模块七 Unit 1阅读材料中英文对照版

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Unit 1 Living with technology

The evolution of video and sound devices

Early history of TV

The first public TV broadcasts were made in the USA in 1925. Later, in 1928, the first long-distance TV broadcast was made between the UK and the USA. Regular public broadcasting followed shortly afterwards, first beginning on 11 May 1928 in New York and on 20 August 1929 in London.

Many different people contributed to the development of TV. Most early TV broadcasts were made using a system developed by John Logie Baird in the UK. However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks. An American, Philo Farnsworth, made important breakthroughs in the development of TV in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Modern TVs use many of the principles first discovered by Farnsworth.

John Logic Baird constructed the first colour TV in 1928, but it was not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast. It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular colour TV broadcasts to begin in the USA. Regular colour TV broadcasts were delayed in the UK until 1967. However, within a short time nearly all TV broadcasts were made in colour, and within five years more colour TVs than black-and-white TVs were being used. The modern age：satellite TV

Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962. Satellites allow TV to be broadcast live over vast distances, with everyone receiving the same broadcast at the same time. They also make TV accessible to people who live far away from cities, and satellite dishes can often be seen distributed throughout the countryside and remote areas. Of course, only a small percentage of people own satellite dishes. However, most people still benefit from satellite TV, as local TV companies broadcast the signals they get from satellite receivers to the population living nearby. Early history of sound recorders

It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on his invention, the record player. Early record players used round tubes to record on. However, in 1887 Emile Berliner, a German living in the USA, invented a record player that used discs as alternatives to tubes, and so the modern record player was born. The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played records that were two minutes long. Times surely have changed!

Sound and video recorders

In 1928, the first tape recorders used to copy sound were made in Germany. Most early recorders employed steel tape to record on, which made them heavy and difficult to use, or paper tape, which was easier to use but often broke. It was not until the early 1950s that most tape recorders began using plastic tape as they do today. Meanwhile, electrical components eventually became so small that, by the late 1960s, portable cassette players were developed, along with video recorders which were used by TV stations. By the late 1970s, video recorders small and cheap enough for home use were introduced. Sound and video go digital

In 1982, the first CDs were made available. CDs are often used for storing and playing music because they have a much better sound quality than traditional records and cassettes. In 1993, the VCD was born, and in 1995, the DVD was invented. The DVD is now the standard for recording

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and playing back video. The future

With the development of digital technology, sound and video can now be stored on a PC, on the Internet, or using some form of portable storage. This will soon make records, cassette recorders, CDs, DVDs and even TVs things of the past. Technology is now changing faster than most people can keep pace with. Who can foresee what the future will bring?

Project

To phone or not to phone?

In the USA, the Amish--a Christian group--are famous because they drive carriages instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones. Many people assume the Amish must have religious reasons for their many rules, but this is not true. In truth, whenever a new technology is introduced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. They then vote on whether they will accept it. The Amish reject cars because they like having tight communities where everyone lives close together. They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity--they do not think it is necessary and dislike dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.

Since the Amish value seeing each other face to face, they oppose having telephones in their houses. However, in each community there is often a small building that has a telephone for emergencies.

The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot live without it. However, maybe the Amish have a valid point. Which is more of a friend, someone you often talk to over the phone or someone you often talk to face to face? And, if you need help, who can help you better, someone far away or someone in the room with you? There is something important about being together and sharing life that cannot be found over a telephone wire.

There are other disadvantages to the telephone, as well. For example, no matter what the circumstances, when the phone rings, everything stops so that the call can be answered. Your family could be eating dinner or chatting together, yet this will be interrupted. However, most phone calls are not really that important; certainly, they could not be more important than family time. Then, when you are absorbed in a book or simply trying to rest, the phone always seems to be ringing, destroying whatever peace you might have. However, the person calling is often merely a salesman or someone who has dialled the wrong number.

With mobile phones, these problems increase. How many times have you been talking with a friend, only for your friend to interrupt the conversation to answer a call? For some reason, a typical mobile phone call is nearly always given greater importance than a face-to-face conversation. Yet, once again, most mobile phone calls are about rather small matters. When asked later what the call was about, your friend always answers, 'Oh, nothing really.' If the call was really about 'nothing', then why was it so important as to interrupt your conversation and waste your precious time?

Of course, using the mobile phone for text messages is the worst. In one study, girls average 80 text messages a day, and boys average 30. What do people talk about in text messages? While these messages always seem important at the time, most people cannot really remember them the next day. Phones and text messages focus on building relationships with many people. However,

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these relationships are often quite shallow. Many teenagers say that while they have a lot of friends, they really have no best friend. The use of technology for communication rather than talking face to face is one reason why this is true. Meanwhile, real relationships are often sacrificed, and whatever personal peace one has is destroyed whenever the phone rings. The Amish in general have a higher degree of mental health than most people. They have very calm and stable lives because they value community and living in peace above all else, especially new technology. Maybe they are right. Maybe we should throw all of our phones into the dustbin, along with our cars and TVs for good measure. Maybe we should rid ourselves of modern technology and return to simpler times.

What's that? ... Sorry, I have to go. The phone's ringing ...

影像和声音设备的发展

电视的早期历史

无线电视传输节目于1925年在美国首次公开播出。随后在1928年，英美两国之间第一次实现了远距离电视播送。之后不久便开始定期向公众播放，在纽约的开播时间是1928年5月11日，在伦敦的开播时间是1929年8月20日。

很多不同的人对电视的发展做出了贡献。早期电视大多使用有英国人约翰洛吉贝尔德开发的系统。然而，他的系统非常原始，有许多缺点。20世纪20年代末和30年代初，美国人斐洛法恩斯沃斯在电视的研发上取得了重大突破。现代电视机使用了许多由法恩斯沃斯首先发现的原理。

约翰洛吉贝尔德于1928年制造出第一台彩色电视机，但直到1938年第一个彩色电视节目才播出。彩色电视节目到1951年才得以在美国定期播出，其间经历了二十多年的时间。在英国，定期的彩色电视节目的播出一直延迟至1967年。然而，在短时间内，几乎所有的电视节目都被制作成了彩色的，不出五年，彩色电视机的使用率就超过了黑白电视机。 当代：卫星电视

卫星用于播送电视节目始于1962年。卫星让远距离直播电视节目成为可能，大家在同一时间可以收到相同的电视节目。它们也使远离城市的人们可以收看电视，在农村和边远地区经常可以看到卫星天线。当然，只有一小部分人拥有自己的卫星天线。然而，大多数人仍然受益于卫星电视，因为当地的电视公司把从卫星接收器接收到的信号传送给附近的居民。 录音机的早期历史

一切始于1877年，这一年托马斯爱迪生用他发明的留声机第一次录制了人的声音。早期的录音机是使用圆管记录声音的。然而，在1887年，一位侨居美国的德国人埃米尔贝利纳发明了使用唱片来代替圆管的留声机，这样现代录音机就诞生了。最早的留声机必须手摇上发条，而且只能播放两分钟长的录音。时代确实已经改变！ 录音机和录像机

1928年，第一批磁带录音机在德国制造出来。大多数最早的录音机用钢质磁带或者纸质磁带录音。钢质磁带很沉，使用起来困难；纸质磁带用起来虽方便，但常常破损。直到20世纪50年代初，大多数录音机才开始使用塑料磁带，就跟现在一样。同时，电器元件最终变得很小，到60年代后期，便携式录音机被研制出来，电视台使用的录像机也随之出现。到了20世纪70年代末，足够小巧而价廉的家用录像机被采用。 声音和视频数字化

1982年，最早的CD光盘出现了。它们通常用来存储和播放音乐，其音质远远胜过任何传统的唱片和卡带录音机。1993年VCD诞生，1995年DVD问世。目前，DVD是标准的视频录制和回放设备。

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未来展望

随着数字技术的发展，声音和视频现在可以储存在个人电脑上、互联网上，或使用某种形式的便携式储存设备储存。这将很快使唱片、卡带录音机、CD、DVD甚至电视成为过去。技术变革快得大多数人难以跟上。谁能预见未来会带来什么呢?

打电话还是不打？

在美国，阿曼门诺派（一个基督教团体）很有名，因为这个教派的教徒不开汽车而使用非机动车，不用电视和冰箱，也没有私人电话。许多人认为阿曼门诺派有这么多规矩，肯定是因为宗教原因，但事实并非如此。实际上，每当出现一项新技术，阿曼门诺派教徒便开会讨论其优点和缺点。然后，他们投票决定是否要接受它。阿曼门诺派教徒拒绝汽车，因为他们喜欢享有关系紧密的社区，在这里大家一起住得很近。他们没有电视机和电冰箱，因为他们的家没有电——他们认为电力并非必需，而且他们不喜欢与陌生人打交道，例如那些在电力公司工作的人。

由于阿曼门诺派教徒重视彼此面对面地交往，他们反对在住宅里装电话。然而在每个社区常常有一个小亭子，里面有一部紧急电话。

电话非常便于沟通，当今世界上大多数人的生活都离不开它。然而，也许阿曼门诺派教徒有个合理的观点。哪一个更像是朋友呢：是你在电话中经常交谈的某个人，还是你经常面对面地交谈的某个人？还有，如果你需要帮助，谁能更好地帮助你呢：是远方的某个人，还是与你同处一室的某个人？在一起并分享生活，其中蕴藏着某种重要的东西，而这种东西是无法通过电话线获得的。

电话还有其他缺点。例如，无论在什么情况下，当电话铃声响起时，为了能接电话，一切都要停下来。你们一家人可能正在一起吃晚饭或聊天，这却会被电话打断。然而，大多数电话不是真的那么重要。它们当然不会比与家人在一起共度时光更重要。还有，当你专注地看一本书或者只想休息时，电话似乎总是响个不停，打破了你本来可以享有的一切安宁。可打电话的人常常只是一名推销员或拨错了号码的某个人。

有了移动电话，这样的问题就更多了。有多少次你正在与一位朋友交谈，可是仅仅为了接一个电话，你的朋友就中断了交谈呢？由于某种原因，一个平常的手机来电几乎总是被赋予比面对面交谈更多的重要性。不过，话又说回来，大部分的手机来电只涉及相当微不足道的事情。当事后被问及来电是有关什么事时，你的朋友总是回答说：“噢，其实也没什么事。”如果来电真的是“没什么事”，那么它为什么如此重要以至于打断你们的交谈，并浪费你们的宝贵时间呢？

当然，用手机发短信是最糟的事。在一项调查中，女孩平均每天发80条短信，男孩平均发30条。人们在短信中谈论什么呢？尽管这些短信在当时总是看似重要，但第二天大多数人并不能真的记得它们。电话和短信意在与许多人建立感情关系。然而，这样建立起来的交情常常是相当浅的。许多青少年说，虽然他们有很多朋友，但事实上他们却没有最好的朋友。之所以会这样，一个原因就是通信技术的应用代替了面对面的交谈。同时，真正的关系往往被牺牲了，而且，每当电话铃声响起时，个人所拥有的任何宁静都会被打破。

总的说来，阿曼门诺派教徒的心理健康程度高于大多数人。他们过着非常平静而稳定的生活，因为他们看重社区和宁静生活，并视其高于其他的一切，特别是新技术。也许他们是对的。也许我们应该把所有的电话连同小汽车和电视机一起扔进垃圾箱。也许我们应该使我们自己摆脱现代技术，回到更为简单的时代。

那是什么？??对不起，我得走了。我的电话响了??

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This article will focus on two drugs that started revolutions in medicine. If you open up any medicine cupboard or go to any medicine counter in the world, it is likely that you will find aspirin and penicillin. Both of these

medicines have saved millions of people's lives and have proved beneficial to mankind since they were invented. Aspirin

Aspirin was invented in 1897. However, the basic chemical used to make aspirin can be found in nature. Nearly 3,500 years ago, people chewed on leaves or drank a kind of tea made from leaves possessing a special chemical to reduce body pains and fever. About 2,500 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect. It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix

Hoffmann produced aspirin from this chemical. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899, when the company Hoffmann worked for began

distributing the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops in the form of tablets. Within a short time, aspirin became the best-selling medicine in the world for pain relief Not only has aspirin proved vital for reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin had the potential to reduce the risk of heart attacks, because it helped the blood

circulate better. The report was ignored. However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin could have that effect, and in 1977 a study carried out in the USA showed that aspirin could prevent strokes, as well. Eleven years later, Dr Thun from the USA showed that aspirin could reduce the risk of some cancers by 40 per cent. In 1999, aspirin was over 100 years

old, and yet there have been more discoveries about how it can help increase the length of people's lives. In 2003, a Chinese doctor, Dr Yuan Minsheng, found that aspirin could reduce blood sugar levels and, therefore, help people with diabetes.

Another drug that has helped increase the standard of people's health is penicillin, which is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in contemporary society. It was discovered by a Scottish scientist named Alexander Fleming in 1928. He noted that a dish in which he was trying to grow bacteria for an experiment looked abnormal--there was blue mould in it. It astonished him to see the bacteria surrounding the mould dead, which meant that the mould had killed them. Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium and found that it killed the bacterium too. He immediately realized that the mould might have an application in treating illnesses caused by bacteria. He named the liquid made from the mould 'penicillin'. However, the development of penicillin as a drug faced two problems. First, he was unable to find a procedure to make penicillin pure

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enough to work as a medicine. Second, it was difficult to produce penicillin in the ample quantities needed to be effective. In 1940, two other scientists, Howard Florey (Australian) and Ernst Chain (German-born English), helped solve these problems, and managed to make and test the new drug in large quantities. Since the new drug was needed for World War II, the government approval process for penicillin was accelerated, and mass production began in 1944. Due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during the war. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from sickness or even small wounds. Penicillin became the greatest drug of the 20th century, saving millions of lives.

In 1945, the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.

Magic needles: Chinese acupuncture

One of the most famous Chinese medical treatments is the art of 'magic

needles', or Chinese acupuncture. It was developed long ago, perhaps as early as 2000 BC. There is evidence that acupuncture began during the Stone Age, when stone tools called bian (砭) were used to press areas of the body. As acupuncture developed, the simple bian stones were replaced by stone needles. Eventually, metal needles began to appear and took their place. There were nine different kinds of needles. These included a needle with a head like an arrow, used for making shallow holes in the surface of the skin; a needle with a round tip, used for pressing the tissue under the skin; a dull needle, used for tapping against pressure points; and a needle like a small sword, used for letting liquid out of body parts which had swollen up. These needles could be made of different metals, such as gold and silver. Some acupuncturists today still use gold and silver needles, but the majority use only stainless steel ones. The main needle now used for acupuncture is fine and sharp. Most of the others have been replaced by more complex medical instruments. For example, the needle looking like a sword has been replaced by a sharp knife that doctors use in operations.

Acupuncture uses stainless steel needles that are put into the skin at certain points on the body so that a disease can be cured or a health problem solved. These points are called acupuncture points. When acupuncture was first

practised, there were 365 such points. The number of acupuncture points was the same as the number of days in a year. However, over the last 2,000 years, this number has gradually increased to about 2,000. Some acupuncturists insert needles at or near the body part affected by the disease, while others select points according to the symptoms that the patient has.

If you go to an acupuncturist, he or she will ask you questions about your

medical history and your way of life. The acupuncturist will look at the colour of your skin and your tongue, listen to your breathing, and check your pulses.

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Western medicine only recognizes one pulse which indicates the heartbeat. However, according to traditional Chinese medicine, there are twelve

different pulses, six on each wrist, and every one of them is connected with a major body organ or its function. By checking all the pulses, the

acupuncturist can find out which energy channel does not have enough energy.

Some of the medical problems that can be treated by acupuncture include severe pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems and high blood pressure. Some people have also used acupuncture to treat smokers, alcoholics and people who are addicted to drugs.

How acupuncture reduces pain is not clear. One theory explaining this phenomenon suggests that acupuncture blocks pain signals from reaching the brain. Another theory relates acupuncture to the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain. A lot of people now subscribe to these theories.

As a unique contribution of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture spread to many other Asian countries, such as Japan, as early as the 6th century. It was introduced to the West in the 17th century. Today acupuncture has become popular round the world, as have other traditional Chinese medicines. The World Health Organization recommends acupuncture as a good treatment for over forty medical problems. While doubts about its safety have faded away, interest continues to grow.

My name is Zhu Fei and I am speaking in favour of the Internet I believe that the Internet has positive effects on our lives. There are two main points which must be included when we analyse the Internet. The first is its value for people who are looking for information. The second is our ability to relate to others through the Intemet.

When people need information, from the news and weather forecasts to travel packages and academic research, the Internet is now the first source they turn to. With the touch of a button or the click of a mouse, a student will find abundant information from the largest libraries and museums in the world at his or her command. Internet users can communicate with experts on all sorts of topics, and read articles written by people who are leaders of their fields.

Yet, some people are sceptical. They claim that surfing the Internet is a waste of time. They make the assumption that children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work. However, a recent survey conducted in the USA shows that 80 per cent of Intemet users employ it mostly to search for answers to questions. The second most common use of the Internet, for 79 per cent of Internet users, is to find out information about hobbies. These statistics prove that gathering information is the primary use for the Internet.

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Another truly wonderful aspect of the Internet is the way people use it to build social bonds. One of the greatest benefits of Internet friendships is that they are based on common interests, rather than appearance or age. Young people from diverse backgrounds and different countries can form friendships that will last their entire lives. What is more, people who are disabled and must stay in their homes can correspond and communicate with others around the globe who have similar interests. Without the Internet, these people would have fewer avenues to meet people.

For these reasons, I believe the Internet is a positive tool that helps make our lives better.

Unit 3

The Internet has negative effects on our lives

My name is Li Lei and I will be speaking against the Internet. In my opinion, the Internet has negative effects on our lives. The main drawbacks of the Internet I will address today are that it has too much information that has not been evaluated for accuracy, and that it is transforming the way people spend their time.

Of course, access to up-to-date, accurate information is an important thing for anyone who is doing research. One great strength of the Internet is that it provides information. One great weakness of the Internet, though, is that it is difficult to know whether the information is true and accurate. The huge

amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day. This is very troublesome because we cannot always tell if the information is true or not. In 2003, eBay, a famous website where people buy and sell things, said that 70 per cent of their problems were with people who sold things that did not exist, or who lied about the products they were selling. Educators around the world complain that students are handing in papers using false information they found on the Internet. These problems do not occur as often when people use traditional reference materials, such as books, newspapers and magazines.

Another disadvantage of the Internet is the way that it is affecting people's private lives. Now, instead of spending time together in the evening, some families spend their time apart because one or more members are using the computer, or are in a booth at an Internet cafe. In fact, some young people spend so much time playing computer games on the Internet that they have become addicted to them. To help solve this problem, a special clinic was opened in Beijing in 2005.

One unfortunate outcome of Internet use is that it damages people's ability to live normal lives. One university did a study about the students who had dropped out, and found that 43 per cent of them were heavy internet users. This study shows that people who spend too much time on the Internet tend to withdraw from the people and the world round them.

These are all negative effects the Internet has on our lives. I feel it is important for us either to limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to handle the

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problems it has caused.

Unit 3 Reading

因特网对我们生活的影响

因特网对我们的生活有正面影响

我叫朱飞，我代表支持因特网的一方发言。也就是说，我认为因特网对我们的生活有正面

的影响。我们对因特网进行分析时，必须包含两个要点：第一个是因特网对于搜索信息的人具

有的价值；第二个是我们通过因特网与他人建立联系的能力。

当人们需要信息时，无论是时事新闻、天气预报还是包价旅游和学术研究，因特网如今是

很多人的首选信息源。一名学生轻按键盘键或点击鼠标，就能从世界上最大的图书馆和博物馆

中找到大量信息，加以使用。因特网使用者能与专家就各种话题进行交流，也可以阅读各个领

Project

Researching on the Internet

The Internet is the fastest growing source of information in the world today. There are, however, some things to keep in mind when you use it to do research. Before you sit down at a computer terminal, read this brief guide to make sure that you use the Internet in the best way possible. Step one : choosing a search srvice

Let's start by looking at the two services you can choose between to assist you in your search: search engines and subject directories. Both give you direct links, but the information is chosen and organized in different ways. Search engines

Search engines are a type of computer program. The links that you get are not

classified by subject. These engines search the Internet for you based on the key words you type in, and choose web pages for you which contain the words you ask for. The contents they search have not been evaluated. This means that the information has never been checked--it could be reliable, true information or false information written by a person without qualifications or someone who does not have solid facts. The links you obtain from the search engines go to full articles or pages. This requires you to be patient as you have to read the information to decide whether it is linked to what you are researching. Examples of famous search engines are Google, Yahoo and Baidu. You can also go to the www.thesearchenginelist.com website and check their list of search engines. Subject directories

Subject directories are built by humans. Someone has combed through pages and links and selected all those that are in the directory. The results of your search are

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divided into specific subject categories. You do not get the full pages to read. Instead, you get a bunch of titles of articles or pages and, sometimes, a short summary of the information they contain. You need to decide whether the information is useful to you on that basis. Most often, the information in subject directories has been evaluated, and someone has decided that the information is relevant and correct. Being relevant and correct, though, does not equal being up to date.

There are several things to take into consideration when you are searching.

1 Information gets old. Just as you might look at when a book was published, you

must also check the dates of the websites you find. Many websites will say, at the bottom of the page, the date when they were last updated. Do not use information that is too old.

2 People put information on the Internet. Usually, people try to put correct information on the Internet, but not every person bothers to read over their own writing and make corrections. As a general rule, check the source of the information you find. Personal web pages are not recommended for doing

research. Government pages or pages managed by organizations and companies you trust are much better. If you are not sure about the information you find, consult other web pages to confirm it.

3 The way you type your key words makes a difference. If you use the plus symbol '+', it means the same as the word 'and'. You can search for 'bird + sparrow' and the results of your search will only be pages that have both the words 'bird' and 'sparrow' in them. A minus symbol '-' means the same as 'not', so if you want to learn about birds but you do not want any information about sparrows, you could type 'bird -sparrow'. Then your results will be all the pages that have the word 'bird', but not ones that have the word 'sparrow'. If you type 'bird OR sparrow', then your results will be web pages that have information about birds or sparrows.

Step Three: using your information

Remember that someone wrote the information you have found. This means those words belong to them. To copy the words just as you found them is not only cheating, but also illegal. Write an outline of the information you have found. Then write your report, using your own words and making your own decisions about what it means. When you are finished, you should always acknowledge where you got your data by attaching a list of the websites you got your information from. This way, a teacher can check them, and an interested friend can also read what you read.

Follow these tips, and your time spent doing research on the Internet will be much more worthwhile. Happy searching!

Unit 4

The first underground in the world

Welcome to the London Underground, or as it is usually known, the tube. It

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has the distinction of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world. Rail services to London were first developed during the first half of the 19th century. However, most trains to London only went to the outer city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings. Horse-drawn buses, trams, cabs and carriages were used to convey people to and around the city centre. Unfortunately, the number of vehicles on the road caused unbelievable traffic jams, and the roads became so busy that no one could travel anywhere. This traffic problem led to the development of the underground system.

In 1854, the British government gave approval to the construction by the Metropolitan Railway Company of an underground railway in the centre of London, between Paddington and Farringdon, via King's Cross, St Pancras and Euston. However, new trains had to be developed and the plan required raising a large amount of money, so the digging was postponed until 1860. The initial tunnels were opened in 1863 and were just beneath the surface of the ground. Passengers were transported in carriages without windows, which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines. In 1868, the next section of the underground system was opened in the south of London by another company called the Metropolitan District Railway. Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District Railway linked up and provided underground service in the middle of the city. This later became the Circle Line. Because of the smoke from the steam engines, early underground lines needed large holes leading to the surface at regular intervals, so that people could get fresh air and would not choke.

As better ways for digging tunnels were developed, the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884. These new ways of digging

accelerated the pace of the London Underground's development. The City and South London Railway opened the first electric underground railway in 1890. Over the next twenty-five years, six independent deep underground lines were constructed. Travelling on these lines was not convenient, though, as each line was possessed by a different company, and many were very far from each other.

Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, undertook the job of improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London. In 1933, a public organization called the London

Passenger Transport Board was created. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the Metropolitan Line and all the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board. This organization eventually became London Transport. Between 1918 and 1938, many new stations were constructed, the most famous of which were designed by an architect named Charles Holden.

The underground system had some unusual uses during World War II. When London was bombed, many underground stations functioned as bomb

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shelters. A new line was used as an underground airplane factory, an

underground station was used as a centre for directing the defence against air attacks, and the station nearest the Prime Minister's house was used by the Prime Minister as meeting rooms for the administration of government.

After World War II ended in 1945, more people travelled on the underground, so the system was enlarged and more lines were added, including the Victoria Line, which was linked with other lines at almost every station. This helped make the system more user-friendly. The last line added was the Jubilee Line, which was opened in 1979 in honour of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Elizabeth II becoming the queen.

The London underground system is working to transport huge numbers of people as it has done for many years. Over three million people travel on the underground every day. The network of the underground system includes twelve lines and now goes twenty-six miles out of central London. So, why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today? Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that permit you to travel all over the underground system.

Project

Traffic Accidents and Road Safety

The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased over the past year. This notice is aimed at increasing people's knowledge of the problem.

We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them. This is true of everyone as accidents affect drivers of vehicles as well as cyclists and pedestrians. We all have a responsibility to prevent accidents.

Below are some of the major causes of road accidents in connection with vehicles such as cars, minibuses and lorries, and what drivers should do to prevent them. ▲Drivers not paying attention --This is the most common cause of accidents. When drivers do not pay attention to surrounding traffic, they are not ready when another driver does something wrong, like turning without signalling or giving wrong signals.

▲Drivers getting annoyed in a traffic jam --Many drivers are aggressive and push into other lanes of traffic or pass other cars. These are both very dangerous because they can result in crashes.

▲Drivers speaking on mobile phones --Recently the number of people freed for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has increased by 30 per cent. Speaking on the phone requires a person to concentrate and takes a driver's attention from the road.

▲Drinking and driving --If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks or are drunk, you are violating the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others. If you are with someone who has been drinking alcohol, even if it is just a couple of beers, do not allow them to drive. ▲Drivers speeding --Speed kills. This is a fact that is easily ignored, but

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driving too fast through city streets is very dangerous. Our city streets are always crowded with people, cars and bicycles. Drivers have to take the responsibility to watch out for people crossing the road, especially senior

citizens who may not be able to walk very fast and young children who may not look before stepping into the road. Drivers should be careful near schools in particular, because there are likely to be many children.

On the next page are some of the chief causes of road accidents related to cyclists and pedestrians, and what they should do to prevent accidents.

●--Many cyclists fail to pay attention to the cars

that surround them, and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop. Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them, but this is not true. Cyclists should always signal at turnings and stay on the correct side of the road.

●--Sometimes bicycles are allowed on the

pavement, but cycling on the pavement can be dangerous to pedestrians. When on the pavement, cyclists should walk next to their bicycles to avoid causing any accidents.

●--Carrying more than a light load on your

bicycle makes it more difficult to control. This lack of control is an invitation to accidents.

●--It is recommended to have a light on your bicycle

at night. Check your light regularly to make sure it works, as many accidents are caused at night because a bicycle cannot be seen. ●--Another cause of accidents is that bicycles are

not kept in good condition. Often brakes do not work properly or tyres are so old that the bicycle cannot stop in time. ●--Road safety is important

for pedestrians too. They should remember to be cautious, and look both ways and listen for cars that they might not be able to see. Pedestrians should always cross the road on a crossing, and should never run across the road. Parents and teachers have a responsibility to teach children how to cross the road safely.

●--Traffic lights are there to guide traffic in a

reasonable way. Pedestrians, cyclists and drivers should all obey traffic lights, stopping when the light is red and waiting for it to turn green to go.

It is up to all of us road users to make sure that we avoid accidents by paying attention to road safety.

两种挽救生命的药物

这篇文章将着重讲述两种引发了医学革命的药物。倘若你打开世界上的任何一个药柜,或者走到任何一个卖药的柜台,都可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。自这两种药被发明以来,它们已挽救了数百万人的性命,并已证实对人类有益。 阿司匹林

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阿司匹林发明于1897年。但是,用于制造阿司匹林的基本化学物质却可在自然界中找到。将近3500年前,人们咀嚼一种含有特殊化学物质的树叶或饮用这种树叶制成的茶,以减轻身体疼痛、退烧。大约2500年前,医生之父、古希腊医师希波克拉底就用一种树皮制成汁,这种汁含有水杨酸,也有同样的功效。1897年,一位名叫费利克斯·霍夫曼的欧洲药剂师提取这种化学物质,制成了阿司匹林。对该药进行的首批试验发生于1899年。当时,霍夫曼供职的公司开始将这种药以粉末形式分发给医师,以在病人身上使用。一年之后,即1900年,阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售。很快,阿司匹林成了世界上最畅销的止痛药。

阿司匹林不仅被证明对于退烧和止痛必不可少,而且还有其他用途。美国医生劳伦斯,克雷文在1953年提出一个观点,即阿司匹林可能有助于降低心脏病发作的风险,因为它能改善血液循环。该报告并未引起人们的注意。但是,1971年,英国医生史密斯和威利斯证实阿司匹林的确有此功效。1977年,美国的一项研究表明,阿司匹林还能预防中风。11年后,美国医生图恩证明,阿司匹林可以降低某些癌症40%的发病率。到1999年,阿司匹林已有一百多年的历史,但是在它如何能够帮助延年益寿方面仍然有更多的发现。2003年,中国医生袁敏生发现,阿司匹林可以降低血糖水平,从而帮助糖尿病患者。

2013-2014第一学期高三期末参考答案

听力: 1-5: CBCAC 6-10:BCCAC 11-15: CAAAB 16-20:CABCB 单选: 21-15: AABDC: 26-30: DADCB 31-35: DBDBD

完形: 36-40: BDAAB 41-45: DCAAB 46-50: ABDAD 51-55: ACADA 阅读: 56-58: BCB 59-62: ACDB 63-66: CCDB 67-70: ADDB

71. Definition 72. following 73. site (place) 74. two (2) 75. similarly 76. first 77. depth 78. weighing 79. functions 80. contact Dear classmates,

Recently, the topic of whether English should be tested in a reformed way has been heatedly discussed. Many believe the current evaluation procedures hinder students' comprehensive abilities and therefore argue for a reform.

Personally, I am against this point of view. There are numerous reasons why I think so, but today I would only explore some of them. Firstly, I don't think our comprehensive abilities are hindered. To my knowledge, many of my classmates are good at all the four skills of English. Moreover, the current testing system is nothing but the fairest way for students to get selected for college study. Admittedly, there is pressure nowadays. But who can guarantee a new testing method will spare us from pressure?

As to the development of comprehensive language abilities, I believe the only solution is we students practice more, either listening and reading or speaking and writing. Only in this way can we learn English in an effective way. That's all. I appreciate your attention. ( 152 words)

两种挽救生命的药物

这篇文章将着重讲述两种引发了医学革命的药物。倘若你打开世界上的任何一个药柜，或者走到任何一一个卖药的柜台，都“可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。自这两种药被发明以来，它们已挽救了数百万人的性命，并已证实对人类有益。 阿司匹林

阿司匹林发明于1 897年。但是，用于制造阿司匹林的基本化学物质却可存自然界中找到。将近3500年前，人们咀嚼一种含有特殊化学物质的树叶或饮用这种树叶制成的茶，以减轻身体疼痛或退烧。大约2500年前，医生之父、占希腊医师希波克拉底就用一种树皮制成汁，这种汁含有水杨酸，也有同样的功效。1897年，一位名叫费利克斯·霍夫曼的欧洲药剂师提取这种化学物质，制成了阿司匹林。对该药进行的首批试验发生在18 99年。当时，

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霍夫曼供职的公司开始将这种药以粉末形式分发给医师，在病人身上使用。 一年之后，即1 900年，阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售。很快，阿司匹林成了世界上最畅销的止痛药。 阿司匹林不仅被证明对于遐烧和I}：痛必不可少，而且还有其他用途。美国医生劳伦斯-克

雷文在19 53年提出一个观点，即阿司匹林可能有助f降低心脏病发作的风险，网为它能改善血

液循环。该报告并未引起人f『】的沣意。似是，1971年，英团医牛史密斯和威利斯证实阿司匹林

的确有此功效。19 77年，美国的一项研究表明，阿i订匹林还能预防中风。11年后，美国医生图

恩证明，阿司匹林可以降低某些癌症40％的发病率。到1999年，阿司旺林已有一百多年的历史，

但是在它如何能够帮助延年益寿方面仍然有更多的发现。2003年，中国医生袁敏生发现，阿司

匹林可以降低血糖水平，从而帮助糖尿病患者。 青霉素

另外一种帮助人们提高健康水平的药物是青镖素。许多人认为这种药是当代社会最重要的药物之 。它是由·名叫亚历山夫·弗莱uJj的苏格土-科学家于1928年发现的。他注意到一个碟

子看起来有些异常～一为了做实验，他试冈任这个碟子中培育细菌一一它里面有蓝色的霉。使

他十分惊讶的是，他看到这种霉周闹的细菌都死了，这意味着是这种霉杀死了它们。弗莱明将

这种霉用存另外一种细菌上做试验，发现它同样杀死了那种细菌。他立刻意识到这种霉或许能

用于治疗由细菌引起的疾病。他将山这种霉制成的液体命名为“青霉素”。然而，青霉素的药物

研发面临两个难题。首先，他难以找到一种办法来提纯药用的青霉素。第■，难以牛产出足量

的青霉素以产生药效。1 940年，另外两辊科学家，澳大利亚人霍华德·弗洛里和德裔英国人恩

斯特·钱恩，帮助解决了这些问题，并设法人量制造和试用这一新药。由于这种新药为第—一次

世界大战所需，政府批准程序得以加快，火批量生产始f 1 944年。正因为青霉素的广泛应用，

战争期间的很多牛命得以挽救。如果没有青霉素，很多人会死于疾病，甚至是很小的伤口。青

霉素挽救了无数人的性命，成了-卜世纪敲r小起的药物。

由下他们的工作成果，弗浆明、弗洛甲J和饯崽于1945年共例扶得_r诺贝尔医学奖。

影像和声音设备的发展 电视的早期历史

无线电视传输节目于1925年在美国首次公开播出。随后在1928年，英美两国之间第一

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次实

现了远距离电视播送。之后不久便开始定期向公众播放，在纽约的开播时间是1928年5月11日，

在伦敦的开播时间是1929年8月20日。

很多不同的人对电视的发展做出了贡献。早期电视大多使用由英国人约翰·洛吉·贝尔德

开发的系统。然而，他的系统非常原始，有许多缺点。20世纪20年代末和30年代初，美国人斐 洛。法恩斯沃斯在电视的研发上取得了重大突破。现代电视机使用了许多由法恩斯沃斯首先发

现的原理。

约翰-洛占·贝尔德于1928年制造出第一台彩色电视机，但直到1938年第一个彩色电视节

目才播m。彩色电视节目到1 9 51年才‘得以在美国定期播出，其间经历了二卜多年的时间。在英

国，定期的彩色电}见节目的播出一直延迟至l 967年。然而，在短时间内，几乎所有的电视节目

都被制作成了彩色的，／f：Ⅲ五年，彩色电视机的使用率就超过了黑白电视机。 当代：卫星电视

卫星用于播送电视节目始于1962年。卫星让远距离直播电视节目成为可能，大家在同一时

间可以收到相同的电视节目。它们也使远离城市的人们可以收看电视，在农村和边远地区经常

可以看到卫星天线。当然，只有一小部分人拥有自己的卫星天线。然而，大多数人仍然受益于

卫星电视，因为当地的电视公司把从卫星接收器接收到的信号传送给附近的居民。 录音机的早期历史

一切始于1877年，这一年托马斯·爱迪生用他发明的留声机第一次录制了人的声音。早期

的录音机是使用圆管己录声音的。然而，存1 8 87年，一位侨居美国的德国人埃米尔·贝利纳发

明了使用唱片来代替圆管的留声机，这样现代录音机就诞生了。最早的留声机必须手摇上发条，

而且只能播放两分钟长的录音。时代确实已经改变! 录音机和录像机

1928年，第一批磁带录音机在德固制造出来。大多数最早的录音机用钢质磁带或者纸质磁

带录音。钢质磁带很沉，使用起来困难；纸质磁带用起来虽方便，但常常破损。直到20世纪50 年代初，大多数录音机才开始使用塑料磁带，就跟现在一样。同时，电器元件最终变得很小， 到60年代后期，便携式录音机被研制出来，电视台使用的录像机也随之出现。到了20世纪70年

代末，足够小巧而价廉的家用录像机被采用。 声音和视频数字化

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19 82年，最早的CD光盘出现了。它们通常用来存储和播放音乐，其音质远远胜过任何传统

的唱片和卡带录音机。1 993年VCD诞生，1995年DVD问世。目前，DVD是标准的视频录制和回 放设备。

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