C ? 基本结构：TS-(R)-D1-D2-D3-(C)

? 主题句：段首(普遍)，提出主题

? 重述句：放在主题句后面，使它更具体，明确。 ? 展开句：段中，论证，阐明，支持主题

? 结论句：段尾，对段落的中心思想进行重述，总结或

评论。

? Einstein was a purely and exclusively a theorist. He didn’t

have the slightest interest in the practical application of his ideas and the theories. His E=mc2 is probably the most famous equation in history—yet Einstein wouldn’t walk down the street to see a reactor create atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize for his Photoelectric Theory, a series of equations that he considered relatively minor in importance he didn’t have any curiosity in observing how his theory made TV possible.

? Friends are very important to us. They share our joys

and sorrows, and make our life meaningful. A life without friends is not worth living. Friendship is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. So we should make as many friends as possible.

? 发展句不能简单的重复主题句的思想

Topic sentence

? What is a topic sentence?

? What are the functions of the topic sentence? ? What are the two parts of a topic sentence? ? What

kind of topic sentences are “good” topic

sentences?

? Where can one usually find the topic sentences?

Topic sentence (governor)

? a

statement that declares the main idea of a paragraph,

? and limits the topic to some specific points, controls the development of the following sentences.

主题句的构成

? 主题topic +主导思想controlling idea：

中心事件，问题，解决的任务，论点-- subject

? Controlling idea: 作者的看法，观点，对主题的具体限定-- attitude towards the subject

? Topic:

主题句的特点：

? 1） 段落主题句只能有一个主题。

? 2） 段落主题句必须具备一个主导思想，即段落主题

句中必须包含一个等待发展的思想；

? 3） 段落主题句必须具有一定的限定性。其限定内容有助于段落的铺开和抒发，避免段落在展开过程中偏离主题方向。

Controlling idea

? The voters supported the candidate.

? The voters passively supported the candidate. ? The voters found several reasons for supporting the

candidate.

? A dictionary is useful tool for a college student. ? Poor handwriting can often get you into trouble. ? Taking a young child to lunch requires patience. ? Enrolling in college can be very surprising.

? Electricity is an essential part of our modern life. ? What + how /what specific

? Doing housework is very boring.

? My trip to the botanical garden taught me a lot.

? 主题句直接点明某事物的作用，优点或看法。

Topic: Solar Energy

? Solar energy can contribute to our future energy supply.

? 主题句指出人们对某主题的论述要点。 Topic: Solar Energy

? Solar energy is getting popular for several reasons.

A good topic sentence

? Grammatically correct

? ---limited to or focused on one specific main idea

A good topic sentence is usually one with a well-defined controlling idea that can be reasonably developed within a paragraph.

? General topic: television

? Limited topic: television commercials ? Topic

sentence: Too many television commercials

can be a disaster.

? General topic: television

? Limited topic: effects on people

? Topic sentence: Television has more positive effects than negative effects.

For a university student in China, living on the campus is beneficial to his study.

? Winter is the most boring season of the year. ? Buying insurance is a good way of investment.

It must take the form of a complete sentence 一定要注意，主题句不能使用短语代替。

? 1)

? 2) 主题句不能太笼统：Marriage is different. ? Topic sentence: I love our school campus.

这个主题句没有限制一个合适的范围,包括的内容面太宽,不好下笔，因此可改为: I love our school campus for several reasons.

? Marriage is different from that of my grandmother’s time.

? 3) 主题句涉及的面也不能太窄,否则就没有展开讨论

的余地。

Topic sentence: I go to college to make friends.

? 此类涉及面太窄的主题句就不好进一步发挥,这一主题句可改为: I go to college for several reasons.

? topic sentence

≠ simple fact

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