高三英语暑期自主学习讲义1-2惠丽英

班级 姓名 日期 2014年 月 日

高三英语暑期自主学习定语从句讲义（1-2）

编写：惠丽英 审核：严海燕

【易错点梳理】

（一）关系代词和关系副词的功能

关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。 人 主语 who that 宾语 who whom that 物 that which that which which Whose = of which 介+宾 whom 定语 Whose = of whom 状语 where(地方) when(时间) why(原因) （二）关系代词的特殊用法 1. 用关系代词that的情况

①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission. Is there anything that I can do for you?

②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store. The first thing that should be done is to get some food. ③当先行词有the very，the only, the last等修饰时。 That’s the only thing that we can do now. Those are the very words that he used.

④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。

They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. ⑤当先行词在主句中作表语、且引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。 She isn't the little girl that she used to be. ⑥当要避免与疑问词which或who重复时。 Which is the car that was made in Beijing? Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? 2. 用关系代词which的情况 ①引导非限制性定语从句。

Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.

Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. ②直接放在介词后作宾语时。

Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other. 3. 用关系代词as的情况

①as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as、the same...as、so…as、as…as等固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。

I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday. Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. ②such / so?that?与such / so?as…的区别

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“such / so?that?”表示“如此??以致??”，引导结果状语从句；而“such / so?as?”表示“像??这样的??”，引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语。

He is such an honest man that we respect him.= He is so honest a man that we respect him. He is such an honest man as we respect.= He is so honest a man as we respect. ③as 引导非限制性定语从句

as引导非限制性定语从句，可以代替一个单词或句子，as引导的句子可放在句首、句中或句末。 The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.

注意：as引导非限制性定语从句的一些固定结构如：as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样), as might be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等。

as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别

①as引导非限制性定语从句时，放在句首、句中或句末，而which只能位于主句之后。

②which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，相当于and this；as引导的从句表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。

He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.) ③which引导的非限制性定语从句可以是否定句。 Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can't bear.

The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected. (三)关系副词的用法

英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。 1. when的用法

when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词或“模糊的时间”，如：occasion(时刻), stay等，在定语从句中作时间状语。time (次数)在从句中作状语，用关系代词that或省略；time(一段时间、时代)在从句中作状语，用关系副词when或介词+ which。

I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 2. where的用法

where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词或“模糊的地点”，如：point, situation, case, stage, activity, job, race, occasion（场合）等，在定语从句中作地点状语。

After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用关系代词which或that。

This is the factory that/which we visited last year. I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside. 3. why的用法

why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Do you know the reason why he left early? (四)“介词＋关系代词”用法

关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which。介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配、定语从句中的动词或形容词的搭配以及句子所表达的意思密切相关。

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That’s the reason for which he was late for school. This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.

1.不定代词或数词+of+ which(指物)/whom(指人)，形容词最高级/比较级+of+关系代词，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。

There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film. China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan Island. 2.介词+关系代词+名词

He spent four years in college, during which time he studied medicine.

In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home.

【巩固训练】 一、单项选择

1. In June 2000, Hanks was offered a scholarship to study in New York City ______ he could have

supported his family, but he refused it.

A. by which

B. through which

C. with which

D. in which D. in honor of him

2. The famous scientist, ______ a dinner party will be held tonight, is to arrive soon.

A. in his honor

B. in whose honor

C. in which honor

3. It is such a good place _____ everybody wants to go and visit _____ it is well known all over the world.

A. that; that B. as; as ran all the way home.

A. after which A. who

B. after what B. which

C. after that C. what

D. after when D. that

5. Lin Dan has become the best badminton player, _____ he wanted to be.

6. Mr. Luke, in _____ supermarket we bought an i-Pad last week, will give us a report on how to choose a

career this evening.

A. who B. which C. whose D. who’s 7. We all like the way ______ the teacher gives his lessons.

A. which B. that C. what D. how 8. In our class there are 46 students, _______ half wear glasses.

A. in whom

B. in them

C. of whom

D. of them

9. A housing bubble is an economic situation _______ occurs when house prices rise much too fast.

A. which

B. where

C. what D. why

10. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

11. Parents should pay attention to the cases _______ their children have difficulty adapting to new

surroundings. A. where

B. as

C. why

D. when

12. Was it in the village ______ we used to live in ______ the accident happened?

A. where; that

B. which; that

C. that; where

D. where; which

13. That evening, ______I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.

A. that B. which C. what D. when

14. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ______ urgently needed clean water , medicine

and shelter to survive.

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C. as; that D. that; as

4. Hearing the sound, the animal disappeared into the bushes, ______ Mrs. Stone picked up her bag and

A. which B. where C. what D. who 15. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guang zhou, _____ my parents.

A. which lives B. where lives C. where live D. who live 16. This is the very information ______ we learn what sells best in the market.

A. that B. which C. for that D. from which 17. Can you make a sentence to _______ the meaning of the phrase?

A. show off B. turn out C. bring out D. take in 18. News reports say peace talks between the two countries _____with no agreement reached.

A. have broken down B. have broken out C. have broken in D. have broken up 19.The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _____ because of the bad weather.

A. set off B. broken off C. worn off D. called off

20. This article _____ more attention to the problem of cultural interference in foreign language teaching

and learning.

A. cares for B. applies for C. allows for D. calls for 二、完成句子

21.在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。

______________________ for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting _____________ for me. 22.成长可能是很艰难的。很多青少年感到好像没有人理解他们以及他们正在经历的变化。

_________ can be difficult. Many teenagers feel as if no one understands them and the changes they _______________.

23.显得美丽对女性来说很重要，因此大部分年轻女性拼命想减肥。

_____________ is important to women , so most young women ________________ lose weight. 24.美国警方现已加紧对一名男孩的搜索，该男孩三天前在Dover市失踪。

Police in America ___________their search for a boy _________________ three days ago in Dover. 25.我们将于7月15日离开伦敦，坐飞机去Morocco。我们要骑着骆驼穿越撒哈拉沙漠(the Sahara

Desert)。

We _____________ on 15 July, and we ____________ a flight to Morocco. We ___________ camels through the Sahara Desert.

【能力拓展】 三、拓展阅读

A

A new study has found evidence of aggressive (攻击性的) behavior in children who drink four or more servings of soft drinks every day. Information for the study came from the mothers of 3,000 5-year-olds. Researchers asked the women to keep a record of how many servings of soft drinks their children drank over a two-month period. They were also asked to complete a checklist of their children’s behavior.

The researchers have found that 43 percent of the children drink at least one daily serving of soda, and 4 percent of the youngsters have even four or more sodas to drink every day.

Shakira Suglia, a famous expert, says they’ve found that children who drink the most soda are more than twice as likely as those who drink no soda to show signs of aggression.

“For the children who consume four or more soft drinks per day, we see more withdrawn behaviors, which make them hard to get along well with others.”

The aggressive behaviors include destroying possessions belonging to others, taking part in fights and

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physically attacking people.

The researchers have determined the link after considering factors like the child’s age and sex. They have also considered other possible influence, such as whether the boys and girls are eating sweets or giving fruit drinks on a normal day. In addition, the researchers have examined parenting styles and other social conditions that may be taking place in the home.

Researches are trying to find why young children who drink a lot of soda have behavior problems. An ingredient often found in soft drinks is caffeine, which helps to make people feel energetic. Doctor Suglia suggests that caffeine could cause the 5-year-olds to be more aggressive. Earlier studies of adults have found the highest sugar levels in those who carry weapons (武器) and show signs of negative social behavior.

26. What section of a newspaper is the passage probably taken from? A. Scientific Technology A. backward

B. Science Fictions C. Social News B. unsocial

C. generous

D. Health Report D. friendly

27. The underlined word “withdrawn” in paragraph 4 can probably be replaced by the word ______. 28. According to the research, which of the following is right?

A. Mothers were asked to keep a record of how many servings of soft drinks their children drank over a three-month period.

B. 4 percent of the youngsters have even four or fewer sodas to drink every day. C. Children who drink no soda show fewer aggressive behaviors.

D. Children with the highest sugar levels tend to carry weapons and show signs of negative social behavior.

29. After a further study on ingredients in soda, Shakira Suglia implies that the direct cause of the aggressive behaviors may be ___________. 30. 请翻译以下两个句子：

① Shakira Suglia, a famous expert, says they’ve found that children who drink the most soda are more than twice as likely as those who drink no soda to show signs of aggression.

____________________________________________________________________________________。 ② For the children who consume four or more soft drinks per day, we see more withdrawn behaviors, which make them hard to get along well with others.

____________________________________________________________________________________。

B

I was puzzled! Why was this old woman making such a fuss about an old copse which was of no use to anybody? She had written letters to the local paper, even to a national, protesting about a projected by-pass to her village, and, looking at a map, the route was nowhere near where she lived and it wasn't as if the area was attractive. I was more than puzzled, I was intrigued.

The enquiry into the route of the new by-pass to the village was due to take place shortly, and I wanted to know what it was that motivated her. So it was that I found myself knocking on a cottage door, being received by Mary Smith and then being taken for a walk to the woods.

\They called it 'Lovers lane'. It's not much of a lane, and it doesn't go anywhere important, but that's why we all came here. To be away from people, to be by ourselves,\

It was indeed pleasant that day and the songs of many birds could be heard. Squirrels gazed from the branches, quite bold in their movements, obviously few people passed this way and they had nothing to fear. I could imagine the noise of vehicles passing through these peaceful woods when the by-pass was

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