英语语法 it作形式主语或宾语

? The team is headed by a 44-year-old Mongolian, whose wife is a Tibetan. ? The Tower of London, where so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction.

? She is going to spend the summer holidays in Qingdao, where she has some relatives.

? They will fly to Kunming, where they plan to stay for two or three days, and then go on to Guilin.

? ? ?

She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well. They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us. She married Joe, which surprised everyone.

Which表示this或that时，也可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等说法：

? I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone.

? The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.

? As was usual with her, she took a walk around here after supper. ? The output, as is reported, has been doubled in the past three years. ? I smiled broadly, as I always do in those situations. ? He opposed the idea, as could be expected.

? She was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 限制性定语从句

? The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. ? This is the man to whom I referred.

? This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. ? The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.

? The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.

限制性和非限制性定语从句的理解

? My brother who is a doctor lives in New York. ? My brother, who is a doctor, lives in New York.

? My brother who is a doctor lives in New York.我有不止一个brother,其中当医生的那个在纽约工作。

? My brother, who is a doctor, lives in New York.我brother在纽约工作。他是个医生。

? Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.

? Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us. ? Such people as knew Tom thought he was a talented young man.

由as引导的定语从句（多和such连用）

? Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.

? Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us. ? Such people as knew Tom thought he was a talented young man. ? All is not gold that glitters.

? He laughs best who laughs last.

? Plainly enough, anyone must realize it who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.

? He is a real sportsman who does not seem to care if he wins or loses.

先行词与关系词被分隔的从句

? All is not gold that glitters.

? He laughs best who laughs last.

? Plainly enough, anyone must realize it who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.

? He is a real sportsman who does not seem to care if he wins or loses. ? Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works.

? There is no habit so old but may be cured by a strong will-power.

? There was not a single person there but thought you were in the right. 由but引导的定语从句。（用于带否定含义的语句中,现在较少见。） ? Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was (who was not) deeply impressed by the originality of his works.

? There is no habit so old but may be (that may not be) cured by a strong will-power.

? There was not a single person there but thought (who didn’t think) you were in the right.

? It’s good of you to be constantly thinking of helping others. ? It’s no use your telling me not to worry.

? It was a nuisance having to wait for such a long time.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

It happened that I wasn’t there that day.

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. It seems that there is a big waste pipe coming down from the town.

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

It remains unknown when they are going to get married. He makes it a rule never to borrow money.

? They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time.

? My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.

? I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. ? We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. ? I think it no need talking about it with them.

? I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.

? I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. ? She won’t like it if you arrive late.

? I’d appreciate it if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. ? I'd prefer it if I didn't have to finish the work.

? ? ? ? ?

I take it that they will succeed sooner or later.

The newspapers have it that some Japanese firms have gone bankrupt. We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident. I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. Don't take it for granted that they will support you.

? I'll see to it that everything is ready in time.

? You may depend on it that Tom will help you with your English. ? I’m counting on it that you will come.

? I’ll make it known to all that you are not honest.

It作形式主语和形式宾语

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

由不定式、动名词和从句充当的主语

To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.

For their country to be neutral in this conflict was out of the question. Popularizing the new method was not an easy job. Walking is good exercise.

What has happened proves that our policy is right. Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.

That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.

It作形式主语

为了避免句子头重脚轻, 往往由it 代替作主语的不定式、动名词或从句。 用不定式作主语的这类句子很多： ? It is our duty to attend to this matter.

? What a mistake (it is) to have rejected the plan!

? How much does it cost to send a letter by registered mail?

用动名词作主语的句子不很多，主要用在以no good, no use, useless,

senseless, nuisance, worthwhile, waste, dangerous等词作表语的句子中： ? It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home. ? It’s nice talking to you.

? It’s no use talking to him about it. ? It’s a waste of time arguing about it.

? It is hard work keeping the grass green at this time of year. ? It’s dangerous playing with fire.

? It was very difficult getting everything ready in time. ? Is it worthwhile taking such trouble?

用从句作主语的这类句子是不少的。常见的有下面几类：

? 1) It is a pity (a shame, a fact, an honour, a wonder, a good thing, good news,common knowledge, no wonder, a deplorable thing, etc.) that …

? 2) It is strange (natural, surprising, obvious, true, fortunate, good, wonderful, funny, ridiculous, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, quite clear, unusual, etc.) that …

? 3) It was said (reported, rumoured, announced, arranged, decided, stressed, expected, etc.) that …

? 4) It seems (happened, thus came about, turned out, suddenly struck me, occurred to me, etc.) that …

? 5) It is doubtful (not known, not decided, not made clear, to be found out, to be made clear, to be argued, to be discussed, to be decided, being

discussed, being considered, a question, a mystery, debatable, uncertain, open to question, etc.) 十whether/wh-词引起的从句。

? 6) It doesn’t matter (doesn’t make too much difference, doesn’t seem to matter much, doesn’t alter the situation, is of little consequence, doesn’t affect us, etc.) 十whether/wh-词引起的从句。

? 在英语中，当动词不定式、动名词或从句在句中充当宾语且其后又带有宾语补足语时，习惯上要在宾语补足语前使用一个没有具体意义的形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语移到补足语的后面，构成“动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式/动名词/从句）”结构。（常见动词为think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/regard）如：

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

She felt it her duty to take good care of them. I think it my honor to be invited to speak here.

I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.

Tom didn’t find it difficult to write letters in Chinese. I find it pleasant to work with him.

All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.

? I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . ? I think it best that you should stay here.

? The headmaster has made it clear that the school meeting will not be put off. ? I think it no good going there now.

但我们常会碰到it用作形式宾语时之后没有形容词或名词作宾语补足语的情况。“it”的这种特殊用法常出现在以下几种结构中。 A. 动词＋it＋when / if 从句。常见于appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer等少数动词之后。

? He hates it when people use his bike. ? I hate it if you say such things in public.

? We would much appreciate it if you could do us that favour. ? I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it. B. 动词+ it + that从句。常见于take, have, put等少数动词之后。 ? I take it that you will agree with us. ? I take it that you have been out.

? Rumor has it that Mary is getting married.

? Let me come and stay. You can put it that it was arranged before.

C. 动词 + it + 介词短语 + that从句。常见于owe it to sb; take it for granted 等结构中。

? I owe it to you that I finished my work in time. ? I took it for granted that they were not coming.

D. 动词 + 介词(短语) + it + that从句。常见于answer for, depend on, rely on, insist on, look to, see to, stick to 等结构中。 ? I'll see to it that she gets home safe and sound. ? You may depend on it that they will win this time. ? I’m counting on it that you will come to see us off. E. 动词+ it +过去分词+从句。常见于几个可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词之后。

? I heard it said that that factory was founded in 1995.

? They haven't made it known where the meeting is to take place.

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