陈琦 戈弋GRE长难句300例unit 11

1. Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation-state composed of many disparate groups.

相对于参与发现存在发现一个复杂的、由许多不同群体组成的现代民族国家的文化规范的这项艰巨任务，当人类学家和其他学者试图去描述一个规模较小且差别不大的部落或村庄的文化规范时，他们能够基于更加坚实的基础。

2. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently.

肝脏移植不仅从没有被排斥，而且肝脏移植甚至会引发出一种捐助者特定的无反应状态。在这种状态下，从那个供给者得来的其他器官的移植，例如皮肤移植，会被永久的接受。

3. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not the role of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constrains—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture.

那些人类学家认为生物进化的作用不在于决定人类行为的具体细节而在于限制人类行为—诸如在任何文化的典型情景中，人类的

情感、思维和行为方式都能“自然流露出来”。

4. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know that grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

许多初始研究仅仅考虑同一大小的海藻，这些大小恰好能够用网捞起来的海藻（网采浮游生物）。上述研究方法没有将更小的浮游生物考虑在内（超微浮游生物），然而现在我们知道食草动物主要依靠超微浮游生物为生。因此，这个事实导致了在后续研究中对食草动物的作用的忽视。

5. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent of daily phytoplankton production and the rate of 114percent of daily phytoplankton production.

浮游生物的数量在晚春和夏季达到顶峰。在此期间，Haney记录到：在营养匮乏的湖泊中，食草动物的每日最大捕食量是其浮游生物的每日繁殖量的百分之六点六；然而，在沼泽湖泊中，食草动物的每日最大捕食量是其浮游生物的每日繁殖量的百分之一百一十四。

6. However, recent scholarship have strongly suggested that those

aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctively Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but those aspects were largely confined to the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.

但是，最近的学术研究强烈表明一个观点，即：早期新英格兰文化的那些方面看起来都带有非常确定的清教徒风格，比如强烈的宗教意识与社群意识；而那些方面，从整体上来说并不是新英格兰的典型特征，那些方面大部分只在马萨诸塞和康涅狄格这两个州出现。

7. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and even though armed forces operate under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.

即使武装力量是在一种趋向制度平等的制度变革的风气中运行，而且即使武装力量是在联邦政府同意同工同酬的情况下运行，情况依然如此。

8. Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure that those settlements did not have inland counterparts.

Meggers相信，亚马逊的鱼类和龟类资源使得探险家Orellana 在1542年描述的那种河边狭长村落的存在成为可能。但是她却认为Carvajal 估计那些聚居点有成千上万人居住是在夸张，因而忽略了它，此外，她确定那些聚居点在内陆地区没有对应的存在。 9. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in the part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.

这种关于童年的新观点在19世纪中期已经牢牢的被中上阶级确立，并于19世纪晚期和20世纪早期在全社会中传播开来，当时改革者引进童工管理法和义务教育法，这两部法律部分基于这个假设，即孩子的情感价值使童工成为禁忌。

10. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the country believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and many ethnologists at the turn of the country believed that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever. 另外，世纪之交的许多民族人类学家认为美洲土著的习惯和风俗正在消失，而且他们认为，在这些文化永远消失之前，为后代保存尽可能多的能够被充分记录下来的信息是十分重要的。 11. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French

colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlers and the conquerors of those areas did not begin to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. 英国和法国殖民地的文件所提供的证据并不确定，因为这些地区的征服者并没有建立起永久居住地，也没有在17世纪前开始连续不断的记录，最严重的流行病在17世纪时可能已经发生了。 12. Our first studies sought to determine whether the increase in serotonin observed in rats given a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the blood.

我们最初的研究试图确定，在被注射了大量氨基酸色氨酸的老鼠身上所观察到的血清素的增加，是否也会发生在那些吃了能够改变血液中色氨酸含量的食物之后的老鼠身上。

13. The apparent inconsistency of a confessed Classicist advising against the mechanical imitation of historical models and a confessed Classicist arguing for new forms appropriate to the modern age created exactly the tension that made Wagner’s writings and buildings so interesting.

一个古典主义者公开反对古代模型的机械模仿，但却公开支持适合当代的崭新模式。这个明显的矛盾确实制造了一种冲突，这种冲突恰恰使得Wagner的著作和建筑变得非常有趣。

14. The high levels of education attained by the descendants of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their concentration in strategic states such as California paved the way for the movement of the second generation into the expanding primary labor market in the advanced capitalist economy that existed after the Second World War. 华裔和日裔移民的后代接受了高水平的教育，并且集中在诸如加利福尼亚州这样关键的州里面。这样就为第二代移民进入主要的且不断扩大的发达资本主义经济的劳动力市场奠定了基础。这些劳动力市场出现在二战之后。

15. Problematically, while proponents of the various theories have contradictory interpretations of socioeconomic conditions leading to the civil rights movement, examination of various statistical records regarding the material status of black Americans yields ample evidence to support any of the three theories.

有问题的是，虽然不同学说的支持者对导致民权运动的社会经济环境的阐释相互矛盾，但是审视关于美国黑人经济地位的各种数据将会得到大量证据来支持这三个理论（增长预期假说、相对贫困解释、J曲线理论）中的任意一个。

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