英语听力入门第一册第八单元

Unit 8 creative minds ? Part I

A. The following passage will tell you about some inventions made by people in different countries. Listen carefully and match the inventions with the places where these things first came from

B. in the past century when the consumer became king, product innovation reached unprecedented heights. Now listen to some of the great things invented in the past 100 years. Fill in the missing information. Pay special attention to the name of the inventions and the time when they appeared. Part I I Scientists of the millennium (1)

A. Listen to the first half of a passage about the discovery and inventions of ten important scientists of the millenium. Complete the following chart with key words

B. Now listen again and answer the questions with key words ? Part I I I

Scientists of the millennium (2)

A. You are going to hear the second of half of the passage about the discoveries of ten important scientists of the millennium. Complete the chart with key words.

B. Now listen again. Decide whether the statements are true or false.

? Part I

? Warming up ? Key words ? invent Vocabulary

Fax

Sending (copies of printed material, letters, pictures, etc.) using a system by which the information is sent in electronic form along a telephone line

To transmit (printed matter or an image) by electronic means.

传真

：用电讯方式传递信息（打印出事情或图形）

Calendar

A printed table that lists the days, weeks, and months of the year

A table showing the months, weeks, and days in at least one specific year.

日历

日

：一种表格，表示出至少某一年内的月份、星期和

Any of various systems of reckoning time in which the beginning, length, and divisions of a year are defined. 历法：任一种用于标识时间的系统，确定了一年的开始、时长和划分

Puppet

A toylike jointed figure of a person or animal that is made to move by someone pulling wires or strings at a theater performance

A small figure of a person or an animal, having a cloth body and hollow head, designed to be fitted over and manipulated by the hand.

木偶

玩偶：人形玩具；玩偶

：用布料制成身体及空脑袋的小型人或动物的形象，

用于套在手上或用手来操纵

A figure having jointed parts animated from above by strings or wires; a marionette. 木偶：由身体各部分相连接组成的用线或绳子操纵的形象；牵线木偶 A toy representing a human figure; a doll.

Mercedes-Benz 奔驰汽车

German automobile pioneer credited with manufacturing the first vehicle powered with an internal-combustion engine, patented in 1886.

奔驰，卡尔·弗雷德里希：(1844-1929) 德国汽车业先驱，制造了第一辆以内燃机为动力的汽车，于1886年注册专利

Nova Scotia 新斯科舍省

A province of eastern Canada comprising a mainland peninsula and the adjacent Cape Breton Island. It joined the confederation in 1867. The first successful settlement was made by the French at Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal) in 1610. France and Great Britain bitterly contested the area, part of Acadia, until 1763, when the Treaty of Paris awarded the French possessions in North America to

the British. During the 18th century many Scots immigrated to the region, leading to its name, a Latinized version of “New Scotland.” Halifax is the capital and the largest city. Population, 847,442.

新斯科舍省：加拿大东部的省，包括一个大陆半岛和毗临的布雷顿角岛。1867年加入联邦。1610年法国人在罗亚尔港（现为安娜波利斯·罗亚尔）第一次成功地定居。法国和大不列颠曾激烈地争夺过这一地区，即阿卡迪亚的一部分，直到1733年，当巴黎协议将法国对北美的占有权移交给不列颠18世纪许多苏格兰人移居此地，因此有了这个名字，拉丁文意为“新苏格兰”。哈利法克斯为首府和最大城市。人口847,442

A. The following passage will tell you about some inventions made by people in different countries. Listen carefully and match the

inventions with the places where these things first came from ? Invention ? 1. the computer ? 2. The fax machine ? 3. Folding fans ? 4. The car

? 5. The chocolate bar ? 6. The calendar ? 7. The mechanical clock ? 8. puppets ? Places ? A. England ? B. Africa ? C. the U.S. ? D. Australia ? E. Japan ? F. Canada ? G. China ? H. Switzerland ? I. Germany ? J. Mexico

1. a 2. d 3. e 4. I 5. f

6. j 7. g 8. b

B.

Vocabulatry

Paper clip纸夹

A small piece of curved wire used for holding sheets of paper together

Patent 专利权, 执照, 专利品

A paper from a government office giving someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years.

Adhesive 粘合剂, 胶粘

(a substance such as glue) that can stick or cause sticking

Cellular phone

A phone using a network of radio stations to pass on signals

Commission

A group of people specially appointed at a high level to do certain work. Esp. to find out facts and write a report

Authorize

To give formal permisson to or for

Subscribe

To pay regularly in order to receive a

magazine, newspapaer, telephone service, etc.

Credit with

To accept that (someone) has (a quality) or is responsible for (an action)

Wringer 绞干

A machine, often part of a washing machine, with rollers which press water from clothes, sheets, etc. that are passed through them

Ad

Advertisement; something used for making (somethng for sale, services offered, a room to rent, etc.) known to the public, such as a notice on a wall or in a newspaper, or a short film shown on television

Disposable

Intended to be used once and then thrown away

Diaper 尿布

Nappy; a piece of soft cloth or paper worn between the legs and fastened around the waist of a baby to hold its liquid and solid waste

Zipper

A fastener made of two sets of metal or plastic teeth and a sliding piece that joins the edges of an opening in material by drawing the teeth together.

A fastening device consisting of parallel rows of metal, plastic, or nylon teeth on adjacent edges of an opening that are interlocked by a sliding tab.

拉链

：

由平行的金属、塑料或尼龙的齿状物制成的，在开口临近边缘上被滑动的拉环锁住的紧扣物

The word zipper is an example of what the owners of trademarks try to prevent. Registered in 1925, zipper was originally a B.F. Goodrich trademark for overshoes with fasteners. A Goodrich executive is said to have slid the fastener up and down on the boot and exclaimed, “Zip 'er up,” from the zipping sound made by the device. The noun zip and the verb zip, referring to a light sharp sound or to motion accompanied by that kind of sound, were already in existence (zip as a noun was first recorded in 1875; as a verb, in 1852). The two words owed their origin to the imitation by speakers of the sound made by a rapidly moving object. As the fastener that “zipped” came to be used in other articles, its name became generalized. B.F. Goodrich sued to protect its trademark but was allowed to retain proprietary rights over it only for its Zipper Boots. Zipper had moved out into the world of common nouns.

单词zipper 是商标所有者试图阻止的实例。 1925年注册的zipper 原来是一种带有扣袢的便鞋的B.F.古德里奇商标。 据说古德里奇的管理人员把靴子上的扣袢上下拉并叫道“Zip'er up”， 来自于这种扣件发出的嘘嘘声。指轻微而尖锐的声音或伴随着那种声音的行动的名

词zip 和动词 zip ， 其早已存在（zip 作为名词最早记录于1875年；作为动词记录于1852年）。 这两个词的出现是来自于说话人模仿快速移动物体所发出的声音。象扣袢“zipped”已被用于其它文章中，这个名字变得广为使用。B.F.古德里奇要求保护其商标但仅被允许保留其在对Zipper Boots的使用。 Zipper已经成为一个十分普通的名词

Immigrant

Someone coming into a country from abroad to make their home there

A person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another. 移民：离开自己的国家并到别国永久定居的人

A plant or an animal that establishes itself in an area where it previously did not exist. 异地移入的动植物群：在从来没有生长过的地区存活并生长的植物或动物

Galosh

A rubber shoe worn over an ordinary shoe

when it rains or snows 橡胶套鞋(常用于复数)

A waterproof overshoe. 防水套鞋

Accident-prone

(of a person) more likely to have accidents than most people are

Having or susceptible to having a greater than average number of accidents or mishaps.

易出事故的，易遭遇意外的：具有或倾向于大大超出平均数字的事故或不幸的 (因性格特点等)易惹事故的(人)

Strip 条，带

A narrow piece

Merit

A good quality

Contact lens

A small plastic lens shaped to fit closely over the center of the eye to improve the eyesight

A thin plastic or glass lens that is fitted over the cornea of the eye to correct various vision defects.

隐形眼镜

接触透镜

：一种用塑料或玻璃制成并套在眼角膜上

校正各种视力缺陷的薄透镜

Norwegian

Of or relating to Norway or its people, language, or culture.

挪威的

：是或与挪威或其人民，语言，或文化有关的

n.Abbr. Norw., Nor.（名词）缩写 Norw.， Nor. A native or inhabitant of Norway. 挪威人：挪威本土人或居民

Pennsylvania

A state of the eastern United States. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1787. First explored in the early 1600's, the region was settled by Swedes in 1634 and granted by royal charter to William Penn in 1681. The Mason-Dixon Line (surveyed in 1763-1767) established the colony's southern boundary and was extended westward in 1784. Pennsylvania played a crucial role in the American Revolution and in the formation of the new republic. Harrisburg is the capital and Philadelphia the largest city. Population, 11,924,710.

宾夕法尼亚州

：美国东部的一个州，1787

年成为东部十三州殖民地之一，16世纪早期首次被探险，瑞典人于1634年在此定居并于1681年经皇家宪章批准归属彭·威廉。梅森-狄克森线(1763-1767年间勘定)为这一殖民地建立了南界，并于1784年向西扩延。宾夕法尼亚州在美国独立战争及新共和国成立中起重要作用，首府为哈里斯堡，最大城市是费城。人口11,924,710

Band-Aid

邦迪

[`bAndeId] adj. 补缀的, 权宜的

A trademark used for an adhesive bandage with a gauze pad网垫 in the center, employed to protect minor wounds. This trademark sometimes occurs

in print in figurative uses:

邦迪：一种创可贴小伤口的商标，中心有一纱布垫，用于保护。这一商标有

时以印刷体出现用于比喻：

“True welfare reform is being bypassed for Band-Aid solutions”(Los Angeles Times)“Many critics contend that these measures are mere Band-Aids”(U.S. News & World Report) “真正的福利改革正被‘邦迪’式的解决方法所忽略”(洛杉矶时报)“许多批评家坚决认为这项措施只不过是‘邦迪’而已”(美国新闻及世界报道)

Czech

A native or inhabitant of Czechoslovakia, especially a Bohemian, Moravian, or Silesian.

捷克

人：捷克斯洛伐克的本地人或居民，尤指波希米亚人、

摩拉维亚人或西里西亚人 The Slavic language of the Czechs. 捷克语：捷克人讲的斯拉夫语

3M

a company’s name

Martin Cooper

Person’s name马丁. 库珀

Motorola 摩托罗拉公司

Alva J. Fisher

阿尔瓦Person’s name

GE

General Electric Co. 通用电气公司[美]

Procter & Gamble’s

Pampers

Swedish

Gideon Sundback

基甸

Person’s name

[圣经]犹太勇士, 曾击败过Midianites, ：旧约中的一个希伯来法官，他强烈反对崇拜太阳神并击败了米堤亚人

A member of an interdenominational and international society known for placing Bibles in hotel rooms.

吉迪恩

：他是各教派和国际社会的成员，以把圣经放在

旅馆的房间里而闻名

Universal Fastener Co.

C. F . Goodrich

Person’s name

Beat off

打退

Battle of the Fly

Johnson & Johnson 美国强生

Earle Dickson

Person’s name

Otto Wichterle A Czech scientist Bausch & Lomb Person’s name

innovation

The act of introducing something new. 创新, 革新：介绍新东西的行为 Something newly introduced.

新方法，新技术：新介绍的东西

unprecedented

Having no previous example: 没有前例的：

the Federal Communications Commission 联邦通讯委员会；调查团

in the past century when the consumer became king, product innovation reached unprecedented heights. Now listen to some of the great things invented in the past 100 years. Fill in the missing

information. Pay special attention to the name of the inventions and the time when they appeared. Inventions Paper Cellular Wringer contact

Time when they appeared 1901 1980 1973 1930s 1961 1913 1921 1961 Tapescript:

1. The design of paper clips is perfect. There’s been little improvement since Norwegian Johan Vaaler got his American patent in 1901. Only about 20% are actually used to clip papers.

sun, moon, stars, etc.

One that specializes in astronomy.

天文学家

：专门从事天文学研究的人

Condemn

condemnation

To express very strong disapproval of (someone or something)

To pronounce judgment against; sentence.

宣判

被判死刑

：对?作出判决；宣判

（常与to连用）判以死刑或无期徒刑 be condemned to death

Withdraw

To take away or take back收回 Withdraw the condemnation of him 撤销对他的判决 取回；提取；退股

to withdraw $500 from a bank account 从银行提取500美元

Anatomical

Of or concerned with the scientific study of the bodies and body parts of people and animals

Concerned with anatomy. 有关解剖学的

Concerned with dissection.

有关解剖的

Related to the structure of an organism. 与有机物结构相关的

Vessel

Any of the tubes that carry blood from any part of the body to the heart

脉管, 导管

Anatomy A duct, canal, or other tube that contains or conveys a body fluid:

【解剖学】 导管，动脉：储存或者导运体液的导管：

a blood vessel 血管

Artery

One of tubes that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Anatomy Any of a branching system of muscular, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body.

【解剖学】

动脉

：任何树枝形系统，将血液从心脏输送到

身体各细胞、组织和器官的肌肉的，一种有弹性的血管

A major route of transportation into which local routes flow.See Synonyms at way 干线：连接各地道路的主要交通要道参见 way 干线；命脉, 要道

Vein

Any of the tubes that carry blood from any part of the body to the heart

Anatomy Any of a branching system of membranous tubes that carry blood to the heart.

【解剖学】

A blood vessel. 血管

静脉

：把血带到心脏的支状膜性管系统之一

Botany One of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other expanded plant organ.Also called nervure

【植物学】 叶脉：维管束或主叶脉之一，形成传导和支撑一片叶子中的组织或其它扩展的植物器官的支状结构也作 nervure

Zoology One of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect.Also called nervure

【动物学】 翅脉：稳固并支撑昆虫的翅膀的角质翅脉之一也作 nervure Geology A regularly shaped and lengthy occurrence of an ore; a lode. 【地质学】 矿脉：某种矿石的形状规则而且漫长的出现；矿脉

A long, wavy strip of a different shade or color, as in wood or marble, or as mold in cheese. 纹理；纹路；条纹：不同色度或颜色的波浪形长条，如在木材或大理石中，或在干酪中形成的纹理

A fissure, crack, or cleft. 裂缝；缝隙；裂纹

A pervading character or quality; a streak:

气质；倾向；特色；风格：一种遍布的特征或素质；个人特色：

“All through the interminable narrative there ran a vein of impressive earnestness”(Mark Twain)See Synonyms at streak

Conflict

To be in opposition; disagree

A state of open, often prolonged fighting; a battle or war.

战争：公开的长期的战斗的状态；战役或战争

A state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a clash.

冲突

突

：不相容或持不同见解的人思想或兴趣之间的矛盾；冲

Psychology A psychic struggle, often unconscious, resulting from the opposition

or simultaneous functioning of mutually exclusive impulses, desires, or tendencies.

【心理学】 心理挣扎：通常是潜意识的心理冲突，是由互相排斥的情感、欲望或倾向对立或同时起作用而引起的

Opposition between characters or forces in a work of drama or fiction, especially opposition that motivates or shapes the action of the plot.

冲突：戏剧或小说中人物或势力间的对立，尤指推动或影响故事情节的矛盾冲突

v.intr.（不及物动词）

Influential

Having great influence

Having or exercising influence.

有影响的

力

：有影响力的或施加影响力的

n.（名词）

One that is of considerable importance or influence: 有影响力的人物：被认为重要的或有影响力的人：

a select group of media influentials. 一群经过挑选的媒介巨头

Calculus

(in mathematics) a sysstem for making calculations about quantities which are continually changing, such as the speed of falling stone or the slope of a curved line The branch of mathematics that deals with limits and the differentiation and integration of functions of one or more variables.

微积分

学：数学的一个分支，处理单变量或多变量函数

的极限、微分以及积分问题

A method of analysis or calculation using a special symbolic notation. 微积分：一种分析或计算的方法，运用特殊的符号表示法

The combined mathematics of differential calculus and integral calculus.

微积分：微分学和积分学的结合

A system or method of calculation: 计算法：一种计算的体系或方法：

“[a] dazzling grasp of the nation's byzantine budget calculus” (David M. Alpern)

“对国家错综复杂的预算方法的令人眩目的把握” (戴维M.阿尔珀)

Gravitation

Gravity; the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other, esp that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it 地心吸力, 引力作用

The natural phenomenon of attraction between massive bodies.

万有引力

：巨大物体间相互吸引的自然现象

The act or process of moving under the influence of this attraction. 引力作用：在这种吸引力影响下的运动或运动过程 A movement toward a source of attraction: 趋势；倾向：向着吸引源的运动：

the gravitation of the middle classes to the suburbs. 中产阶段涌向郊区的趋势

Principle

a truth or a belief that is accepted as a base for reasoning or action

A basic truth, law, or assumption:

原则，原理

：基本的真理、法则或论断：

the principles of democracy. 民主政治的原则

A rule or standard, especially of good behavior:

准则，道义：规则或标准，尤指正确行为的标准： a man of principle. 有节操的人

The collectivity of moral or ethical standards or judgments: 道德标准：道德或伦理标准或准则的集合体： a decision based on principle rather than expediency. 基于准则而非权宜的决定

A fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action. 行为模式：固定的或约定的政策或行为方式

Philosophy

The study of nature and meaning of existence, reality, knowledge, goodness, etc.

哲学,

哲学体系, 达观, 冷静

Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral self-discipline.

对智慧的热爱与追求：通过智力途径和道德上的自律来达到对智慧的热爱与追求

The investigation of causes and laws underlying reality. 哲理的探讨：在现实的基础上对原因和规律的探究 A system of philosophical inquiry or demonstration. 哲学体系：哲学上探求与证实的体系

Unify

To combine parts of (something) to form a single whole

To make into or become a unit; consolidate.

统一

，使成一体：成为或变成单体；统一

to unify the country 统一国家

The Roman Catholic Church

罗马天主教堂

Johannes Gutenberg 约翰尼斯古腾堡

(男子名, John的别称)

(Johannes, 1400-1468, 德国活版印刷发明人)

German printer who is traditionally considered the inventor of movable type. His Mazarin Bible (c. 1455) is believed to be the first book printed with such type.

谷登堡，约翰

：(1400?-1468?) 德国印刷工人，传统上

认为是他发明了活字印刷术。他的马萨林圣经 被认为是用这种印刷术印刷的第一本书籍

Copernicus

哥白尼(Nicolaus 1473--1543,波兰天文学家,现代天文学创始人)

Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.

哥白尼，尼科劳斯

：(1473-1543)

波兰天文学家，他提出地球及其它行星绕太阳运动的日心说，推翻了

托勒密的天文学理论即地心体系

Galileo 伽利略

(1564-1562,意大利物理及天文学家)

William Harvey 威廉 . 哈维

(m.)

An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals.

Newton

After

Sir Isaac Newton

源自

爵士 艾萨克 牛顿

In the meter-kilogram-second system, the unit of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second per second, equal to 100,000 dynes.See table at measurement 牛顿：米/千克/秒体系中每秒钟使一公斤的物体加速一米所需力的单位，等于十万达因参见 measurement

Mainz

A city of west-central Germany at the confluence of the Rhine and Main rivers west-southwest of Frankfurt. Built on the site of a Roman camp founded in the 1st century b.c. , it is an important industrial and commercial city. Johann Gutenburg established a printing industry here in the 15th century. Population, 187,447.

美因兹

：德国中西部的一个城市，位于法兰克福西南偏

西方向，莱茵河和美因河的交汇处。在一个于公元前 1世纪建立的罗马军营遗址上建设起来，是一个重要的工业和商业城市。约翰·古腾堡于15世纪在这里建起了印刷工业。人口187,447

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer who based his astronomy on the belief that all heavenly bodies revolve around the earth.

托勒密

(公元2世纪的古希腊天文学家、地理学家、数

学家,地心说的创立者)

托勒密：亚历山大天文学家，数学家和地理学家，他把他的天文学建立在所有的天体都绕地球运转这样一种信仰之上

Galilei

[人名]

A. Listen to the first half of a passage about the discovery and inventions of ten important scientists of the millenium. Complete the following chart with key words

Name Birthplace Year of birth Achievement 1395 a. type b. movable type Poland a. astronomy b. the sun c. its center once 1564 a. telescope b. circling England Moves 伽利略

(意大利天文学家,数学家,1564-1642)

1642 a. calculus b. light and color c. gravitation

B. Now listen again and answer the questions with key words

1. printing / faster / easier

2. earth / center of universe / no more

3. cut open dead animals and

humans

4. blood to body / arteries; blood to heart / veins

5. the Mathematics Principles of Natural Philosophy

Tapescript:

Today we tell about the discovery of ten important scientists of the past 1000 years. The earliest of these important scientists was Johannes Gutenberg. He lived in

Germany from about 1395 until about 1468. Johannes Gutenberg invented the type mould and the fist successful system of movable type used in Europe. This made printing books faster and easier. Johannes Gutenberg and others used his invention to produce books in the City of Mainz during the 1400s. The system he invented remained unchanged for 350 years.

Nicolaus Copernicus was another important scientist. He is considered the founder of the modern science of astronomy, the study of the planets and stars in the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473. At that time, most scientists accepted the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe and did not move. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy had developed this idea more than 1,000 years earlier. Ptolemy also said that all the other objects in space moved around the earth. Copernicus believed that every planet,

including earth, moved around the sun. He also believed the earth moved around its center once every day. He described these theories in 1543. These theories were not accepted in his lifetime. But by the early 1600s, other scientists began to develop the method that would prove Copernicus correct.

One of these scientists was Galileo Galilei. He was born in Italy in 1564. Galileo was the first to use the telescope to discover new information about the planets and stars. He decided that the theory that all planets circled the sun was correct. The Roman Catholic Chuch condemned Galileo for saying Copernicus was right. For centuries, the Church had taught that the sun, the planets and the stars moved around the earth. Three hundred and fifty years passed before the Roman Catholic Church admitted officially that it was wrong and withdrew its condemnation of Galileo.

Our fourth scientist of the millennium is William Harvey. He was born in England in 1578. He discovered how blood moves in animals and people. Dr. Harvey described this in 1628 in the book An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals. This work was the start of all modern research on the heart and blood vessels. Dr. Harvey based his discoveries on observations and by cutting open dead animals and humans. Dr. Harvey’s experiments showed that the heart forces blood through the arteries to the body. He showed that the blood returns to the heart through the veins. His idea conflicted with the widely accepted ideas of the time. It has been called one of the most important medical discoveries of the millennium.

Issac Newton was another influential scientist of the past 1,000 years. Many experts say that he was the most important scientist of them all. He was born in

England in 1642. Isaac Newton invented a new kind of mathematics called calculus. He discovered the secrets of light and color and his theory of gravitation showed how the universe is held together. Isaac Newton published his discoveries on the laws of motion and the theory of gravitation in 1687 in his book The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. It was the first book to describe a unified system of scientific rules explaining what happens on earth and in the universe. It is considered one of the greatest works in the history of science.

Part 3

Scientists of the millennium (2)

Origin

The point at which something comes into

existence or from which it derives or is derived.

起源

：事物开始存在或起源或取得的始点

Species

Biology 【生物学】

A fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding. See table at taxonomy

物种

：一种基本的生物分类，级别低于属或亚属，由能够进

行杂交（混种）的相关有机体组成参见 taxonomy

By means of

依靠With the use of; owing to:

使用；由于：

They succeeded by means of patience and sacrifice. 他们靠耐心和牺牲而取得了成功

Organism

An individual form of life, such as a plant, an animal, a bacterium, a protist, or a fungus; a body made up of organs, organelles, or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life.

生物体；有机体

有机组织有机生物：一种个体生命形式，如植物、动物、细菌、原生生物或者真菌；一个由有机器官、细胞器或其它部件组成的并在一起共同运作以进行生命历程的整体

Evolution

A movement that is part of a set of ordered movements.

进化

：一套有顺序的动作中的一部分

Biology 【生物学】

The theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors.

进化论

：主要由于自然选择的结果，生物体群经历了阶段性的变化，使后代在

形态和生理上都与它们的祖先有所不同的理论

Survive

幸免于, 幸存, 生还

Few survived after the flood. 洪水过后，生还者极少。

The man was very ill, but he survived. 这个人病得很厉害，可是他活下来了。

Reproduce

To produce the young of (oneself or one’s own king) To produce a counterpart, an image, or a copy of. 复制：制造?的相似物、翻版或副本 To produce again or anew; re-create. 再生产或再一次；再创造

Microorganism

A

bacterium

An organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size, especially a bacterium or protozoan.

微生物

原生动物

：一个微观或亚微观的有机体，尤指一个细菌或

Pasteurization

The act or process of heating a beverage or other food, such as milk or beer, to a specific temperature for a specific period of time in order to kill microorganisms that could cause disease, spoilage, or undesired fermentation.

巴氏杀菌法

必要的发酵的微生物的行为过程

：对饮料或其它食物，如牛奶或啤

酒，加热到一定温度并持续一段时间以杀死可能导致疾病、变质或不

The act or process of destroying most microorganisms in certain foods, such as

fish or clam meat, by irradiating them with gamma rays or other radiation to prevent spoilage.

射线杀菌法：破坏某种食品，如鱼或蚌肉内的大部分微生物的行为或过程，通过γ射线或其它放射线辐射的防止变质

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