托福写作技巧(总结)

把教授如何反驳文章中三个分论点挺清楚，例子都是阅读文章里的所以不用记，听力里主要是在讲阅读文章中的例子有哪些缺陷或不严谨的地方，从而无法成为有效的论据，甚至成为别的观点的论据。

有自己的写作模式、写作套路。

先不限时写几篇，写完一篇就立刻打印出来逐字逐句修改（电脑上改容易偷懒），把过于简单的词和句子一一替换，注意别用太难的词和没把握的词，能用到6级词汇就差不多了，心情好了再拽两个托福词汇上去也就足够了。我觉得最好用的就是形容词和副词，可以记几个托福水平的精彩形容词和副词，选择自己看着顺眼的，在平凡的名词前加好看的形容词，在平淡的句子里随处放置抢眼的副词，这样文章一下子就丰富起来了。

插入语，句式变换，每段第一句试着倒装、或用被动语态

多用具体的详细的例子，别停留在就事论事上，可以试着延伸到生活的其他方面

注意线性思维，“总分总”

托福作文写五段，第一段是中心思想段，二三四是支持段落，最后是总结段落

无论是综合写作还是独立写作，考生追求的基本目标是把想说的意思用书面英语表达清楚，让阅卷人读懂和明白。从语言角度来说，有两大标准，即准确性和多样化。能够达到词词准确，又使用到不同的词句来表达相同、相似的意思，从语言角度来说已经符合托福考试的高分要求。

仿写。只看不写，永远不能将输入语言化成输出语言。尽量仿写整句，保持原句结构，替换内容！

In a word,it is rather superficial to simply say that.........+观点：In a word,it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers。用一句话说，简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。

综合写作部分的评分标准：

1、内容的完整性和准确性。简单地说，就是文章是否有将讲座中的关键信息点完整、准确地提

取出来，并和阅读材料中的相关内容有效地一一对应。如果讲座中的信息点有缺失，那么会有一定程度

的扣分；如果只写了有关阅读材料的观点，得1分。

文章的组织机构，词汇和语法的正确性和准确性。高分的作文需要做到条理清晰，结构连贯，用词

恰当，能够准确地表达讲座中的观点与阅读材料中的观点是如何相互联系的，只要作文中的错误不至于

使内容表述出现误解，一些偶尔出现的语言错误，如单词拼写、单复数问题等，不会对作文成绩产生很

大影响，当然，错误肯定是越少越好的。

独立写作部分的评分标准：

1、有效回应题目，阐明文章主题。一般来说，独立写作完全跑题的情况很少，但是很多考生在

展开讨论时所采用的论据，比较容易出现跟主题关联性不大的情况，即局部答非所问的现象，从而影响

了得分。2、逻辑条理清楚，论证充分展开。这一点的关键在于文章论证的展开，是否提供了大量的细节和例子来支持观点，而非泛泛而谈地说理。3、内容连贯一致，衔接自然流畅。达到内容连贯一致的文章通常全文围绕中心论点展开，而不会论据自相矛盾，也不会重复论证，有时候通过一些表示因果、先后、递进的关系连词可以起到粘合剂的作用。4、遣词造句地道，语言驾驭娴熟。托福考试终究是语言考试，最终还是要考查考生的语言运用能力，但是要注意的是，并不是要求考生通篇都用难词偏语长句，而是要会变化着用一些美国人常用的语句把自己的想法表达清楚，所以建议考生尽量多阅读和模仿英文原版材料，这样写出来的文章才能够原汁原味。

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首先，summarize，也就是概括阅读和听力文章的主要内容和各三个分论点。这其实就是Introduction要写的内容，掌握了概括，第一段就不成问题咯！

其次，Paraphrase，也就是改写。掌握好了改写句子，你写起文章来将会感觉到如鱼得水，游刃有余。

改写其实主要有下面的两种方法：

第一，使用不同的词汇

a.使用同义词，比如以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词，你一定要掌握，出现的尤为频繁。

important→essential,crucial,vital,significant,

think→claim,believe,consider,deem,figure out

nowadays→currently,at present,now,recently,in recent years,these days

b.改变词性，这是一种稍微难一些的方法，要求你的语法基础非常好，你才能灵活自如的运用。

n.→v.

Eg：When we look at a comparison between Aand B…

When we compare A and B…

Adj.→n.

There are a variety of solutions to the problem.

There are various solutions to the problem.

c.使用不同的承接词。承接词在文章当中的使用相当频繁，不仅是段落和段落的连接，还包括句子和句子的连接。背住一些常用的承接词比你的改写将会有极大的作用。

because of→due to,owing to,because,as,since,for

but→however,nevertheless,nonetheless,whereas

so→therefore,hence,thus,consequently

d.形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改，会达到非比寻常的效果。

Eg:not as easyas…→more difficult than…

Not uncommon→common

Thecheapest→the least expensive

第二，使用不同的句型

a.改变词序。这是非常简单的一种方法，完全不用动脑筋就可以进行改写。常常将句子中的状语（包括状语从句）换位置。

Eg:For manyyears,people have believed….

→People believed…for many years.

After this programs has been solved,work on…can continue.

b.主动语态和被动语态的互相替换Eg:Trained scientists performed this research.

→This research was performed by trained scientists.

c.使用“there be”句型，可以将一个简单句，马上变成一个加入定语从句或者分词的复杂句。Eg:Severalcomputer programs can be used to solve this problem.

→There areseveral computer programs that can be used to solve this problem.或There areseveral computer programs used to solve this problem.

d.定语从句，分词和插入语的互相替换

Eg:Study…,conducted by sociologists in2004,shows that…

→Study…,which was conducted by sociologists in2004,shows that…

Eg:This…,which is one of the mmost powerful…in theworld,has…

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→This…,one of the most powerful…in the world,has…

接下来，Cite，即引用。综合写作乃客观写作，只是一个旁观者的角度对这两篇文章的内容进行描述，因此，某观点是出自哪篇文章一定要说清楚。所以，下面的这些句型在综合写作中必不可缺。

a.According to+noun.

Eg:According to thepassage/lecture/author/professor,…

b.Subject+verbs of reporting+that clause

The speakeragrees/disagrees/rejects/disputes/challenges/takes a different view….

c.As is indicated/displayed/illustrated in thepassage/lecture,...

最后，Synthesize，也就是连接。具体来讲，就是承接词的使用是相当重要的，将文章当中的重要信息连接起来，体现作者对于两篇文章的理解正确，说明作者的思路清楚。由于综合写作是对两篇文章的比较，所以下面表对比和递进的承接词使用的最频繁。

a.Transitional words showing contrast:however,on the other hand,in contrast,on the contrary

b.Transitional words showingaddition:moreover,furthermore,in addition,besides,as well

独立写作：

1.熟悉可能涉及的话题。

可用official guide提供的185个topics，或去下载题库，然后反复阅读题目。

185个topics从写作模式上分可分为：

解释现象类：(如解释一下为什么现代人的寿命比以前的长)

对立观点类：给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明(如Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time.What do you think is a better way of learning?Explain why。)；或给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由(Some people like different friends.Other likes similar cd3d073043323968011c92c8pare the advantages of these two kinds of friends.Which kind of friend do you prefer?Explain why。)

185个topics从内容上可分为：

学习类：(如自学还是跟老师学，学广还是学精)

工作类：(如在大公司还是小公司)

生活类：(如食品烹饪便捷是否提高生活质量，如喜欢在家里吃饭还是在餐厅吃饭)

电视电影类：(如电视电影疏远了家人的情感，你是否同意)

消费类：(如花在娱乐上，还是事业上)

环境类：(如政府投入环保的力度是否应该大于投入经济发展的力度)

古老建筑类：(如是否应该保留老建筑)

成功类：(如成功与运气无关，你是否同意？如成功的衡量标准是金钱和荣耀，你的看法如何)

性格类：(如聪明的朋友比幽默的朋友重要，你是否同意)

2.形成自己的答案资源库。

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自己的资源库要包括：同一类题目的通用观点，有针对性的例证(不一定都要背名人典故，可以从自身取材，自给自足)。这些内容都是要自己去深思，需要有人点拨，才能形成一个清晰的构架和写作流程的。

3.线性思维，总——分——总。

在新托福写作中，用这总分总种思维最容易获得高分，所以你要在平时的练习中一定要注意写作的结构。托福作文应该写成三个层次，也就是我们确立了中心思想后应该找到三条理由来支持。

4.模仿几个拽句子。

拽句子不用很多，点缀其中，添彩即可。模仿的句子来源，可以是阅读中的复杂句式，先分析长句子的语义功能：它在文章中起了什么作用，是总结，是过渡，是举例，还是因果？那么我在用到总结的语句时，是不是能偷天换日地用上这样的句式？用上几次之后，这些句子就会变得简单熟悉了。

1.important=crucial(extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)

cd3d073043323968011c92c8mon=universal,ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous,it seems to be everywhere)

3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra),plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)

4.stick=adhere,cling(hold on something tightly)

5.neglect=ignore.(difference:neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something;ignore means no attention.)

6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other),adjoin(the same as adjacent)

7.pursue=woo(man woos woman,old-fashioned),seek(if you seek sth,you try to obtain it.FORMAL)

8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details),exact(correct in every detail)

9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)

10.top=peak,summit

cd3d073043323968011c92c8petitor=rival,opponent(especially in sports and politics)

12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something,you say it is very bad and unacceptable)

13.opinon=perspective,standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)

14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired),reputation

15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings,FORMAL),establish

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16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)

cd3d073043323968011c92c8plain=grumble(complain something in a bad-tempered way)

18.primary=radical(very important and great in degree),fundamental

19.relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)

20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel

21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)

cd3d073043323968011c92c8plex=intricate(if something is intricate,it often has many small parts and details)

23.Lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary,there is no one near him/her)

24.small=minuscule(very small),minute,

25.praise=extol(stronger than praise),compliment(polite and political)

26.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly)

27.difficult=arduous(if something is arduous,it is difficult and tiring,and involves a lot of efforts)

28.poor(soil)=barren,infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)

29.fragile=brittle,vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)

30.show=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)

31.big=massive(large in size,quantity,or extent),colossal(use this word,you emphasize something’s large),tremendous(INFORMAL)

32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something,s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it.)

33.fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)

34.attack=assault(physically attack someone),assail(attack violently)

35.dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons),loathe(dislike very much)!

36.ruin=devastate(it means damage something very badly,or utterly destroy it.)

39.always=invariably(the same as always,but better than always)

40.forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes),immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)

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41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly),astound(surprise you to

a large degree),astonish(the same as astound)

42.enthusiasm=zeal(a great enthusiasm),fervency(sincere and enthusiasm)

43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful),serene(calm and quiet)

44.expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)

45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive),sumptuous(grand and very expensive)

46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious,you mean it is boring and frustrating)

47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone,you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)

48.worry=fret(if you fret about something,you worry about it)

49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold),icy(extremely cold)

50.hot=boiling(very hot)

51.dangerous=perilous(very dangerous,hazardous(dangerous,especially to people's safety and health)

52.nowadays=currently

53.only=unique(the only one of its kind),distinctive;

54.stop=cease(if something ceases,it stops happening or existing)

55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)

56.result=consequence(the results or effects of something)

57.obvious=apparent,manifest

58.basedon=derived fromcan see or notice them very easily)

60.quite=fairly

61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)

62.field=domain(a particular field of thought,activities or interest)

63.appear=emerge(come into existence)

64.whole=entire(the whole of something)

65.wet=moist(slightly wet),damp(slightly wet),humid(very damp and hot)

66.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)

67.difficult=formidable

68.change=convert(change into another form)

69.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)

70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger),prudent(careful and sensible)

71.ability=capacity,capability(the same as ability)

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72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric,s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)

73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent,you have a lot of money)

cd3d073043323968011c92c8e=utilize(the same as use)

75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something,you have doubts on it.)

76.satisfy=gratify(if you are gratified by something,it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)

77.short=fleeting,ephemeral(if something is ephemeral,it lasts a short time)

78.scholarship=fellowship

79.angry=enraged(extremely angry)

80.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)

81.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous,it is very ugly or unattractive)

82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive),absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)

83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)

84.disorder=disarray,chaos

85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)

86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION:meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)

87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)

88.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)

89.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)

90.sharp=acute(severe and intense)

91.unbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable,you think it very unlike to happen)

92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)

93.method=avenue(away of getting something done)

94.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)

95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)

96.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)

97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible,it can be done,made or achieved)

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98.so=consequently,accordingly

99.rare=infrequent(doesn’t happen often)

100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)

第一，概括和组织。

阅读文章一般结构清晰，观点明确，学生往往能一眼看出哪个是中心句，哪个是举例：这种情况很浅显，学生只需要挑出中心句，然后稍微换上几个同义词，或是改动一下句子结构，阅读的主要观点便出来了，而且也不是抄袭阅读的。另外，在中心句不是很明显的时候，学生则需要分析给的几句话，或者是从后文的例子与解释中，去对应观点句里的关键词，这样就能锁定文章的主要观点了。

第二，预测。

把阅读的观点总结出来之后，学生就可以预测听力的观点了，一般可分两种情况：要么支持深入，要么反对质疑。把握了方向，听力的时候就会有意识去区分主次，抓住重点。

第三，自制模板。

要用模版的话，就用自己的模版。用自己平时说话的自然方式来表的，形成了自己的思维方式，用起来肯定是相当自然的。怎么形成自己的模版呢？用至少20道题练手：看自己是习惯先总结听力观点，然后与阅读观点一一对应去写，还是听力观点和阅读观点分成两部分去概括，然后再集中论述他们的关系；有了框架，就到实质了。论述的时候，一般的学生都只是一句大话带过，而没有将足够的证据或细节摆上。这个是我们应该杜绝的。只有简练到位地论述了，才能体现出阅读和听力观点的关系来。论述就应该：1.合理使用阅读和听力的例子，但不是照抄，而要概括；2.注意例子和观点的对应，切忌张冠李戴。3.阅读听力缺一不可，要两条腿走路。

第四，检查。

文章写完后，一定要留出至少3分钟来检查。检查基础的拼写，时态，以及单复数搭配是否有错，及时更改。

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