词性

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中考英语专项复习

(教师:尹冬琼)

一、名词

考点1:名词复数的构成 1.一般情况在词尾+-s;

2. 以s , sh , ch , x结尾的名词+-es. buses wishes watches boxes sandwiches beaches brushes 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,

+-es country-countries story-stories family-families lady-ladies factory-factories comedy-comedies strawberry-strawberries documentary-documentaries century-centuries dictionary- dictionaries city-cities

4. 变f或fef,fe为ves leaf-leaves life-lives half-halves knife-knives thief-thieves wife-wives scarf-scarves / scarfs

5. 以o结尾,其中tomato, potato, hero +es : tomatoes potatoes heroes 而radio zoo photo piano kilo则直接+-s

6. 不规则变化:man-men woman-women Frenchman-Frenchmen policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen (German-Germans) foot-feet tooth-teeth child-children mouse-mice ox – oxen(公牛)

7.单复数形式相同:sheep(绵羊) deer(鹿) Chinese(中国人) Japanese(日本人) fish(鱼) 8.只有复数形式的名词:trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) thanks(谢谢) clothes(衣服) people(人们) chopsticks(筷子) shorts(短裤) pants(长裤) socks(袜子)

staff(全体员工)

9. 集体名词police, family, team, group,class, public等,如果表示一个整体,看作单数;如果表示集体中的成员,视为复数。如:

The police are searching for the thieves everywhere. 10.复合名词的复数形式,将中心词变为复数: tooth brush-tooth brushes ; banana tree-banana trees

而man, woman与其它名词构成的复合名词,则两部分都变: man teacher-men teachers; woman doctor-women doctors

考点2:不可数名词

1.表示物质的名词,液体、气体、原料、食品等物质的名词是不可数名词,本身没有单复数的区别。water air sugar rice bread tea meat fruit hair money等。

2.表示抽象概念的名词,如honesty exercise kindness happiness health English knowledge love work homework等。

3.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。 可数 glass 杯子(glasses)(glasses眼镜) orange桔子(oranges) room房间(rooms) paper试卷(papers) fish鱼类(fishes);鱼、单复同形 chicken小鸡(chickens) 不可数 glass玻璃 orange橘子汁 room空间 paper纸 fish鱼肉 chicken鸡肉 1

sand沙子 wood木头 sands沙滩 woods森林 4. 不可数名词数量的表示

不可数名词的数量表示: (1) 不能加S; (2) 前面不能直接加a/an 或数词修饰; (3)作主语时,谓语用单数。

常用相当于汉语中量词的一些名词来表示。eg: piece bag glass cup

a piece of paper/news/music/bread… two pieces of advice three bags of rice four glasses of water six cups of tea 可数名词也可以像这样表示,eg: two baskets of apples

5.一些以s结尾的名词却是单数,maths/math数学;politics政治;physics物理; news新闻

6.―数词+名词‖或―数词+名词+形容词‖构成的复合形容词,其中的名词必须用单数形式。eg: an eight-year-old boy; eight-hour sleep; a five-meter-deep river.

考点3:名词的所有格

1、一般在名词后面+-?s. 如:

Jim‘s sister Children‘s Day Women‘s Day April Fool‘s Day 2、以s或es结尾的单词,只加― ‘‖构成所有格。如: Teachers‘ Day the twins‘ room a waitress‘ job

3、如果某物为两人共有,则在后一名词加所有格;如果不是共有的,则两个名词后都加所有格。如: This is Lily and Lucy‘s room.

Mr. Zhang is Zhang Lin and Zhang Lan‘s father. These books are Lily‘s and Lucy‘s.

4、表示在某人家、店铺等工作、生活场所的所有格后的名词常省略。如: at my uncle‘s在我叔叔家 at the doctor‘s在诊所 at the barber‘s在理发店 at Mr. Wang‘s在王先生家

5.双重所有格:如果名词前面有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用―of+所有格/of+名词性物主代词‖形式来表示所属关系。意义上与 ―one of+复数名词‖相似,如:

Mr. Green is a friend of our English teacher‘s. Lucy is a daughter of mine.

6.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词的所有格,在名词后加所有格。 today‘s newspaper今天的报纸 15 minutes‘ walk步行15分钟的路程 考点4:名词作定语 名词作定语,一般用单数形式。如:country music乡村音乐;two physics teachers两位物理老师;pet dogs宠物狗;paper bags纸袋

*个别名词作定语用复数形式。sports meeting运动会;parents meeting家长会 *由―man/woman+名词‖构成的短语,变为复数时,两部分都需用复数。 如:women teachers女教师

*复合形容词作定语,其结构是―数字+连词符+名词单数形式(形容词)‖。如:

a two-day holiday=a two days‘ holiday两天的假期; twenty minutes‘ walk=twenty-minute walk走路二十分钟的路程

考点5:近义词辨析 1.family house home

family意为―家庭、家人‖,指家庭的整体或家庭成员; house意为―房子、房屋‖,强调建筑本身;

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home意为―家‖,有一定的感情色彩,强调住所。

Tom regards Kunming as his second because he has been here for over twenty years. A. family B. house C. room D. home 2.question problem

question 指需要解答或回答的问题,常与ask/answer连用;

problem 指提出的疑难、困难,需要解决、处理的问题,如失业、人口、数学问题等。 3.voice noise sound voice是―嗓音‖;

noise是―吵闹声、噪音‖,指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声; sound泛指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。 4.work job

work是不可数名词,指需要花体力和脑力的工作; job是可数名词,指一项具体的工作。 如:Selling newspaper is his part-time job. He has been out of work.

5.message news information

message是可数名词,指―口信‖,常用词组: leave/take a message; short messages

news 和information为不可数名词, news指―新闻‖ information指―消息、信息、资料‖。 6.place room

place意为―地点、地方‖,是可数名词; room当―空间‖讲,为不可数名词。 7.suggestion advice

suggestion的意思是―建议‖,可数名词;

advice是―意见、建议‖的意思,为不可数名词。二者通常可以换用。

二、冠词

考点1:不定冠词a、an的用法

不定冠词常用于单数可数名词前,a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。 1、第一次提到某人或某物时,用a或an起介绍作用. ---- What‘s this? ---- It is a bus.

2、指某人、某物,但不具体说明。 A boy is looking for you. 3、表示数量,有―一‖的意思,但概念没有one强。 I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、表示―每一‖,相当于every。 Lucy and I go to school five days a day. 5、用于序数词前,表示―又一、再一‖。

Mr. and Mrs. White have a daughter called Jane. Then they have a second child --- a son. 6、用于一些抽象名词前,使之具体化。 It‘s a pleasure to talk to you. 7、用于某些固定词组中

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a bit of; a lot of; a piece of ; go for a walk ; leave a message; quite a few; have a

swim/walk/rest/cold/headache/talk with sb./word with sb….. a glass of have a look at half an hour take a taxi a few a little Exercise:

* My English teacher has 8-year-old girl called Mary. A. an B. a C. the D. /

* On sunny afternoon, my parents and I had a good time on the beach. A. the B. an C. a D. / 考点2:定冠词the的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this, that, these, those的意义相近,用于不可数名词、可数名词单复数前,表示某个或某些特定的人或事物. 1、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 Open the door, please.

2、指上文已经提到的人或事物。

He bought a computer, the computer is very nice. 3、指世界上独一无二的事物。 The earth goes/turns/travels around the sun. 4、用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 He lives on the third floor. Li Lei is the tallest boy in our class.

5、用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall; the Summer Palace 6、用于某些形容词前,表示一类人。

the rich; the poor; the sick; the old; the young; the blind; the deaf 7、用在姓氏复数形式前,表示―......一家人、夫妇两‖。 The Greens are having lunch. 8、用于一些固定搭配中

(1)用于一些表示方位、时间或习惯语中。

in the morning/afternoon/evening/night/day; on the right/left; at the same time;

in the end; all the year round; at the age of… by the way, go to the cinema, at the moment, the day after tomorrow, in the end

(2)用于play后的乐器名词前,即―play+the+乐器名词‖ play the violin/piano/guitar (3)在句型―动词+人+介词+人体部位‖中要用the(而不用物主代词) take sb by the hand 抓住某人的手 考点3:不用冠词的情况(零冠词)

1、除一些特殊情况外,专有名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如: in China Grade Three Smith

2、名词前已有指示代词this, that, these, those、物主代词my, your, his, her, their, its, our, whose、不定代词any, every, some, no及所有格修饰时,不再加冠词。

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She is my sister. Jack‘s brother is a worker. 3、by +交通工具名词,学科名词前不用冠词。

by bus / bike / plane (air) / ship (sea)/ train / subway / car / boat I think Chinese is more important than English. 4、节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。

New Year‘s Day May Day Teachers‘ Day Women‘s Day Children‘s Day National Day Tree Planting Day on Monday in Spring in January 5、一日三餐、语言、体育类名词前不加冠词。 I have two eggs for breakfast every morning.

play soccer / basketball / volleyball / tennis / ping-pong / table tennis / chess 6、职务、头衔名词前不加冠词。 Mr. Hou is headmaster of our school. 7、一些固定词组中不用冠词。

at home by mistake / chance / accident at first at last day and night at once learn by heart year after year all day go to bed on foot in surprise / public / silence on duty at work in time on time in class on show= on display have fun for example go swimming / shopping / boating / fishing / hiking… 考点4:不定冠词在一些结构中的特殊位置 1、many a… 许多的

Many a worker in our factory knows English. 我们工厂的许多工人懂英语。 2、such a / an + adj.+单数名词 = so + adj. + a / an +单数名词

It‘s such an interesting book that we all like it. = It‘s so interesting a book that we all like it. 3、感叹句―What a / an + adj. +单数名词(主语+谓语)!‖ What a clever boy (he is)!

4、quite / rather a / an +adj. + 单数名词 =a+very+形容词+单数名词 It is rather a long time since she came here. 考点5:常见含有、不含有冠词短语的区别

1. go to school 去上学; go to the school到学校去(不一定是学生) 2. in hospital(生病)住院;in the hospital在医院里(不一定是住院) 3. at table 吃饭;at the table在桌子旁边 4. in future今后; in the future将来 5. next year 明年;next the year第二年 6. by sea 乘船;by the sea在海边

7. in front of 在(......外部的)前面;in the front of在(......内部的)前面 8. in bed (睡、躺、病)在床上(睡觉);on the bed(某物)在床上 9. on earth 究竟;on the earth在地球上

10. the second one第二个; a second one 又一个,再一个

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