合理用药案例分析(42)肾性高血压

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用药

天津药学’Ix删in

Pharmacy

2010年第22卷第4期

77

药学英语园地

Casesanalysisofrational

use

of

medicine(42)

RenalHypertension

1.Patientsconditionfl

Patient,32一year—oldmale.hashadchronicglo.merulonephritisforfiveyears,andthenhehadhyperten.

sion(renalhypertension)two

years

ago.Hisbloodpres.

sure

hasstayed150~160/100—110mmHg.

2.DrugadministrationLisinoprilTab.

10mg

qd

AmlodipinebesylateTab.5mg

qd

3.Analysis

(1)Etiology

111e

prevalence

ofhypertension

in

patients

with

chronicrenalinsufficiency(CRI)varieswiththeetiolo.

gyoftherenaldisease.Inpatientswithmoderatetose.vererenaldysfunction,hypertensionispresentinap.proximately60%to80%ofthosewithtubulointerstitialkidneydiseasesand

ingreaterthan90%ofthosewith

chronicglomerulonephritis.Regardlessofthetypeofan.derlyingrenaldisease.theincidenceandseverityofthehypertension

increases

progressivelyasrenalfunction

deteriorates,80virtuallyallpatientsapproachingend—stagerenaldisease(ESRD)arehypertensiveatthetimeofinitiationofdialysis

Thepresenceofdecreasedrenalfunctionundoubt.edlyfurtherexacerbatesthehypertension,theunderlyingcauseofhypertensionisfromCRI.thatisassociatedwith

abnormalities

insodiumandwatermetabolism,therenin

—angiotensin—aldosteronesystem,andautonomicnelw.system.Butit,sthesametheotherwayround.theofhypertensioncall

accelerate

theprogres—ofrenalfailure.

Atheroscleroticcardiovasculardisease

isthe

most

cause

ofdeathin

patientswithCRI.Thein.

riskofcardiovasculardiseaseisduetotheasso.hypertensionandatherogeniclipidprofiletom.seeninpatientswithCRI.particularlyinthosethenephroticsyndrome.Itiswellestablishedthattherapyofhypertension

reducescardiovascular

and

mortality.Inadditiontopreventingcardio.

events.thereisincreasingevidencethattheofhypertensionretardstheprogressionofrenal

istheconsensusofthenationalspecialistson

inchronicrenalfailurethatthemostim.

strategytoprotectthekidneyfromhypertensive

istheeffectivecontrolofBP.

Therapy

万方数据

The

sanle

generalmeasuresusefulinthetreatment

ofessentialhypertensionarerecommendedinthethem-

pyofhypertensioninCRI.Sodiumrestrictionisthemostimportant

nonpharmacological

approach

in

these

pa

tients.Achievingdryweight(ie,thatweight

at

which

isnoclinicalevidenceofvolumeexcessandbelow

thereisworseningofkidneyfunctionduetovol—contraction)shouldbeundertakencautiously.Rapidandmarkedreductionofsodiumintakemayresultsevere

volume

contraction,sincethefailingkidneyconserve

sodiumnormally,particularlywhenthe

filtrationrate(GFR)fallsbelow30ml/min.

Alcoholintakeshouldbelimitedto30gmperday.theincidenceofobesityinpatientswit}lCRIisthaninthegeneralpopulation,ifitispresent,印 caloricrestriction

andexerciseseemreasona.

isamajorriskfactorforcoronaryarteryandshouldbediscontinued.

Therapy

Antihypertensivedrugsshouldbeintroduced,spe-

classshouldbeselectedtooffermorerenalprotec—than

othersandtheyshouldbeinitiatedatlowdosestitrateda8necessary.

①angiotensin—-converting

enzyme

inhibitors

angiotensinreceptorblockers(ARBs):Lisi.inthiscase.Theseagentsmaybeparticularly

for

use

inpatientswithCRIinwhomtherenin -systemisactivated.Inpatientswithimpaired

function,chronicACEIor

ARBdoesnotappearto

GFR.Moreover。thelong—termuse

ofthese

ao

antihypertensive

role,offers

an

additional

renoprotectiveeffect,inpartbyreducing

elevatedintraglomerularhydrostaticpressure,whichbeamajorfactorcausingprogressionofrenalfail-wasreportedthatthepatients

with

severe

renal

creatinine。3.1—5.0ms/d1)re.

thetreatmentofBenazeprilHCI(20ms/d),u-proteinsofthepatientsintrialwereobviouslyde—by52%,major

ending

event(ESRD

or

death)

43%。

ACEIsare

welltolerated。withonly

minorityof

experiencinghypotension,reversiblerenal

he.

dysfunction,cough,orangioedemaetc.All

agentsareexcretedprimarilybythekidney(ex—forfosinopril)andrequiresignificantdosereductionrenalfailure.Becausehyperkalemiaisfrequentlyseen

therewhichumein

cannotglomerularAlthoughlesspropriateble.smokingdiseasecifiction

(3)Pharmacological

and

(ACEIs)or

nopfilsuitedOU8long—-termsionangiotensin

renalaltergents,besides

common

class—specificthemayure.Itcreasedciatedmonlywitheffectivemobidity

dysfunction(serum

ceivedfinecreasedbypatients

vascularfailure.Ittreatment

Hypertensionportant(2)Nonpharmacological

modynamic

damagetheseceptin

用药

78

天津药学Tianjin

Pharmacy

2010年第22卷第4期

andcorrelateswiththedegreeofrenalfailure,closemo—nitoringofselq.1melectrolytesismandatory.Ifanyoneofbilateralrenalarterystenosis,solitarykidney,serumere-atinine>270斗mol/Lispresent,ACEIsbeavoided.

or

increaseurinarysodiumexcretionandplasmareninlev.

els.Withchronicuse.CCBshave

on

no

deleteriouseffect

renalfunction.Becausethey

aye

metabolizedbythe

ARBsshould

liver.dosageadjustmentinpatientswithCRIiSnotre.quired.ThestudiesshowedCCBsmayslowtherateofrenalfunctionaldeteriorationandprovide

@)calcium—channelblockers(CCBs):Amlodipine

besylateinthiscase

Acuteadministrationofrenal

renoprotec.

pa.

tiveeffectbeyondtheirabilitytolowerBPinCRI

CCBgenerallyincreases

tients.They

are

relativelyfreeofsignificantsideeffects

bloodflowbyreducingpreglomerulayresistance

andefficaciousinpatientswithCRI.

whiletheGFRremainsunchanged.Thesedrugsacutely

合理用药案例分析(42)

肾性高血压

1.患者简介

患者,32岁,男性,身患慢性肾小球肾炎5年,2年前继发肾性高血压,血压波动在150—160/100一

110mmHg。

2.用药

10mg赖诺普利片1次/d

1次/d苯磺酸氨氯地平片5mg

3.用药分析(1)病囚学

慢性肾功能不全患者继发高血压很常见,并且随肾病的起因不同,继发高血压几率有所小同。中至重度肾功能小全病人中,患肾小管间质病的近60%~80%患者患有高血压,而慢性肾小球肾炎患者继发高血压者超过90%。无论基础肾病类型如何,其高血压患病率及严重程度都随其肾病恶化而加剧,实际上临近终末期肾病患者在开始透析时都伴有高血压。

肾功能降低无疑进一步加重高血压,慢性肾功能不全是继发高血压的根本原因,与水、钠代谢紊乱、肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统及自主神经系统功能异常

良患者肥胖的几率尽管比正常人群低,如果出现超重,适当的热量限制及运动还是可行的。吸烟为冠状动脉病的主要危险因素,应戒除。(3)药物干预

应进行高血压的药物治疗,选择的药物品种应对肾有保护作用,起始应采用低剂量,按需要逐渐上调至最佳有效量。

①m管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEIs)或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARBs):本例中处方赖诺普利。

这两类药品更适用于体内肾素一血管紧张素系

统活性增高的慢性肾功能不良的患者。长期应用ACEIs或ARBs不会影响肾功能受损患者的肾小球滤过率,长期应用不仪能有效降压,而且还能提供本

类药物独特的额外肾保护,部分原因是降低能引起肾

衰进展的一个主要危险因素,即肾小球内高流体静压。有报道,重度。肾功能不良(血肌酐3.1~5.0mg/d1)患者接受盐酸苯那普利(20mg/d)治疗,受试者尿蛋白明显下降52%,主要终点事件(终末期肾病或死亡)下降43%。

患者对ACEIs耐受良好,少数患者可见低血压、可逆性肾血液动力学异常、咳嗽,及血管神经性水肿等。这类药品主要通过肾排泄(福辛普利除外),肾衰患者需减少剂量。高血钾在此类患者中常见并且与肾衰程度相关,因此对血电解质应严密监控。如患者出现双侧肾动脉狭窄,或孤立肾或血肌酐>270斗moVL,ACEIs或ARBs应避免使用。

有关。但同样,长期的高血压也会加速肾衰的进展。

动脉粥样硬化心血管病是慢性肾功能不全病人最常见的死因。慢性肾功能不良,尤其肾病综合征患者通常所表现的高血压和致动脉粥样硬化性血脂异常会加速其心血管病的风险。有效地降压治疗无疑会降低心血管病的发病率及病死率。抗高血压治疗除能有效预防心血管事件外,越来越多的证据说明其还能延缓肾衰的进展。关于慢性肾衰合并高血压,国内专家共识:保护肾脏免受高血压损害最重要的措施就是对血压有效的控制。(2)非药物干预

通常适合治疗原发性高血压的非药物方案,同样也可用于慢性肾功能不良高血压的治疗。对这类患者,限制钠盐摄人为最重要的非药物措施。达到一个干体重(也即在l临床上无容量过多的表现,低于此体重由于容量过少会使肾功能恶化)要谨慎行之。钠摄入的减少如果太快太显著,由于功能不良的肾脏不

②钙拮抗剂(CCB):本例中处方苯磺酸氨氯地平

短期应用CCB可通过降低肾小球前阻力来增加肾血流,而肾小球滤过率不受影响。短期应用增加尿钠排泄,提高血浆肾素水平。长期应用对肾功能不产生负面影响。因CCBs通过肝代谢,慢性肾功能不良患者无需调整剂量。多项研究显示,CCBs可减慢肾功能衰退,对慢性肾功能不良患者呵提供超出降压外的肾保护效果。CCBs与其他抗高血压相比,没有较

严重的副作用,对慢性肾功能不良患者不失为有效的

治疗药。

杜金山编写叶咏年审校

能正常的保留钠,尤其当肾小球滤过率低于30

ml/min时,会导致严重的容量过低。

酒精的摄入每日不应超过30g。慢性肾功能不

万方数据

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