高中英语语法之英语八大时态及练习题

一般现在时

1.表经常发生的事情、存在的动作或状态 eg She sings with the band Crazy Boy. 2.表内心活动感情等

eg I don't think you are right. 3.描述客观真理

eg Birds fly in the sky. 4.表预定的行为

eg The train leaves at 9.

[基本结构]一般现在时的基本结构

一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s外，一律用动词原形。 例句：

① I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。 ② Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。 ③ The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

④ I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在小学就学

过地球是围绕太阳转的。

⑤ Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

[时态详解]一般现在时最详细解析 主要用于下面几情况：

1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。 在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：

① They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。

② She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，

仅一月一封而已。

③ I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。 ④ It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。

2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。 这里的目的是为了\描述现阶段的动作或状态\，其重点\不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态\。例如：

① He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。 ② That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。

③ Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的

河流之一。

④ She majors in music .她主修音乐。

⑤ All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。

⑥ My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。 顾名思义，客观的情况是\没有时间概念\的；也\不会在意动作进行的状态\。例如：

① The sun rises in the east .日出东方。

② The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。 ③ Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。

④ Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。

⑤ The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋

西岸。

4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：

①I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息 ②If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. ③如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。

[特殊用法]一般现在时表示过去

1. 用于某些动词(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不确定的过去时间。如：

① I hear that he got married last month. 我听说他上个月结婚了。

② Mary says you told her to come over here. 玛丽说是你让她到这儿来的。

2. 当要陈述一个客观事实时，有时即使有过去时间状语也可用一般现在时。如：

① The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。 ② The story begins in the year 1937. 故事开始于1937年。

一般过去时

1.表过去发生的事情或存在的状态

eg Suddenly,the clouds cleared and the rain stopped. 2.表过去经常发生的事情

eg I was very thin in my childhood. 3.带有确定的过去的时间状语

eg Did you meet yesterday? He left just now.

[基本结构]一般过去时的基本结构

? 一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，即在动词原形后加ed。 例句：

① He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。

② What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事？

③ We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。

④ He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。 ⑤ Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难，他都会

帮助我们。

⑥ At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。 ⑦ He said he would wait until they came back.

[时态详解]一般过去时最详细解析

主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。 一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed（除不规则动词外）。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。

使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。\过去\的时间概念有两层意思：一是指\现在某个时间\以前的时间；二是指\说话、写文章的那个时间点\以前的时间，在这个意义上，\现在的那个时间点\是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如： He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。 --Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？ --He just went out.他刚刚出去。

[特殊用法]一般过去时表示现在

(1) 在宾语从句中，由于时态呼应的关系，可用一般过去时表示现在： I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。(were实际上指现在) I didn’t know you were so busy．我没想到你这么忙。(were实际上指现在)

(2) 表示客气委婉的现在： I wondered if you were free this evening. 不知您今晚是否有空。 I thought you might like some flowers. 我想您也许想要些花。 【注】能这样有的动词主要限于want, wonder, think, hope, intend等少数动词。

(3) 用于某些特殊结构中表示现在： It’s time we started. 我们该动身了。 I wish I knew his name. 要是我知道他的名字就好了。 I’d rather you lived closer to us. 我希望你能住得离我们近点。 【注】该用法主要用于 it’s time, I wish, I’d rather, if only, as if, as though 等少数结构后接从句的情形，其中有些结构后面的句子还可用一般过去时表示将来： I’d rather you came next Monday. 我宁愿你下周星期一来。 另外表主观想法的虚拟条件句也用一般过去时表示现在： If I had the money now I’d buy a car. 假若我现在有钱，我就买辆小汽车。

一般将来时

? 1要在将来的某个时间内发生，是“纯粹的将来动作”。 eg I shall / will not be free tomorrow.

? 2.表说话人的意图、打算或某种可能性 eg Who is going to speak first?

? 3.按计划要发生的动作或命令他人做某事 eg The new bridge is to open to traffic in 3 days.

[基本结构]一般将来时的基本结构

?

由 will 加动词原形构成，当主语是第一人称时，也可以用 shall 加动词原形。 例如：

Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚给我打电话，我会在家。 I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。 The car won’t start. 车开不了啦。

Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。

[时态详解]一般将来时最详细解析

? 主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说

话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。它的表示方法主要有如下几种：

? 1）shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将

来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如： I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。 He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。 ? 2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式 这种表示方法主要是说明 A）“说话人的意图、打算”；B）“某种可能性”。例如： A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。 Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言？ B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。 Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗？ If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰，你会喜欢上那个地方的。

? 3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况： 按计划安排要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远；要求或命令他人做某事。例如： A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。

The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。 B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。

You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。

? 4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时（限于某些动词）表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要

强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如： Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗？ The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。 Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。

[特殊用法]表示将来的五种常用非时态方式

? ?

1、“be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如： She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱丽叶。

You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改变。

2. “be about to + 不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如： The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。

? 3. “be going + 不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发

生某事。如： We are going to call her this evening. 我们打算今晚给她打电话。 My sister’s going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。 ? 4. 用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如： The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。 We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。

? 5. 用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如： We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。 The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火车今晚10:04分开。

现在进行时

? 1、说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作 eg They are having a football match. ? 2.现阶段一直在进行的动作 eg He is preparing for CET Band Six.

? 3.表示说话人的情感，如赞许、批评等 eg She is often doing well at school.

? 4.表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作 eg Are you staying here till next week?

[基本结构]现在进行时的基本结构

? 现在进行时由 am/is/are 加现在分词构成。 例句：

They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。 I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。 Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。 They’re having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。

You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨)

My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满) She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)

[时态详解]现在进行时最详细解析

主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作，或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况： 1）“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如： They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。 She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。 Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。 2）“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。例如： He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。 How are you getting along with your new job？你那份新工作干得怎么样？ 3）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如： He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。 She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。 Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？ One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。 Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢）有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。 4）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如： I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。 An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。 We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。 Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？

[特殊用法]现在进行时表示将来

? ?

现在进行时表将来，主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作： I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天走。

They’re getting married next month. 他们下个月结婚。

现在进行时与一般现在时均可表示将来，区别是：用现在进行时表示将来，其计划性较强，并往往暗示一种意图；而一般现在时表示将来，则其客观性较强，即通常被视为客观事实，多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况： I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。 What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开?

过去进行时

? 1、表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作

eg At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp. ? 2.用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况

eg One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke … ? 3.表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作 eg We left there when it's getting dark.

[基本结构]过去进行时的基本结构

[时态详解]过去进行时最详细解析

? 主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过

去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中： ? 表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如： At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。 When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候，她正在写一篇文章。 What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么？ ? 2）用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况。 过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”，所以，在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”，从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如： One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity … .一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源……

? 3)（仅限少数动词）表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如： When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候，他们开始制订度假计划。 She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。 My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友对我说，他今天要与他的一位客户一块儿吃午饭。 We left there when it's getting dark. 天快黑的时候，我们离开了那儿。

[特殊用法]过去进行时表示现在

? 用过去进行时表示现在，主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如： I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 We were hoping you would stay with us. 我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。

How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生，您打算花多少钱？ ? 注：一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。

过去完成时

? 1、发生在“过去的过去”

eg When I woke up, it had stopped raining. ? 2.与一个表示过去的时间状语连用

eg Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. ? 3.在过去某时之前开始一直延续到这一时间

eg By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

[基本结构]过去完成时的基本结构

? 由 had 加动词的过去分词构成。 例句： She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。

[时态详解]过去完成时最详细解析

? 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即\过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）\。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前 那时 现在

? 构成：过去完成时由\助动词 had + 过去分词\构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. ? 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。

如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由\过去的过去\来判定。 过去完成时表示\过去的过去\，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\原本…，未能…\ We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

? 三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在\过去的过去\。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在\过去的过去\） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是\过去的过去\，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。 如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。 如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能） ?

? 四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为\助动词 have (has) + 过去分词\；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调\过去的过去\，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 - I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（\等\的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） - John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 - Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即\过去的过去\）

? 五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调\过去的过去\；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office. ?[特殊用法]过去完成时表示未曾实现的想法 过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等： I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。 I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言，但时间不允许。 We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t. 我们本想你来看我们的，但你没有来。

现在完成时

? 1、表示截止现在业已完成的动作

eg By now, I have collected all the data that I need.

? 2.表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作 eg She has been to the United States.

? 3.表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续 eg I have learned English for 8 years.

[基本结构]现在完成时的基本结构

? 由 have 加动词的过去分词构成，主语是第三人称单数时，要将 have 改为 has。 例句： I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? ) She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。 We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。

[时态详解]现在完成时最详细解析

? 对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去时

相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然，现在完成时主要表示，发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况： 1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作 By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。 She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。 We haven't met for many years .我们已多年没见了。 They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。 2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作 Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？ She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。 You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。 3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续 It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。 They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。 So far we've only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。 ? 几点注意

1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语言环境。例如： He speaks English .（一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。） He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般过去时，说明动作发生的时间。） He is speaking English.（现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。） He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（现在完成时，这里说明动作的总和。） He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. （现在完成进行时，强调动作的连续性。）

2）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时；如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。 例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow. I would not play tennis if it rained the next day. 3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。 Be动词若是用于进行时态，可表示暂时、短暂的情况或表现。例如： Tom is being a good boy today .汤姆今天很乖。 He is being childish .他这样做是耍孩子气。 You are not being modest .你这样说不太谦虚。 4）关于现在完成时的时间状语问题 A. 凡是\完成时态\都表示，不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副词连用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , not…yet , always等等。 B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示\以前\的意义，因为它只表示\以前\，而不知什么时候的以前。 C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的\一段时间\的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用\；since…\的句式来表达。如： He has joined the army for five years. （错误） It has been five years since he joined the army.（正确）

[特殊用法]让现在完成时一目了然的词语

? 能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，

但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子： (1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时： I haven’t seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。 Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?

【注】有时可用其他时态的情况，但须注意： ① 对于某些表示状态的动词(如 seem 等)，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适： It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了? ② 若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时： Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西) ③ 表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时： It’s ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。 (2) so far(到目前为止)： So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 We haven’t had any trouble so far. 到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。

(3) in [for, during] the past [last] … years(在过去…年中)： In the past two years I’ve seen him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。 I have been here (for) the last [past] month. 最近一个月里我都在这儿。 【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。 (4) up to [until] now(到现在为止)： Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。 I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。 (5) It’s [will be] the first time that…(第一次…)： It’s the first time I’ve come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。 Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public. 别忘了，这是我第一次在公共场合发言。

过去将来时

? 1.宾语从句或间接引语中

eg He didn't expect that we would all be there. ? 2.表示过去习惯性的动作

eg During that period, he would do this every day. ? 3.表示过去的愿望、倾向，多用于否定句

eg They knew that we would never permit such a thing.

[基本结构]过去将来时的基本结构

? 过去将来时由would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to等加动词原形

构成, 也可由was/were on the point of加动名词构成。 例句：

I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。

I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。

[时态详解]过去将来时最详细解析

? 表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个\将来\时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而

仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于： A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如： A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。 She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。 He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。 B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。 Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。 C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。 They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。

Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。

[特殊用法]几种结构表未曾实现的意图

? was / were going to + 动词原形；was / were to + 动词原形；was / were about to + 动

词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。如： The conference was going to be held the next month. 会议下个月开。 We were to have our class at eight. 八点我们该上课了。 I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in. 就在我要告诉他时，吴东进来了。

练习一

1. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ________ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.

A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun 2. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ________ advertisements showing happy families.

A. will often see B. often see

C. are often seeing D. have often seen

3. —I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday. —Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ________? A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left 4. —What were you doing when Tony phoned you?

—I had just finished my work and________ to take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting 5. I ________ you not to move my dictionary—now I can’t find it. A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked 6. —Has Sam finished his homework today? —I have no idea. He ________ it this morning.

A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done 7. —What’s that terrible noise?

—The neighbors ________ for a party.

A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare

8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ________ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.

A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider

9. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

A. was B. were C. had been D. would be

10. The discussion ________ alive when an interesting topic was brought in. A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came

11. Because the shop ________ , all the T-shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down

12. Let’s keep to the point or we ________ any decisions. A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached

13. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I ________ half of it. A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed

14. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847—1931) ________ the world-leading inventor for sixty years.

A. would be B. has been C. had been D. was 15. —You were out when I dropped in at your house.

—Oh, I ________ for a friend from England at the airport.

A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited

练习二

1. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million. A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached 2. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ________ her somewhere. A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen

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