大学英国文学知识提纲及试题

中古时期 古时期英国文学 开端：Anglo-Saxon Beowulf—最古老的民族史诗national epic (大量使用头韵alliteration。反映原始人类对抗自然世界的英雄事迹。是异教诗pagan poem)

Caedmon—最早的英语诗人，作品：Caedmon’s Hymn Bede—“英国史学之父father of Historiography”，作品：Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum King Alfred—“英国散文之父father of English prose” ，作品：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 中世纪英国文学medieval English literature 开端：诺曼入侵the Norman Conquest 用韵文写的骑士传奇metrical romance是中世纪英国文学的主流。 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight—14世纪，用头韵诗创作的传奇故事alliterative romance【以亚瑟王与其圆桌骑士的传奇故事为题材，这是中古英语时期最伟大的诗篇之一。】 Thomas Malory—Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)，14世纪，第一部关于亚瑟王传奇故事的英语散文the first English-language prose version。 Geoffrey Chaucer “英国诗歌之父father of English poetry”，“英国小说之父father of English fiction” 首创英雄双行体heroic couplet 著作： the Canterbury Tales (1个序言prologue和24个故事，展示14世纪英国社会全景) William Langland—Piers the Plowman (alliterative epic, allegory, symbolism, 描述了14世纪英国社会状况) The Robin Hood Ballad—15世纪最著名的民谣 文艺复兴时期the Renaissance ? ? ? ?

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance人文主义是文艺复兴时期的核心。(相信人有能力使自身完美，并强调个人价值的重要性、赞颂当前生活的美好。) 诗歌poetry，诗歌式戏剧poetic drama，散文prose (essay) 是主要的文学形式。

戏剧drama是英国文艺复兴最大的成就。伊丽莎白时期（16世纪—17世纪初）是英国戏剧的高峰golden age。 英国文化复兴的3个时期： The beginning period (1516—1578)

The flowering period (1578—1625) ——伊丽莎白时期 “a nest of singing birds”【莎士比亚】 The epilogue period (1625—1660)

诗人： Thomas Wyatt—16世纪前半叶最有趣的诗人，第一个把sonnet引进英国文学。

Henry Howard—英国文学史上第一个创作无韵诗blank verse的诗人。

Philip Sidney — 英格兰诗人，作品： Astrophel and Stella（莎士比亚之外最好的sonnet） Apology for Poetry（最早的英语散文之一，对是个运用的辩护）

Edmund Spenser— “诗人中的诗人the poet’s poet”，“诗圣”，“桂冠诗人poet laureate”，伊丽莎白时期最伟大的非戏剧诗人。

开创“斯宾塞诗体Spenserian stanza”，作品：the Faerie Queene

散文： Thomas More—初始阶段伟大的人文主义者，著作：Utopia

Francis Bacon—首位英语散文家，作品：Essays (【of studies】【of truth】58篇散文，英国散文史上的一座里程碑。)

The Advancement of Learning The New Instrument John Lyly—英国剧作家和小说家，作品：Euphues (euphuism夸饰文体)

戏剧： Christopher Marlowe— 莎士比亚之前最伟大的剧作家，“大学才子派university wits”最有天赋的作家 首创戏剧中的无韵诗体blank verse，作品： Tamburlaine (人性对权力的渴求) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (人性对知识和幸福的渴求)【Marlowe最好

的戏剧，humanist的象征】 William Shakespeare— 将英国戏剧创作推向了顶峰。被Ben Jonson称为“他不属于某个时代，而属于整个历史was not of an age, but for all time”

作品： 37 plays，2 long poems，154 sonnets【前126首献给年轻的贵族，歌颂美貌美德；后28首献给黑女士，描写爱情】

十四行诗：Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day (第18首) 长诗：Venus and Adonis； The Rape of Lucrece (莎士比亚真正的非戏剧诗) 四大悲剧：Hamlet； King Lear； Othello； Macbeth 喜剧：A Midsummer Night?s Dream； The Merchant of Venice； As You Like It； Twelfth Night； Much Ado About Nothing 关于亨利王族的历史剧 Ben Johnson—桂冠诗人(1616)，剧作家，英语古典主义先驱，作品：Volpone—讽刺喜剧satirical comedy Every Man in His Humour Song: To Celia—英语中最有名的爱情诗之一。

钦定版圣经King James Bible（1611年）—英语及英国文学的一个里程碑monument。

受Ben Johnson影响，17世纪初期形成 骑士派诗人the Cavalier poet 17世纪英国文学 ?

17世纪前期：资产阶级革命时期period of Revolution（弥尔顿时代age of Milton）

诗歌是17世纪初期最主要的文学形式。

John Milton— 英国有史以来仅次于莎士比亚的伟大作家。首位将无韵诗体blank verse用于非戏剧文学作品的诗人。

作品： Paradise Lost 【除Beowulf之外唯一一部英国史诗】(12卷，无韵诗，取材《旧约全书the Old Testament》，对上帝权威的反抗)

Paradise Regained (续集sequel，取材《the New Testament》，基督如何战胜撒旦)

Samson Agonistes (以希腊悲剧为模板，以诗歌形式写成的戏剧verse drama，取材《旧约全书the Old Testament》) Defence of the English People Second Defence of the English People John Bunyan—英国文学史上首位小说家，散文家，写作采用寓言，作品：The Pilgrim’s Progress (宗教寓言religious allegory) John Donne—玄学派诗歌Metaphysical school of poetry的先驱，作品： Songs and Sonnets (Donne最有名的诗集)

The Flea The Sun Rising Death, Be Not Proud Go and Catch a Falling Star A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning（代表作）

George Herbert—玄学派的圣人，作品：The Altar

? 17世纪后期：王政复辟时期period of Restoration（德莱顿时代age of Dryden）

John Dryden— “英国批评文学之父father of English Criticism”， 英国首位获得官方正式认可的桂冠诗人(1668)，英国新古典主义的杰出代表

首创英雄双韵体heroic couplet，作品： An Essay of Dramatic Poesy（成名作） All for Love Alexander?s Feast Absalom and Achitophel【英雄双韵体】 ===============================================================================================================================

18世纪英国文学 ? ?

18世纪被认为是英国启蒙运动时期the age of Enlightenment或理性时期the age of Reason。

新古典主义Neo-classicism（John Dryden，Alexander Pope，Samuel Johnson）

Alexander Pope— 18世纪最重要的英国诗人，英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表，英国启蒙运动的代表，首次把理性主义rationalism带入英国。

讽刺诗体satirical verse； 《荷马史诗Homer》翻译

作品： An Essay on Criticism（1711年，英雄双韵体，说教诗didactic poem）

Pastorals The Rape of the Lock（优秀的讽刺史诗）

The Dunciad Essay on Man（英雄双韵体，哲学诗）

Samuel Johnson— 18世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义文学家，文艺批评家，著书最多的voluminous作家。

葬于威斯敏斯特大教堂Westminster Abbey 作品：A Dictionary of the English Language（英语词典的基础）

A Letter to Lord Chesterfield Lives of Poets（52个诗人的传纪） ? 18世纪是英国小说的高峰期。诞生了3位杰出的现实主义小说家：Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift，Henry Fielding

Daniel Defoe—英国现实主义小说的代表作家，作品： Robinson Crusoe（英国第一部小说，描写17世纪资产阶级）

The Shortest Way with the Dissenters Moll Flanders（自传）

Jonathan Swift—18世纪讽刺小说家satirist，散文家。作品：Gulliver’s Travels（讽刺小说satirical work，讽刺英国的宗教及政治制度以及人性的阴暗面）

A Modest Proposal（讽刺小说，强烈谴责英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫） A Tale of a Tub（讽刺寓言） The Drapier?s Letters Henry Fielding—“英国小说之父”，小说家（34部小说），剧作家。作品：The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling（小说，人性为主题，18世纪英国生活现实）

The Historical Register for the Year 1736（戏剧，政治讽刺political satire）

? 戏剧

Richard Brinsley Sheridan— 18世纪英国最伟大的戏剧家

作品： The School for Scandal（英国“风俗喜剧”之巅，自莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，讽刺上流社会）

The Rivals（Sheridan首部剧作）

? 18世纪末期的浪漫主义诗人 William Blake— 18世纪后期（即前浪漫主义时期）诗人，19世纪浪漫主义的先驱。

作品： Songs of Innocence（【The Chimney Sweeper】【The Lamb】写给儿童的诗歌，描绘美好世界）

Songs of Experience（【The Tiger】【London】贫困和苦难）

Robert Burns— 前浪漫主义时期代表诗人，苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人。

作品：A Red Red Rose Auld Lang Syne The Tree of Liberty Holy Willie?s Prayer My Heart?s in the Highland ? 感伤主义Sentimentalism（前浪漫主义）—18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中出现的文学思潮。

Laurence Sterne—感伤主义小说家，作品：A Sentimental Journey (感伤主义的开端)

Tristam Shandy Samuel Richardson—英国现实主义代表作家，感伤主义作家，作品： Pamela（Virtue Rewarded）【信的形式】

Clarissa【信的形式】 Oliver Goldsmith—感伤主义代表，诗人，小说家，作品： The Traveller（英雄双韵体heroic couplet；根据在欧洲的亲身所见而写）

The Deserted Village（Goldsmith最好的诗， wealth accumulates and men decay）

The Vicar of Wakefield（代表作）

Thomas Gray—墓园派诗人the Graveyard School，作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Hymn to Adversity Ode on the Spring ==============================================================================================================================

浪漫主义时期 begin: Lyrical Ballads (1798) =====end: the death of Walter Scott (1832) ?

浪漫主义时期是诗歌时期

William Wordsworth—桂冠诗人poet laureate(1843)， 作品： Lyrical Ballads（浪漫主义文学的开端，Wordsworth和Coleridge合著。其中著名篇章有：

【Wordsworth：Lines Written in Early Spring；Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey】【Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner】）

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud The Prelude（自传诗）

湖畔诗人the Lake Poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge—作品：Lyrical Ballads【Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner】

Kubla Khan Christabel The Fall of the Bastille

Robert Southey— 最年轻的湖畔诗人，桂冠诗人(1813) 作品：The Battle of Blenheim My Days among the Dead Are Past Thalaba the Destroyer The Curse of Kehama Joan of Arc ?

第二代浪漫诗人

George Gordon Byron—“拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes”，作品：抒情诗lyrical poem：She Walks in Beauty / When We Two Parted / Hebrew Melodies

长诗： Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage（斯宾塞体Spenserian stanza，拜伦式英雄第一部）

Don Juan（拜伦的巅峰之作）

Percy Bysshe Shelley— 浪漫主义诗人，作品：Prometheus Unbound（诗剧lyrical drama，共4幕，革命的胜利）

Ode to the West Wind（Shelley最重要的抒情诗之一，西风象征权力）

To a Skylark A Defence of Poetry The Necessity of Atheism Adonais John Keats—浪漫主义诗人，“纯诗”作家，“为艺术而艺术”的梦想家，原则是“beauty is truth, truth beauty”，作品：Isabella Ode on a Grecian Urn Ode to a Nightingale Ode to Autumn Walter Scott—“历史小说之父father of historical novel”，浪漫主义时期著名作家，1832年他的逝世标志着英国浪漫主义的结束，英国浪漫主义向现实主义过渡。

作品： Ivanhoe（Scott关于英国历史最出名的小说） Waverley（Scott第一部小说） The Black Dwarf Rob Roy（英国史上第一部历史小说，描写1715年苏格兰高地的暴动uprising） Old Mortality Jane Austen— 英国第一位女性小说家，虽是浪漫主义时期的作家，但作品明显带有现实主义的风格。 作品：Pride and Prejudice Sense and Sensibility Emma Mansfield Park ============================================================================================================================= 维多利亚时期===现实主义realism Ruskin—19世纪英国作家和艺术评论家，她的社会和经济思想深深影响

?

（19世纪）维多利亚时期是小说发展的黄金时代。 Willam Morris，Osscar Wilde，Bernard Shaw 和D.H. Lawrence

The Pickwick Papers (成名小说，19世纪伦敦生活)

初期作品： Sketches by Boz （乐观） The Old Curiosity Shop Charles Dickens—批判现实主义的杰出小说家，作品：Oliver Twist David Copperfield（自传性作品，第一人称角度，作者本人生活经历）

中期作品： Dombey and Son （不再乐观） American Notes A Tale of Two Cities（法国革命前发生在巴黎和伦敦的故事。Where there is oppression, there is revolution）

后期作品： Bleak House（讽刺satire） （黑暗，感伤） Hard Times Great Expectations（自传性小说，成长小说，主人公：Pip）

William Makepeace Thackeray—批判现实主义小说家，作品：Vanity Fair（代表作，英国上流社会的阴暗面。副标题：a novel without a hero）

Henry Esmond The Newcomes The Bronte Sisters— Charlotte Bronte，女权主义先驱，作品：Jane Eyre（第一次把以家庭教师为题材的小说引入英国文学历史） (女性作家) Emily Bronte，作品：Wuthering Heights（诗歌式语言，多视角的叙事手法，资产阶级婚姻制度） Anne Bronte，作品：Agnes Grey Mr. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell— 女性作家，英国小说史上首批把工人阶级与资本家的斗争写进小说的作家之一。 作品：Mary Barton（工人与资本家之间的阶级冲突） Life of Charlotte Bronte North and South George Eliot— 原名Mary Ann Evans，女性作家，小说以刻画现实及心理而著名。 作品： Adam Bede The Mill on the Floss（Eliot第一部小说，源于本人童年记忆，乡村习俗叛逆者的悲剧） Silas Marner Middlemarch ? 诗人：

Robert Browning— 维多利亚时期杰出的诗人和剧作家 Elizabeth Barrett Browning— 19世纪著名女诗人poetess 首创戏剧独白诗dramatic monologues 夫 妻 作品： The Cry of the Children 维多利亚诗人三巨头作品： My Last Duchess（戏剧独白） Sonnets from the Portuguese Men and Women The Ring and the Book Home Thoughts from Abroad Meeting at Night

Alfred Tennyson—“人民的诗人poet of the People”，维多利亚时期最伟大的诗人

作品：In Memoriam

Idylls of the King

Break, Break, Break Ernest Jones—最伟大的宪章派诗人Chartist poet Ulysses Matthew Arnold—作品：Dover Beach

? ? ? ?

Joseph Conrad—现实主义文学的先驱，作品：Heart of Darkness（是维多利亚时期的价值观向现实主义的过渡）

Lord Jim, Robert Louis Stevenson—19世纪英国新浪漫主义文学Neo-romanticism的杰出代表，作品：New Arabian Nights

Treasure Island Kidnapped Oscar Wilde— 爱尔兰诗人，剧作家，小说家，散文家，唯美主义Aestheticism的代表，提倡“为艺术而艺术art for art?s sake”

作品：The Importance of Being Earnest（揭露了维多利亚时期英国上层阶级的虚伪）

The picture of Dorian Gray Lady Windermere?s Fan

The Happy Prince and Other Tales An Ideal Husband A Woman of No Importance

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20世纪英国文学 英国文学中的现代主义时期Modernism从19世纪90年代唯美主义Aestheticism的出现而开始，直到20世纪中叶。 意识流Stream of consciousness

象征主义symbolism兴起于19世纪后期，主张强调主观、个性。 现代主义作家：

Thomas Hardy— 小说家，诗人，19世纪末英国批判现实主义的代表。

“地域小说regional novel”，小说主题为人类与掌控世界、操纵人类命运的神秘力量对抗。【宿命论fatalism】 作品：Tess of the D’Urbervilles（揭露英国资产阶级的伪善和资本主义bourgeois society的无良剥削）

Jude the Obscure（肉体和灵魂的生死搏斗，人的理想生活与肮脏现实的对比） Far From the Madding Crowd The Return of the Native The Mayor of Casterbridge The Dynasts John Galsworthy— 20世纪最杰出的现实主义小说家之一，诺贝尔文学奖(1932)

作品：The Forsyte Saga： 【The Man of Property】

【In Chancery】 3小说 【To Let】

【The Indian Summer of a Forsyte】

【Awakening】 2幕间interlude

A Modern Comedy： 【The White Monkey】

【The Silver Spoon】 【Swan Song】

George Bernard Shaw— 爱尔兰人，继莎士比亚之后有一位伟大的戏剧家，诺贝尔文学奖(1925)

作品： Pygmalion《卖花女》

Mrs. Warren?s Profession Widower?s Houses Heartbreak House（象征英格兰，写于一战期间，modern civilization） Man and Superman Major Barbara William Butler Yeats— 爱尔兰诗人和剧作家，首位获得诺贝尔文学奖的爱尔兰人(1923)，早期英国象征主义诗歌的代表人物

作品：The Celtic Twilight（代表作）

The Countess Cathleen（短剧）

The Winding Stair（诗集，象征主义作品） When You Are Old The Autumn of the Body Sailing to Byzantium The Second Coming Leda and the Swan T.S.Eliot— 西方现代诗派的先驱，英语现代主义诗歌最高成就的代表，诺贝尔文学奖(1948)

作品： The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（戏剧式独白诗，意识流）

The Waste Land（最受欢迎的长诗，标志着浪漫主义诗歌的结束和现代主义诗歌的开端） Four Quartets（后期的主要诗作） Gerontion Essays on Style and Order D.H.Lawrence— 英国小说家，诗人，20世纪最具影响力及最具争议的小说家之一。

心理小说，作品：Sons and Lovers（Lawrence第一部具影响力的作品，自传体小说，恋母情结the Oedipus Complex）

The Rainbow Women in Love（sequel of the Rainbow） The White Peacock Lady Chatterley?s Lover James Joyce— 爱尔兰作家，诗人，20世纪最重要的作家之一。 作品：Dubliners（15篇短篇小说，20世纪初都柏林中下层市民生活） A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（Joyce第一部小说，带有自传性质） Ulysses（“现代散文体史诗a modern prose epic”，世界意识流创作的最高成就） Finnegans Wake Virginia Woolf— 英国女小说家，女评论家。意识流。女性主义作家。 作品： Mrs. Dalloway（意识流的代表作） A Room of One’s Own（对由男人掌控的世界中女性作家遇到的困境的关注） To the Lighthouse The Waves Three Guineas Jacob?s Room E.M.Forster— 英国小说家，短篇小说家，散文家。小说暗含讽刺且情节引人入胜。揭露20世纪英国社会阶级的不平等及伪善。

作品：A Room with a View A Passage to India Herbert George Wells—现代科幻小说先驱，作品：The Time Machine Katharine Mansfield— 英国女小说家，短篇故事，作品：Bliss The Garden Party

William Somerset Maugham—剧作家，小说家，短篇小说家，作品：Of Human Bondage The Moon and Sixpence George Orwell—英国小说家，作品：Animal Farm

William Golding— 英国小说家，诗人，剧作家，诺贝尔文学奖

作品： Lord of the Flies The Inheritors Doris Lessing—诺贝尔文学奖(2007)，作品：The Golden Notebook

John Osborne—“愤怒的青年Angry Young Men”中优秀的剧作家，作品：Look Back in Anger Samuel Beckett—诺贝尔文学奖(1969)，荒诞派戏剧absurd drama的先驱，作品：Waiting for Godot

I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (30%; 1.5 points for each)

1. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ___C _.

A. Romanticism B. Renaissance

C. medieval period D. Anglo-Saxon period

2. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of___D A. Piers Plowman B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. Confessio Amantis D. The Canterbury Tales

3. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is____D___.

A. science B. philosophy C. arts D. humanism

4. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the line of one of Shakespeare’s（） A. comedies B. tragedies C. histories D. sonnets

5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18? C A. The speaker eulogizes (praise) the power of B. The speaker satirizes human vanity

C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creationD. The speaker meditates on man?s salvation 6. “The Fairy Queen” is the masterpiece written by__C__.

A. John Milton B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Edmund Spenser D. Alexander Pope 7. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? D

A. Advancement of Learning B. Novum Organum C. De Augmentis D. Areopagitica

8. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was（B） who was a critic, poet, and playwright. A. Oliver Goldsmith B. John Dryden C. John Milton D. S.T. Coleridge

9. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne?s poetry? B

A. reason and sentiment B. conceits and wits C. the euphuism D. writing in the rhymed couplet

10. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “___B___”, for his contribution to the establishment of the

form of the modern novel.

A. Best writer of the English novelB. The father of English novel

C. The most gifted writer of the English novel D. conventional writer of English novel 11. John Milton?s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of __ B _. A. rhymed stanzas B. blank verse C. alliteration D. sonnets

12. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver?s Travels are ____A_. A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities

C. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways

13. Gothic novels are mostly stories of___C_____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.

A. love and marriage B. sea adventuresC. mystery and horror D. saints and martyrs 14. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT __D_. A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings C. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matter D. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech

15. Charles Dickens? works are characterized by a mingling of ___A____ and pathos. A. humor B. satire C. passion D. metaphor

16. In __B____ ?s hands, “dramatic monologue” reaches its maturity and perfection. A. Alfred Tennyson B. Robert Browning C. William Shakespeare D. George Eliot

17. The three trilogies of（）’s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century. A. John Galsworthy B. Arnold Bennett C. James Joyce D. H. G. Wells

18. The bard of imperialism was（B）, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his works. A. R. L. Stevenson B. Rudyard Kipling C. H. G. Wells D. Daniel Defoe 19. “art for art?s sake” was put forth by ___A___.

A. aestheticism B. naturalism C. realism D. neo-romanticism

20. Which of the following is taken from John Keats? “Ode on a Grecian Urn”? D A. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”B. “They are both gone up to the church to pray.” C. “Earth has not anything to show more fair.”D. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” II. Fill in the blanks with correct information. (16%; 1 points for each blank)

1. In 1066, the Normans headed by Duke William, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. This marked the beginning of feudalism in England and England entered into feudal society.

2. Chaucer?s The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of rhymed (metrical) stanza instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.

3. The Pilgrims Progress is the masterpiece of John Bunyan (the writer), written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of dream and allegory, in which the main character is Christian .

4. Dorian Gray was the main character in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray written by (Oscar) Wilde .

5. Romanticism extended from 1798 when The Lyrical Ballads was published and in 1832 when (Walter) Scott died.

6. The writer who figured his hometown—the Wessex country in his works is _(Thomas) Hardy.

7. In “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, hills, vales, lakes, bays and the daffodils are parts of , and “daffodils” symbolize (the beauty of) .

8. “Dubliners” is a collection of short stories written by James Joyce in the writing style of stream of consciousness.

9. In the “The Idylls of the King”, the poet Alfred Tennyson painted the first English hero, King Arthur , and gave a new meaning to the legends about the knights of the Round Table.

III. Answer the following questions briefly based on your understanding of the texts studied. (12%; 1 point for each question)

1. Dull sublunary lover?s love ?(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove Those things which elemented it. a. Who was the writer? John Donne b. What is the name/ title of the poem? A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

c. What does it mean by “Dull sublunary lover?s love”? (Explain it.) secular love/ ordinary (lover?s) love d. What does “soul” mean? essence e. What does “sense” here mean? sense organs/ hands, eyes, lips, etc

f. What does “it” mean in “because it doth remove”? absence g. What does “Those things” mean? sense organs/ hands, eyes, lips, etc

h. What does “it” refer to in “Those things which elemented it”?

dull sublunary lover?s love

2. Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; (1) Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear! (2)

a. What is the title of the poem? Ode to the West Wind b. In line (1), why is the west wind called “Wild Spirit”?

Because it is the “breath of Autumn?s being” (it has the soul, breath, and inspiration) which (on earth, sky, and sea) destroys in autumn to revives in the spring. c. In line (2), why is it called “Destroyer”?

Because the West Wind destroys the dead leaves/ the old things (or the poet?s old thoughts and the old world) d. In line (2), what does “Preserver” mean?

Because the West Wind preserves seeds (and revives in spring)/ spreads new things (or preserve the new and give the poet/world a new birth.)

IV. Give your answers to the following items logically and concisely. You have to mention the writer (and the title of the work) first if necessary. (24%)

1. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points) Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points)

2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God ; (2 points)

3) There live in innocent bliss God?s masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy /revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; (3 point)

4) Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to make them instrumental in his struggle against God?s authority. (1 point)

2. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp? (7 points) Answer:

1) Rebecca Sharp is the main character in Vanity Fair written by William Makepeace Thackeray. (1 point) 2) She is the perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair (as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal) (3 points)

3) She is shrewd and unscrupulous, supplicated beyond her years; determined to worm her way into society at all cost; she is full-blooded and many-sided. (3 points)

3. Based on your understanding of “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”, “She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways”, and “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, discuss “What are the functions of for the poet expressed in the poems?” (10 points)

Answer:

(1) The poems were written by William Wordsworth (in which he described the functions and benefits that has/brings). (1 point)

(2) (open-end question: 只要回答中包含以下相关内容或三首诗中的例子，陈述比较清楚，即可得分；表述不清者在原给分基础上可酌情扣1至2分) (9 points) 如： could make him love more, make his thoughts purer and loftier and mind and soul more comfort. (For example, in “Lines”, he said because of and by recalling , he could have the sweet sensation and pleasures in lonely rooms and amid the din of towns and cities, could make him have the actions of kindness and love, give him the blessed and sublime mood, lighten the burden of the heavy and weary world, see into the life of things, make him look on with thoughts, hear the still and sad music of humanity. could be the anchor of his purest thought, the nurse, guide, guardian of his heart and soul and life and food for his future years.（5分） In “I wondered lonely as a cloud”, the daffodils () in vacant or pensive mood flash upon his inward eye and fill his heart with pleasure and dance with the daffodils.（2分）In “She dwelt among the untrodden ways”, could make him look on more carefully and with a special mind.（2分）

V. Write a summery of Pride and Prejudice and make a short comment on the theme. Your marks depends on the elements of the writer (1 point), the main characters and their relations (2 points), the main plot and result (8 points), comment on the theme (4 points), and grammar and structure (3 points). (18%)

Answer:1) the writer (1分)； (Pride and Prejudice was written by Jane Austen, in the romantic period)2) the main characters and their relations (2分)；? (Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; The Bennet’s 5 daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia. Elizabeth—Mr. Darcy;(Jane—Mr. Bingley; Lydia—Mr. Wickham))? 3) the main plot（7分；主要情节表述不全或不连贯者酌情扣分）and result (1分)； (Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies their house will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met, so the family's future happiness and security is dependant on the daughters making good marriages. Life is uneventful until the arrival in the neighborhood of the rich gentleman Mr. Bingley, who rents a large house so he can spend the summer in the country. Mr. Bingley brings with him his sister and the dashing (and richer) but proud Mr. Darcy. Love is soon in the air for one of the Bennet sisters, while another may have jumped to a hasty prejudgment. For the Bennet sisters many trials and tribulations stand between them and their happiness, including class, gossip and scandal.)4) comment on the theme (4分) ?(Theme: exploration of the marriage, property and intrigue between the main and minor characters; delicate probing of the values of gentry/ marriage, class, money) 5) grammar and structure (3分).

I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement.

1. The long poem _C_ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England?s national epic.P67 A. The Canterbury TalesB. Paradise LostC. The Song of BeowulfD. The Fairy Queen

2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ____C__.

A. RomanticismB. RenaissanceC. medieval periodD. Anglo-Saxon period 4. __A_____ is regarded as the father of English poetry.

A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC. John MiltonD. W. Wordsworth

5. It is ____A____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William ShakespeareD. John Gower 6. One of Chaucer?s main contributions to English poetry is _A_____. A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetry

B. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his countryC. he wrote in blank verse D. he was the first to write sonnet

7. During the Renaissance, __C_____ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry. A. ChaucerB. John DonneC. Thomas WyattD. Earl of Surrey

8. During the Renaissance, _D______ wrote the first English blank verse. A. ChaucerB. Edmund SpencerC. Thomas WyattD. Earl of Surrey

9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement? C

A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman cultureB. The new discoveries in geography and astrologyC. The Glorious revolutionD. The religious reformation and the economic expansion

10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event? B

A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. England?s domestic rest

C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion. 11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ___A___ and ______ centuries. A. 14th...mid-17thB. 14th...mid-18thC. 16th...mid-18thD. 16th...mid-17th 13. ___B____ frequently applied conceits in his poems. P282 A. Edmund SpenserB. John DonneC. William BlakeD. Thomas Gray 14. ___C____ is known as “the poet?s poet”.

A. William ShakespeareB. Christopher MarloweC. Edmund SpenserD. John Donne

15. Romance，which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of__B__ adventures or other heroic deeds，is a

popular literary form in the medieval period. A. ChristianB. knightlyC. pilgrimsD. primitive

16. ____B____ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism. A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher MarloweB. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe C. John Donne, Edmund SpenserD. John Milton, Thomas More

17. Among the following plays which is not written by Christopher Marlowe? D A. Dr. FaustusB. The Jew of MaltaC. TamburlaineD. The School for Scandal 18. Shakespeare?s greatest tragedies are __A__. A. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth B. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet C. Hamlet, Coriolanus, King Lear and Macbeth D. Hamlet, Julius caesar, Othello and Macbeth

19★. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the line of one of Shakespeare’s ________. A. comediesB. TragediesC. historiesD. sonnets

20. “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, /So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” (Shakespeare, Sonnets 18) What does “this” refer to? D A. LoverB. TimeC. SummerD. Poetry

21. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18? C A. The speaker eulogizes the power of B. The speaker satirizes human vanity

C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creationD. The speaker meditates on man?s salvation

22.★ “Bassani Antonio，I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself；But life itself，my wife，and all the world，Are not with me esteem’d above thy life；I would lose all，ay，sacrifice them all，Here to the devil，to deliver you. Portia：Your wife would give you little thanks for that，ff she were by to hear you make the offer.” The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate A/D A. dramatic ironyB. personificationC. allegoryD. symbolism 23. “The Fairy Queen” is the masterpiece written by__C__.

A. John MiltonB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Edmund SpenserD. Alexander Pope 24. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? D

A. Advancement of LearningB. Novum OrganumC. De AugmentisD. Areopagitica

25. The greatest of pioneers of English drama in Renaissance is ___B____, one of whose drama is “Doctor Faustus”.

A. William ShakespeareB. Christopher MarloweC. Oscar WildeD. R. Brinsley Sheridan

26. “Euphues” was written by _B_____, the style of the novel was called “Euphuism”. A. John BunyanB. John LylyC. John DonneD. John Milton

27. The most famous dramatist in the 18th century is ____C__, who is famous for “The School for Scandal”. A. Oliver GoldsmithB. Thomas GrayC. R. Brinsley SheridanD. G.eorge Bernard Shaw

28. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was(B ), who was a critic, poet, and playwright. A. Oliver GoldsmithB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. T. G. Coleridge

29. The representative of the “Metaphysical” poetry is __A____, whose poems are famous for his use of fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperboles.

A. John DonneB. John MiltonC. William BlakeD. Robert Burns

30. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne?s poetry? B(P)

A. reason and sentimentB. conceits and witsC. the euphuismD. writing in the rhymed couplet 31. ___(P152). A__ is the successful religious allegory(讽喻，寓言) in the English language. A. The Pilgrim?s ProgressB. The Canterbury TalesC. Paradise LostD. Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded 32. The 18th century England is known as the __C____ in the history. A. RenaissanceB. ClassicismC. EnlightenmentD. Romanticism

33. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, who was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specially a “comic滑稽的 epic史诗 in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style? A. Thomas Gray B. Richard Brinsley SheridanC. Johathan Swift D. Henry Fielding

34. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “B”, for his to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.

A. Best writer of the English novelB. The father of English novelC. The most gifted writer of the English novelD. Conventional writer of English novel

35. Among the pioneers先驱 of the 18th century novelists were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry fielding and ___A___.

A. Laurence Sterne (P169)B. John DrydenC. Charles DickensD. Alexander Pope

36. John Milton?s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of _B____. A. rhymed stanzas押韵 节B. blank verse无韵诗C. alliteration头韵法D. sonnets十四行诗

37. Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out____, both in theory and practice，to write specifically a “ ____B_____ in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. (Refer to 19)

A. tragic epicB. comic epicC. romanceD. lyric epic

38. Besides Sheridan, another great playwright in the 18th century is ___A___.

A. Oliver Goldsmith 喜剧she stoops to conquerB. Thomas Gray 诗人C. T. G. Smollet 小说家D. Laurence

Sterne 小说家

39. She Stoops to Conquer was written by __A___.

A. Oliver GoldsmithB. R. Brinsley SheridanC. John DrydenD. George Bernard Shaw

40. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literary form, that is the modern English ___B___, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. A. proseB. short storyC. novelD. tragicomedy

41. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver?s Travels are __A___. A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities

C. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways

42. The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence on a lonely island reflects ____D______.

A. man?s desire to return to B. the author?s criticism of the colonization

C. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisie中产阶级D. the aristocrats? disillusionment of the harsh social reality 43. Gothic novels are mostly stories of__C___, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.

A. love and marriageB. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs 44. “The father of English novel” is ___A_______.

A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. Jonathan SwiftD. John Donne 45. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ____D____. A. William WordswothB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Thomas GrayD. Robert Burns 46. ___A___ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.

A. The Songs of InnocenceB. Reliques of Ancient English poetryC. Songs and SonnetsD. Kubla Khan 47. The Rights of Man, a pamphlet, was written by __D____, in which he advocated that politics was the business of the whole mass of common people and not only of a government oligarchy. A. John MiltonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Robert BurnsD. Thomas Paine

48. William Wordsworth，a romantic poet，advocated all the following EXCEPT (D). A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings C. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matter D. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech

49. Which of the following is taken from John Keats? “Ode on a Grecian Urn”? D A. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”B. “They are both gone up to the church to pray.”

C. “Earth has not anything to show more fair.”D. “Beauty is truth，truth beauty.” 50. “If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind.” is an epigrammatic line by D A. John KeatsB. William Blake C. William Wordsworth D. P. B. Shelley

51★. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the___B___ of art and the____ of human passion. A. Glory, uglinessB. permanence, transienceC. transience, sordidnessD. glory, permanence 52. One of the great essay writers of the early 19th century is B A. Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. Walter ScottD. George Eliot 53. Tales form Shakespeare was written by ___D__.

A. Charles LambB. William HazlittC. Charles Lamb and Mary LambD. Wordsworth and Coleridge 54. Charles Dickens? works are characterized by a mingling of ____A___ and pathos. A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor

55★. In Chapter III of Oliver Twist, Oliver is punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more”. What did Oliver ask for more?

A. More time to playB. More food to eatC. More books to readD. More money to spend 56. In ___B___ ?s hands, “dramatic monologue” reaches its maturity and perfection. A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. William ShakespeareD. George Eliot

57. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing society, but also due to its introduction to the English novel the first __D____ heroine. A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. governess 家庭女教师

58. The three trilogies of __A___ ?s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century. A. John GalswortryB. Arnold BennettC. James JoyceD. H. G. Wells

59. The Victorian Age was largely an age of___C___ eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray. A. poetry B. drama C. novel D. prose

60★. The title of Alfred Tennyson’s poem “Ulysses” reminds the reader of the following EXCEPT___C/D______.

A. the Trojan War B. Homer?s Odyssey C. adventures over the sea D. religious quest

61. The work __B___ written by Alfred Tennyson was about the question of higher education of women. A. Crossing the Bar B. The Princess C. Break, Break, Break D. Ulysses

62. The bard of imperialism政治和贸易优势 was _B___, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his works.

A. R. L. Stevenson B. Rudyard Kipling C. H. G. Wells D. Daniel Defoe 63. The Dynasts was a gigantic epic史诗的 drama written by ___B__. A. George Bernard Shaw B. Thomas Hardy C. Oscar Wilde D. John Galsworthy

64. The major concern of___A/B____ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human . A. D. H. Lawrence?sB. J. Galsworthy?sC. W. Thackeray?sD. T. Hardy?s

65. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of___A____, who never pays any attention to human feelings. A. propertyB. justiceC. moralityD. humor

66. ____D__is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare，and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.

A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. George Bernard Shaw 67. “art for art?s sake” was put forth by _A_____. A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism

68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT___B_____. A. DublinersB. Jude the ObscureC. A portrait of the Artist as a Young ManD. Ulysses II. Choose one or more correct answers to complete the statement. 69. __BC_______ belonged to the stream of consciousness. A.D. H. LawrencB.James JoyceC.Virginia WoolfD.T. S. Eliot

★87. How do you understand “To be, or not to be”? Give your evidence to support your ideas. ★92. What are Chaucer’s contributions to English literature

答：(①Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid,smooth and exact. He is the first great poet writing in the current English.②His contribution is to lies chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially he introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative Angle Saxon poetry.③He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several dialect,and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for modern English speech.)

93. What are Shakespeare?s contributions to English literature? Construction:

a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.

b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.

★94. What is the theme of “Paradise Lost”?

答： (the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom)

★95. Why did Satan choose the Garden of Eden as the battlefield? (书上、样卷有答案)

★108. What does “She” (referring to Lucy) in “She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways” imply?( 暗指所有新鲜的有活力和有生命的事物)

★109. What is the theme of “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”?(①She 的特点②violet的特点③she与violet的联想特点④诗人的态度)

What the theme of \

答：(①作者都自然的赞美和喜爱②自然给人带来财富和给人以安慰的作用) 笔记上的 Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”

2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.

★113. What are the functions of “West Wind” in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind? What do they mean?同下

答：Destroyer andpreserver. The west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.

115. Why did Percy Bysshe Shelly in his “Ode to the West Wind” ask for the West Wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”? Give your analysis.

116. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/ One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.” The above quotation is taken from Shelley?s poem ?Ode to the West wind”. What does the underlined part mean?

★117.(同115题) Why did Shelley wish to be “a dead leaf”, “a swift cloud” and asked the West wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”?

★124. What is the character Rebecca Sharp?P195下册 (样卷原题)

She is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal. ★125. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?样卷原题

126. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists? (The major contribution is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realist made use of the form of novel of full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of

the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic novel “the epic of the bourgeois society”.) 127. What does the subtitle “A Pure Woman” of the novel Tess of the D?Urbervilles mean?

答：To show what Hardy thought of his heroine, who is seduced, abandoned, and finally driven to murder for which she is hanged. Through it all she remains his most lovable woman character, cruelly tormented by fate and innocent of any intention to sin.

128. What is Paul?s relation with three women in Sons and Lovers? Paul is tortured between his mother and his girl friends in Sons and Lovers. His mother?s all-possessive affection for her son becomes a hindrance to his independent development as a man. She opposes Paul?s love for Miriam. Miriam?s love is egocentric and intolerable. Clara? passion is stifling. The three women all want to possess Paul. He loves his mother and Clara and Miriam, his two lovers. His mother?s all-possessive affection for her son becomes a hindrance to his independent development as a man. Miriam?s love is egocentric and intolerable. Clara?s passion is stifling. 129. What is the symbolic meaning of the title in the story of Araby by Joyce?

答：The word Araby comes from Arabian which reminds the reader of the oriental land----a wonderful and dreaming world. In his story, Araby is the name of a bazaar which symbolizes the dream, the ideal and the embodiment of beauty for the boy. 130. What is the theme of “Araby”?

答：It is the frustrated quest for beauty is drabness at last. It reflects the situation in Ireland in the particular period. The society is of coldness, gloom and harshness.

IV. Explain the following terms from the aspects of social background, main characteristics, representatives, influences, etc 131. Alliterative verse:

132. Popular ballads: a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.

133. Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and witty, verse combining intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One of its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious type of metaphor. The features of the school玄学派: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images.

134. Enlightenment: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the “enlightenment” or “education” of the people.

135. Sentimentalism: it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The philosophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sences, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and , a cult of a \and hypocritical aristocrats.

136. Neo-classicism: It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.

137. (Critical) Realism: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or “reflecting” faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. 138. Gothic novel: Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate.The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel;it is so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unatural feelings that it is justly called \

139. Lake poets: refer to the first generation of romanticism including Wordsworth Coleridge and Southey. They once lived around the lake districts and traversed the similar attitude toward literature, politics and society, beginning as radicals and ending in conservatives.

140. Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.

2. 英雄双行体（Heroic Couplet）

Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete though. There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems. 3. 超验主义（Transcendentalism）

In New England, an intellectual movement known transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, and was led Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. Instead, the transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. The transcendentalists found their chief source of aspiration in nature. 4. 迷茫的一代（Lost Generation）

The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned intellectuals and artists of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.

5. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment Movement）

The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement, which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time. It was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement. 7.无韵体 blank verse

This term , which was first brought into England by Surrey , is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry. 8.三一律 The Three Unities

The Three Unities , formulated by Renaissance dramatists, are the unities of time, place and action. A play should have no scenes irrelevant to the action, should not cover more than twenty-four hours, and should not cover more than one locale.

6.自由体 free verse

It is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter. 9.现代主义 Modernism

Modernism was a complex and diverse international, movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc. 10.英国文艺复兴 Renaissance

The term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. The Renaissance , therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe. 英国文学

1. Beowulf : a national epic 2. The Renaissance(原因)：

(1) rediscoveries of ancient Greek and Roman culture. (2) discoveries in geography and astrology.

(3)Religious reformation and economic expansion. 3. William Shakespeare四大悲剧：《Hamlet》 《Othello》 《Macbeth》 《King Lear》

喜剧：《The Merchant of Venice》: It is a comedy dramatic ironic to Christian. 17世纪：

4. John Milton(约翰 弥尔顿)《Paradise Lost》 blank verse(无韵体诗) 5. John Bunyan(约翰 班扬)《The Pilgrim?s Progress》（天路历程）：让人遵守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。“Vanity Fair”是其中最富盛名的。 18世纪：

6. Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔 笛福)《Robinson Crusoe》:描述的是“真实的生活”，反映社会现实。 7. Jonathan Swift(乔纳森 斯威夫特)《Gulliver?s Travels》反对，讽刺英国的社会。 8. William Blake(威廉 布莱克)：浪漫主义起始 《London》 from 《Songs of Experience》：消极、低调 《Songs of Innocence》：乐观、热情 浪漫主义时期

9. William Wordsworth: He ushered in the English Romantic Movement with the population of “Lyrical Ballads”《抒情歌谣集》

成就：① advocate to used everyday language

② use of humble and rustic life

③ advocate expression of spontaneous over flow of powerful feelings

《She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways》 《I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud》 10. George Gordon, Lord Byron(乔治 戈登 拜伦)

《Don Juan》(唐璜) 《Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage》（恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记） 11. Percy Bysshe Shelley(铂西 比希 雪莱)《Ode to the West Wind》 《The Cloud》 12. John Keats《Ode to a Nightingale》(夜莺颂)

13. Jane Austen(简 奥斯汀)《Pride and Prejudice》(傲慢与偏见)

主题：The title of this novel reveals the novelist?s concern: if making good relationship is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. According to Jane Austen, our first impressions are usually wrong, as is shown her by that of Elizabeth. 维多利亚时期

14. Charles Dickens(查尔斯 狄更斯)

《Tale of Two Cities》(双城记) &《Oliver Twist》(雾都孤儿) 史诗的散文 15. William Makepeace Thackeray(威廉 梅克匹斯 萨克雷)《Vanity Fair》 16. Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte(夏洛蒂 勃朗特 & 艾蜜莉 勃朗特) Charlotte Bronte——《Jane Eyre》：第一次写家庭女教师 Emily Bronte——《Wuthering Heights》

17. Robert Browning(罗伯特 布朗宁)——丈夫dramatic monologues戏剧独白

Elizabeth Barrett Browning——妻子 《From Sonnets from the Portuguese》:写给她丈夫 20世纪

18. Thomas Hardy(托马斯 哈代)

Nostalgia 怀乡情调，他以自己家乡Wessex为背景 《Tess of the D?Urbervilles》

19. Oscar Wilde(奥斯卡 伍尔德)：被认为同性恋而入狱《The Picture of Dorian Gray》:唯一的一部小说 20. George Bernard Shaw(萧伯纳)Greatest dramatist since Shakespeare,主要关注社会问题，discussion plays 21. D.H. Lawrence(劳伦斯)第一部《白孔雀》 《The White Peapock》 《Sons and Lovers》:第一部自由体，利用心理分析 美国文学

1.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加﹒爱伦﹒坡《to Helen》《The Raven》乌鸦

2.Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫﹒沃尔多﹒爱默生 超验主义（transcendentalist） 3.Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔﹒霍桑《红字》The Scarlet Letter 4.Walt Whitman沃尔特﹒惠特曼《Song of Myself》

5.Emily Dickinson艾米丽﹒迪金森《I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-》19c女诗人Her themes include love, nature, friendship《A Bird came down the Walk- 》

6.Mark Twain马克吐温《The Adventures of Tom Sawyer》汤姆索亚历险记《The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn》哈克贝利﹒芬历险记

7.Jack London 杰克﹒伦敦《Martin Eden》自传体小说《The Sea Wolf》 8.Theodore Dreiser西奥多﹒德莱赛《Sister Carrie》嘉莉妹妹

9.Ezra Pound埃兹拉﹒庞德The father of Imagist Poetry意象派诗歌之父 10.Robert Frost罗伯特﹒弗罗斯特《The Road Not Taken》《Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening》 11.Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特《The Waste Land》荒原

12.F.Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西﹒斯哥特﹒菲茨杰拉尔德《The Great Gatsby》了不起的盖茨比 13.John Steinbeck约翰﹒斯提贝克《The Grapes of Wrath》愤怒的葡萄

14.William Faulkner威廉﹒福克纳 stream of consciousness意识流《A Rose for Emily》献给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰 一．《I heard a Fly buzz when I died》 作者：Emily Dickinson

主题：the theme of the poem is the exploration of death. The poet thought that death was inevitable, painless and natural and asserted that death meant eternity because people wound get another living after they have passed it. 二．《The road not Taken》 作者：Robert Frost

主题：The poet is expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty.

(1)It is a meditative poem, in the poem the speaker tell us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverged in a wood. Forced to choose, he “took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference”

(2)Here the poem means that his choice of the course of life is different from that of others.

(3)In this simple but profound poem Frost tries to show the importance of choosing a correct way of life. 三．《Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening》 作者：Robert Frost

主题：The poet expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty and quiet natural and the responsibility which the opeaker bears in the real world. 四：《Song of Myself》 作者：Walt Whitman 主题：In song of myself, Whitman?s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America, and he sets forth the principal beliefs of both the theory of universality and singularity and equality of an being in value. 五．《Sonnet 18》

作者：William Shakespeare

主题：not only appreciate the beloved woman; but also eulogize the power of artistic creation 几行：十四行诗fourteen lines 押韵形式：abab cdcd efef gg 几个音部：five foots 赏析： Sonnet 18

The poem is a sonnet which use the form of”abab cdcd efef gg” as rhyme.One and three lines end with /ei/; two and four lines end with /eit/; five and seven lines and with /aiz/; six and eight lines end with /imd/; nine and eleven lines end with/eid/; ten and twelve lines end with /?ust/; thirteen and fourteen lines end with /i/.

Each line have five foot. For example: the first line: Shall I? compare? thee to? a sum?mer?s day”.” Shall

I”、”compare”、”thee to”、”a sum”、”mer?s day” are the five foot. In each foot the former syllable need lighten and the latter need stress.

The poem contains two themes: first to appreciate has friend beauty; second to eulogize the power of artistic creation.

《西风颂》（Ode to the West Wind）

In the poem, the autumn wind, becomes an image of Shelley himself as he wants to be,in its freedom, its destructive constructive potential, its universality.

The whole poem has a logic of feeling, that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion.” If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” Which brought us a hopeful, optimistic attitude to the coming future.

《傲慢与偏见》(pride and prejudice)

The title of the novel Pride and Prejudice reveals the novelist?s concern: if making good relationship is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. Our first impressions, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong, as is shown here by that of Elizabeth. In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out absurd about herself: her blindness, partiality, prejudice and absurdity. At the same time, Darcy too learns about other people and himself. In the end, false, prejudice is humbled and prejudice dissolved.

《儿子与情人》(sons and lovers)

It's D.H.Lawrence?s Semi-autographical novel—the most popular one of his works. t tells the story of a coal miner?s family with the third son Paul as the central character. he thread of story evolved around Paul?s love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother. Lawrence focused on the psychological development of its character. Mainly described sex and lust.

论述题

1.Roughly speaking, Shakespeare?s literary career can be divided into three periods. What are the three periods? And what are his major works in each period?莎士比亚创作分为哪几个时期，各时期代表作

Shakespeare?s literary works can be divided into three periods: the first one from 1590 to 1600, the second from 1601 to 1608, and the third from 1609 to 1612.

In the first period, optimism prevails in most of the works, which include histories, comedies, and poems. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideals of happiness. His histories include Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, ect. Comedies include The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night, ect. And all his poems,154 sonnets and two long poems, The Rape of Lurece and Venus and Adonis, are written in this period, too.

In the second period, Shakespeare?s optimism wanes and a strong touch of pessimism marks most of the works, which reveal the society to be an evil one. The famous four tragedies of his age are all complete in this period, which include Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear.

The works in the third period are mainly tragicomedies and romances: Cymbeline, The Winter?s tale, The Tempest, ect.

2.What is the Shakespeare?s literary achievement莎士比亚的文学成就主要表现在哪几个方面

(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic

performance is “to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature”. In his work, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides, his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.

(2)Shakespeare is a prolific writer. Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays.

(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writers. Many of his new coinage and turns of expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.

(4)Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.

3.What are the main characteristics of Bernard Shaw?s plays萧伯纳的戏剧特点

(1)Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism. He took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.

(2)One feature of Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Another feature is that Shaw's characters are the representatives of ideas， points of view， that shift and alter during the play， for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.

(3)Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. The inversion, a device found in Shaw from beginning to end, is an integral part of an interpretation of life.

(4)Shaw's plays have plots， but they do not work by plots. The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation. It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the characters maintain the interest of the audience. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.

4.What are the stylistic features of Hemingway?s novels海明威小说的文体特点

(1)Hemingway?s novels are mainly concerned with “tough” people, known for the Hemingway hero of athletic prowess and masculinity and unyielding heroism, whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. In the general situation of his novels, life is but a losing battle; however, it is also a struggle man can demonstrate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.

(2)Typical of this “iceberg” analogy is Hemingway?s style: Hemingway?s economical writing style often seems simple, but his method is calculated. In his writing, Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his character?s emotions and thoughts directly. Hemingway was deeply concerned with authenticity in writing. Besides, Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are well presented, and the use of short, simple words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care.

5.What are Hemingway?s major works海明威的主要作品

His early works: The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), Green Hills of Africa (1935)

His later works: For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), The Old Man and the Sea, a powerful novelette about an aged Cuban fisherman, for which he won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize in fiction. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize

in literature.

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