小升初英语语法最全，含练习题，分类清晰

小学英语语法复习要点

一、名词

可数名词：表示可以具体个别存在的人或物。可数名词有单复数形式，其单数形式与不定冠词

a(n)连用。

可数名词复数规则：

1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数：

man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children

foot-feet, tooth-teeth

fish-fish, people-people, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

不可数名词：表示不能个别存在的事物，如液体类，气体类的物质；少数固体类的物质 （grass

草，ice冰），抽象的名词（help帮助，music音乐）。不可数名词没有复数（如some water）,不能与不定冠词连用。 写出下列各词的复数

photo ____________ diary ____________ day_____________ dress _______________

thief ___________ yo-yo ___________ peach___________ juice________________

water ____________ rice______________ tea ______________ man____________ woman____________ banana ___________ bus___________ child ____________ foot _____________ sheep ____________ leaf(树叶) ________ dish ____________ knife _____________ pen____________ boy__________ baby___________ map _____________ city ____________ box __________ book ___________ class ____________ eye ____________ office ________ car____________ fox(狐狸) ___________ watch ____________ library ________ pear ___________ skirt ____________ shelf _____________ cinema __________ tomato _________ tooth ____________ wife____________ Englishman________ paper __________ milk___________ Frenchman ___________ postman __________ family __________ mouse __________ people (人们) __________ fish _________ brush ________ mango __________ Japanese ____________ sandwich __________ policeman____________ watermelon______________ Chinese_____________ strawberry ___________ match _________________ glass __________

学校的时态练习----------一般现在时

一般现在时基本用法介绍

一般现在时的功能：1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。

2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成：1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。

注意：（我用am，你用are，三单is，复数are。）

2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English.我们学习英语。

注意：（当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加\或\。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。）

一般现在时的变化：1. be动词的变化。

肯定句：主语+be+其它。 如：He is a worker. 他是工人。 否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。(be动词移到句首)

如：I am a student.

-Are you a student?

-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.

特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 如：My bike is under the tree. Is your bike under the tree? Where is your bike? 2.行为动词的变化。

肯定句：主语+动词原形(+其它)。

否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。 如：I like bread.

I don't like bread.

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。 如：He ofter plays football.

He doesn't often play football.

一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。（句首加助动词do, does） 如：I often play football.

- Do you often play football?

- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。

如：She goes to school by bike. - Does she go to school by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.

特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。

如：She goes to school by bike. Does she go to school by bike? How does she go to school?

动词+s的变化规则

1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks

2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 一般现在时用法专练:

一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数

drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____ come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________ study_______ brush________do_________ teach_______ 二、用am, is, are 填空

1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not. 2. The girl______ Jack's sister. 3. The dog _______ tall and fat.

4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5. ______ your brother in the classroom?

6. Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home. 7. How _______ your father?

8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 9. Whose dress ______ this? 10. Whose socks ______ they? 三、按照要求改写句子

1. David watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)

___________________________________________________ 2. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ________________________________________________________ ____________________________

3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答)

_______________________________________________________ ____________________________

4. Helen likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 5. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)

_______________________________________________________ 6. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句)

___________________________________________________ 7. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问)

________________________________________________________ 8. Jim comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问)

___________________________________________________

6.我们非常喜欢英语。

We _______ English _______ _______. 7.他常常步行去上学。

He usually _______ _______ _______ _______ _______. 8.他努力学习英语。

He ________ ________ hard. 9.她学英语吗？

_______ she _______ _______? 10.他是做什么工作的？ _______ is his _______? 11.他不在家里做作业。

He ________ _______ _______ _________ at home. 12.我们星期天不去学。

We _______ _______ _______ _______ on Sundays. 13.他经常十点钟睡觉。

He often _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ . 14.有时我五点钟起床。

Sometimes, I _______ _______ _______ _______. 15.他们早上七点钟去上学。

They _______ _______ _______ at seven _______ ________ _________.

学校时态讲解---------现在进行时

1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。（句中一般含有now, look, listen.）

2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing. 如：Tom is reading books in his study . 3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。 如：Tom is reading books in his study .

Tom is not reading books in his study .

4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 如：Tom is reading books in his study .

Is Tom reading books in his study ？

5．现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为：疑问词+一般疑问句? （注意：当划线部分包含谓语动词时，用疑问词代替划线部分放到句首，原划线处应加上doing） 如：Tom is reading books in his study . Tom is reading books in his study . Is Tom reading books in his study ? Is Tom reading books in his study ? What is Tom doing in his study? Where is Tom reading books? 动词加ing的变化规则

1．一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking

2．以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting

3．如果末尾是辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 现在进行时专项练习：

一、写出下列动词的现在分词：

play_____________ run______________ swim _____________make______________ go______________ like____________ write_____________ _ski_____________ read_____________ have____________ sing _____________ dance___________ put______________ see____________ buy _____________ love____________ live___________ take______________ come _____________ get_____________ stop____________ sit _____________ begin____________ shop___________ 1. They are doing housework .(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句)

_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

2.The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) ______________________________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________

3.I’m playing the football in the playground .(对划线部分进行提问)

_________________________________________________________________ 4．Tom is reading books in his study . (对划线部分进行提问)

_________________________________________________________________

四、现在进行时翻译练习 1.我正在读英语。

I ________ ___________ English. 2.他正在写字。

He ______ _________.

3.你正在唱歌吗？是的，我在唱歌。不，我不在唱歌。

_______ you ________? Yes, ______ ______ _________. / No, _______ _______ _________. 4.他(她)在听音乐吗？

________ he/she __________ _______ _________? 5.你正在干什么？ 我正在做作业。

_______ are you _______? I’m ______ _________ _____________. 6.看！杰克正在游泳。

Look, Jack _______ __________. 7.听！她正在唱歌。

Listen, she _______ ________.

四、将来时理论及练习

一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。 二、基本结构：①be going to + do；如：I am going to go swimming tomorrow.

②will+ do. 如：I will go swimming tomorrow.

三、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。 如：I am going to go swimming tomorrow.→ I am not going to go swimming tomorrow. I will go swimming tomorrow. →I will not go swimming tomorrow.

四、一般疑问句： be动词或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。 如：I am going to go swimming tomorrow.→ Are you going to go swimming tomorrow? I will go swimming tomorrow. →Will you go swimming tomorrow? 五、对划线部分提问。(疑问词+一般疑问句?)

一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。

1、问人。Who 例如：I am going to school. Tom will go to school. Are you going to school? Will Tom go to school? Who’s going to school? Who will go to school?

2、问干什么。What … do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. Is your father going to watch a race with you this afternoon.？

What is your father going to do with you this afternoon？ My father will watch a race with me this afternoon. Will your father watch a race with you this afternoon.？

What will your father do with you this afternoon？

3、问什么时候。When.例如：She is going to swim at nine. She will swim at nine. Is she going to swim at nine？ Will she swim at nine？

When is she going to swim？ When will she swim?

六、同义句：be going to = will (be going to 常指客观情况，will 常指主观情况) I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 一、填空。

1．我打算明天和朋友去野炊。

I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends. I ________ have a picnic with my friends.

2．下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。

What ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ next Monday? I _______ ______ _____ play basketball.

What _________ you do next Monday? I ________ play basketball. 3．你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。

_____ your mother _______ ________ go shopping this ___________? Yes, she _________. She ______ ________ __________ buy some fruit. 4．你们打算什么时候见面。

What time _______ you _________ __________ meet? 二、改句子。

1. Nancy is going to go camping.（改否定） Nancy ________ going to go camping. 2. I’ll go and join them.（改否定） I _______ go ______ join them.

3. I'm going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.（改一般疑问句） ________ _______ ________ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow? 4. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.（改一般疑问句） _______ ________ meet at the bus stop at 10:30.

5. She is going to listen to music after school.（对划线部分提问） ________ _______ she ________ ________ _________ after school?

6. My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(同上) _________ _________ going to see a play the day after tomorrow. 三、用所给词的适当形式填空。

1. Today is a sunny day. We _________________________ (have) a picnic this afternoon. 2. My brother ______________________ (go) to Shanghai next week.

3. Tom often ____________(go) to school on foot. But today is rain. He _________________ (go) to

school by bike.

4. What do you usually do at weekends? I usually __________ (watch) TV and ____________(catch) insects?

5. It's Friday today. What _____she ____________________ (do) this weekend? She __________________ (watch) TV and (catch) insects.

6. What ___________ (do) you do last Sunday? I ____________ (pick) apples on a farm. What ____________________________ (do) next Sunday? I ____________________ (milk) cows. 7. Mary __________________________ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow. 8. Liu Tao _______________________ (fly) kites in the playground yesterday. 9. David __________________________ (give) a puppet show next Monday. 10. I ____________________________ (plan) for my study now.

五、一般过去时

1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化： ⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn't） ⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=weren't）

⑶带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。 3．句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子

否定句：didn't +动词原形，如：Jim went home yesterday.

Jim didn't go home yesterday.

一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。

如：Jim went home yesterday.

Did Jim go home yesterday?

特殊疑问句：⑴疑问词+一般疑问句？如：Jim went home yesterday. Did Jim go home yesterday? What did Jim do yesterday?

动词过去式变化规则：

1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2．结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted

3．末尾是辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped

4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied

5．不规则动词过去式：

现在（原词义 形） 是 am, is (be) was 过去 成为 开始 become begin became began 是 are (be) were 弯曲 bend bent 吹 blow blew 买 buy bought 能 can could 捕捉 catch caught 选择 choose chose 来 come came 切 cut cut 做 do, does did 画 draw drew 饮 drink drank 吃 eat ate 感觉 feel felt 发现 find found 飞 fly flew 忘记 forget forgot 得到 get got 给 give gave 走 go went 成长 grow grew 有 have, has had 听 hear heard 受伤 hurt hurt 保持 keep kept 知道 know knew learned, 学习 learn learnt 允许，让 let let 躺 lie lay 制造 make made 可以 may might 意味 mean meant 会见 meet met 必须 must must 放置 put put 读 read read 骑、乘 ride rode 响、鸣 ring rang 跑 run ran 说 say said 看见 see saw 将 shall should 唱歌 坐下 睡觉 sing sit sleep sang sat slept 说 度过 扫 speak spend sweep spoke spent swept

过去时练习

写出下列动词的过去式

is\\am_____________ fly____________ plant____________ are ____________ drink_____________ play___________ go______________ make ________ does_____________ dance__________ worry___________ ask ___________ taste_____________ eat____________ draw____________ put ____________ throw____________ kick___________ pass____________ do __________ Be动词的过去时练习（1） 一、用be动词的适当形式填空 1．I _______ at school just now.

2．He ________ at the camp last week. 3．We ________ students two years ago.

4．They ________ on the farm a moment ago. 5．Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year. 6．There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday. 7．There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.

8．The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening. 二、句型转换 1. It was exciting.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 2. All the students were very excited.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 3. They were in his pocket.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ Be动词的过去时练习（2） 一、用be动词的适当形式填空 1．I ______ an English teacher now. 2．She _______ happy yesterday.

3．They _______ glad to see each other last month. 4．Helen and Nancy ________ good friends.

5．The little dog _______ two years old this year. 6．Look, there ________ lots of grapes here.

7．There ________ a sign on the chair on Monday.. 8．Today _______ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day. All the students ______ very excited. 二、句型转换

1. There was a car in front of the house just now.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 三、中译英

1. 我的故事书刚才还在手表旁边。

My storybook _______ beside the watch ______ _______. 2. 他们的外套上个礼拜放在卧室里了。

Their ________ ________ in the bedroom _______ __________. 3. 一会以前花园里有两只小鸟。

There _________ two _________ in the garden ______ _________ ___________. 行为动词的过去时练习（1） 一、用行为动词的适当形式填空

1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago. 2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night. 3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.

4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week. 5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.

6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson. 7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival. 8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party. 二、句型转换

1. Su Hai took some photos at the Sports day.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 2. Nancy went to school early.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 3. We sang some English songs.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 行为动词的过去时练习（2）

Name ____________ No. ______ Date __________ 一、用be动词的适当形式填空

1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.

2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.

3. We _________ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go) 4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival? 5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______. 6. Gao Shan _______ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.

7. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother ______.

8. What ______ she _______ (find) in the garden last morning? She __________ (find) a beautiful butterfly.

二、句型转换

1. They played football in the playground.

否定句：________________________________________________ 一般疑问句：____________________________________________ 肯、否定回答：__________________________________________ 三、中译英

1. 格林先生去年住在中国。

Mr Green __________ ______ China _______ ________. 2. 昨天我们参观了农场。

We ____________ a farm _______________. 3. 他刚才在找他的手机。

He _________ his _________ _______ _______ now. 过去时综合练习（1）

一、 用动词的适当形式填空 1. It ______ (be) Ben's birthday last Friday. 2. We all ______ (have) a good time last night. 3. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 4. Helen ________ (milk) a cow on Friday.

5. She likes ______ newspapers, but she ______ a book yesterday. (read) 6. He _______ football now, but they _______ basketball just now. (play) 7. Jim's mother _________ (plant) trees just now.

8. _______ they ________ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _____. 9. I _______ (watch) a cartoon on Monday. 10. We ___________ (go) to school on Sunday. 二、中译英

1. 我们上周五看了一部电影。

We _____________ a film ____________ _______________. 2. 他上个中秋节走亲访友了吗？是的。

______ he _________ his r_________ and ________ last _______________ ____________? Yes, he ____.

3. 你们上个儿童节做了什么？我们参观了动物园。

What ______ you _____ last ______________ ___________? We ____________ the zoo. 4. 你上周在哪儿?在野营基地。

Where _________ you _______ __________? I _________ at a _____________. 过去时综合练习（2）

一、用动词的适当形式填空

1. It _____ (be) the 2nd of November yesterday. Mr White ________ (go) to his office by car.

2. Gao Shan ________ (put) the book on his head a moment ago. 3. Don't ______ the house. Mum _______ it yesterday. (clean)

4. What ____ you ______ just now? I _______ some housework. (do) 5. They _________ (make) a kite a week ago.

6. I want to ______ apples. But my dad _______ all of them last month. (pick) 7. _______ he ______ the flowers this morning? Yes, he _____. (water) 8. She ____ (be) a pretty girl. Look, she _____ (do) Chinese dances. 9. The students often _________ (draw) some pictures in the art room. 10.What ______ Mike do on the farm? He ________ cows. (milk) 二、中译英

1. 他的朋友在照看他的弟弟。

His friend ______ _________ ________ his brother. 2. 去年端午节我们没去看了龙舟比赛。

We _________ ______ to watch the _______ _______ races last ___________ _______ ___________. 3. 他在音乐课上拉小提琴了吗？不，没有。

______ he ______ _______ _______ at the ________ lesson? No, he _______.

六、形容词和副词的比较级复习及练习 A、形容词的比较级

1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little 来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格（口语中可用宾格）。 2．形容词加er的规则： ⑴一般在词尾加er ； ⑵以字母e 结尾，加r ；

⑶以辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾(除ow结尾)，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er ； ⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾，先把y变i，再加er 。

(5)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more 如：beautiful-more beautiful 3．不规则形容词比较级： good-better

B、副词的比较级

1．形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形，有形用be；有动用副，有副用动) ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后

2．副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化：well-better, far-farther)

☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型： 主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 +…. 如： Lily ran as slow as an old woman.(莉莉跑得像老太太一样慢) They picked as many apples as the farmers.(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多) ☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型： 主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词(否定式) + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物+…. 如： Lily did not run as slow as an old woman. (莉莉跑得不像老太太那样慢)

They didn’t pick as many apples as the farmers. (他们摘的苹果不如农民多)

一、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级

old______________ young____________ tall___________ long____________ short____________ strong____________ big____________ small___________ fat_____________ thin______________ heavy__________ light___________ nice_____________ good_____________ beautiful______________________

low______________ high_____________ slow___________ fast_____________ late______________ early_____________ far___ __________ well_________ 二、根据句意填入单词的正确形式：

1. My brother is two years __________(old)than me. 2. Tom is as ________(fat) as Jim.

3. Is your sister __________(young) than you? Yes,she is. 4. Who is ___________(thin),you or Helen? Helen is.

5. Whose pencil-box is __________(big),yours or hers? Hers is. 6. Mary's hair is as __________(long) as Lucy's.

7.Ben ______ (jump) ________ (high) than some of the boys in his class. 8.________ Nancy sing __________ (well) than Helen? Yes, she _____. 9.Fangfang is not as _________ (tall) as the other girls. 10.My eyes are __________(big) than ________ (she).. 11.Which is ___________(heavy),the elephant or the pig? 12.Who gets up _________(early),Tim or Tom?

13._____the girls get up_______(early) than the boys?No,they______. 14. Jim runs _____(slow). But Ben runs _____(slow).

15.The child doesn't______(write) as ____(fast) as the students. 三、翻译句子：

1、谁比Jim年纪大？是你。

________ is _________than Jim？ ________ are 2、谁比David更强壮？是Gao Shan.

________ _________ than David? Gao Shan ________. 3、谁的铅笔更长，他的还是她的？我想是她的。

_________ pencil is _________,______or________？________is,I think. 4、谁的苹果更重，你的姐姐的还是你的弟弟的？ 我的弟弟的。 _________ apples ________ ________,your _______ or your _______? My ____________ ___________. 5、你和你的叔叔一样高吗？是的。

_________ ________as _________as your uncle?Yes,I am. 6、他和他的朋友Jim一样年轻。

He _______ as __________ as ________ ________ Jim. 7、她和她的双胞胎哥哥一样胖吗？不，她比他瘦。

________ ________ as _________ as______ twin _______? No, _________ _________ than him. 8.Yang Ling每天睡得比SuYang晚。

Yang Ling ________ to _______ ________ than Su Yang every day. 9.我跳得和Mike一样远。

I _________ as _______ as Mike.

10.Tom比你跑得快吗？不是的,他和我跑得一样快。

____ Tom _____ _____ than you?No,he _______. He_____ as_____ as_____. 11.多做运动，你会更强壮。

________ more exercise,you'll ________ _________ soon. 12.我的科学很好，但是语文不好。

I ______ ________ at Science.But I don't _________ well in Chinese. 13. 你放风筝比王兵放得高吗？不，我比他放得低。

____you_______the kite_____than Wang bing?No,I______it _____than___. 14.我喜欢游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢。

I like_______.All my______ _______ _______than me. 15.我的姐姐起得比我早。

My_____ _____ up _____than me. 16.女孩比男孩唱得好吗？是的。

____the girls______ ______ ______the boys? Yes,they ____. 17.她不擅长体育。但我跳得没有她高。

She doesn't ____ _____ in PE. But I don't ______ _____than_____. 18.你足球踢得比你的同班同学好吗？不，他们踢得和我一样好。

___ you ____football _____than your classmates?No,they____as____as me. 19．我母亲比我父亲年纪小。

My_____ _____ ______than my ______. 20.她的毛衣和我的一样重。

_____sweater_____ as_______as_____.

21.我的连衣裙太短了。我想买一条大点的。

My dress_____ too_____. I want to _____a______one. 22. I'm taller than Mike .(该成用原级的比较) I'm _________ as ________ as Mike .

七、There be 句型与have, has的区别

1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人）

2、在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最靠近be 动词的那个名词决定。

3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。

5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。 6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑问句。 7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：

How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语？ How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？ 8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： What's + 介词短语？

Fill in the blank with \ 1. I________a good father and a good mother. 2. ____________a telescope on the desk. 3. He_________a tape-recorder.

4. _____________a basketball in the playground. 5. She__________some dresses. 6. They___________a nice garden. 7. What do you___________?

8. ______________a reading-room in the building? 9. What does Mike___________?

10. ______________any books in the bookcase? 11. My father_________a story-book.

12. _______________a story-book on the table. 13. _______________any flowers in the vase?

14. How many students____________in the classroom? 15. My parents___________some nice pictures. 16. _____________some maps on the wall.

17. ______________a map of the world on the wall. 18. David__________a telescope.

19. David's friends___________some tents. 20. ______________many children on the hill. 用恰当的be动词填空。

1、There _______ a lot of sweets in the box. 2、There _______ some milk in the glass.

3、There _______ some people under the the big tree. 4、There _______ a picture and a map on the wall. 5、There _______ a box of rubbers near the books.

6、There _______ lots of flowers in our garden last year.

7、There _______ a tin of chicken behind the fridge yesterday. 8、There _______ four cups of coffee on the table. Fill in the blank with “ have, has ” 1. I_________ a nice puppet. 2. He_________a good friend. 3. They__________ some masks. 4. We___________some flowers. 5. She___________ a duck.

6. My father____________ a new bike. 7. Her mother___________a vase.

8. Our teacher_________ an English book. 9. Our teachers___________a basketball. 10. Their parents___________some blankets 11. Nancy_________many skirts. 12. David__________some jackets.

13. My friends__________a football. 14. What do you__________? 15. What does Mike__________?

16. What do your friends___________? 17. What does Helen___________? 18. His brother________a basketball. 19. Her sister_________a nice doll.

20. Miss Li__________an English book.

八、人称代词和物主代词

1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前（有时候位于than 之后），宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。

2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词。 人称代词 物主代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 I me my mine 我 我的 you you your yours 你，你们 你的，你们的 he him his his 他 他的 she her her hers 她 她的 it it its its 它 它的 we us our ours 我们 我们的 their theirs 他（她，它）们 they them 他（她，它）们的 一.填写代词表 I you his hers it we your them

二.用所给词的适当形式填空

1. That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I ) 2. The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she ) 3. Is this _________ watch? (you) No, it's not _________ . ( I )

4. _________ is my brother. _________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) 5. _________ dresses are red. (we) What colour are _________? ( you ) 6. Here are many dolls, which one is _________ ? ( she ) 7. I can find my toy, but where's _________? ( you ) 8. Show _________ your kite, OK? (they)

9. I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )

10. Are these _________ tickets? No, _________ are not _________. _________ aren't here. ( they ) 11. Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we ) 12. _________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________ a nurse. ( she )

13. That is not _________ camera. _________is at home. ( he )

14. Where are _________? I can't find _________. Let's call _________ parents. ( they ) 15. Don't touch _________. _________ not a cat, _________ a tiger! 16. _________ sister is ill. Please go and get _________. ( she )

17. _________ don't know her name. Would you please tell _________. ( we ) 18. So many dogs. Let's count _________. ( they )

19. I have a lovely brother. _________ is only 3. I like _________ very much. ( he ) 20. May I sit beside _________? ( you )

21. Look at that desk. Those book are on _________. ( it ） 22.The girl behind _________ is our friend. (she )

三、选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。

1. This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3. （He / His）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）. 6. Are（your / you）Miss Li? 7. （I/ My）am Ben. 8. （She / Her）is my sister.

9. Fine , thank （your / you）. 10. How old is （he / his） 四、单项选择。

( ) 1. My uncle gave a new bike to ________.

A. theirs B. they C. me D. I ( ) 2. This is a photo of _____family. May I have one of ______? A. yours; my B. my; yours C. your; my D. yours; mine ( ) 3. Here’s a postcard for you, Jim! — Oh, ___is from Mary.

A. he B. it C. she D. it’s ( ) 4. They asked _______some questions ________ English. A. me; about B. I; about C. I; with D. me; with ( ) 5. Help________ answer the questions.

A. I B. my C. me D. mine ( ) 6. These are my books. Where are ________?

A. their B. theirs C. my D. your

五、改错

1. Mine wallet is on the bed. 2. This isn’t Mike’s watch , it’s her. 3. Is this your teapot? No, it’s theirs teapot. 4. Whose comb is it? It’s our. 六、用适当的物主代词填空

1. This is ____(my)book. ____(your)is in the bag.

2. The classroom is (our) .

3. Are these watches ____(her)? No. ____(her)watches are at home. 4. They aren’t ____(his)teapots. They are ____(their). 5. The big mirror is (his) .

6. That is not ____(my) comb.It’s ____(her). 7. Is this calculator _____(your)?

8. This hairdryer isn’t my sister’s.It’s _____(my). 七、根据中文提示，用代词的适当形式填空。 1、 2、

There is a new dress for ________ (他的)sister. This is _____ (我的 ) wallet. _________ ( 我的) is red.

3、________( 谁的) calculators are these? _______(他们) are ______ (我们的).

4、Give _______（她 ） a toy, please.

5、________(你们的) eyes are black. _______ （你们） come from Japan. 6、Tim and Bill are twins. _______ （他们）are from England. Show _____ （他们）around ______ (我们的)school. 7、Give the book to __________(我 ).

8、These books are __________(他的).__________( 他的) books are new.

补充：

名词所有格：

1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下： (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my

sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如： today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), China’s population(中国的人口).

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).

2、[注解]：① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)

② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽

丽合住的卧室)

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) 短语翻译：

1. 我的的爷爷________________________ 2.杰姆的房间__________________________ 2. 我奶奶的钱包_______________________ 4.那些学生的书_______________________ 5.这些工人的外套______________________ 6.那些小孩的父母_____________________ 7.那些男人的帽子____________________ 8.那间教室的窗户_____________________ 9.海伦的同学________________________ 10.这些男孩的床________________________ 11.汤姆的姑父_________________________ 12.我兄弟的钢笔_________________________ 13.那些老师的书桌_____________________ 14.这些医生的杯子________________________ 15.那些女孩的座位____________________ 16.那些女人的自行车_____________________ 17.那些警察的裤子____________________ 18.那个书包的颜色___________________________

缩略形式

写出下列词的完全形式

can't_________ I'd_________ aren't________ they're ____ let's_________ wasn't_______ that's________ don't _____ when's_______ didn't________ you're_______ doesn't ___

he's________ she's________ I'm_______ isn't _________ I've________ shouldn't_______ I'll_________ who's ______

冠词

1、冠词分类及读法：

英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法：单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前)；

不定冠词a/an的读法：单独念时读 [ei ]/[An ]；在句子中常发 [[]/[[n]。 2、不定冠词a / an的用法：

不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。 不定冠词的基本用法：

(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the

ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)

(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大

象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)

(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。) (4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在

那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)

(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a

kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。 3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。

定冠词的基本用法：

(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一

朵花的男人是杰克)

(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。) (3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called

Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)

(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。) (5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze

River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)

(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of

all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)

(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他

开始拉小提琴) (8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我

从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)

(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他

来自美利坚合众国)

(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个

月格林一家要去峨眉山)

(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样) (12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最

后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 4、一些不用冠词的情况：

(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large

country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than

yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)

(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出

生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)

(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than

monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)

(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早

饭,在校吃午饭)

(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their

parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)

(7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们

星期六下午踢足球)

(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此

刻在人民电影院)

(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如：⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after

class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of

介词：

1、介词的主要用法：

介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词．．类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从…中出来), away from(距离…), next to(在…隔壁), in front of(在…前方)等。

2、介词的分类表： (见下表) 地点(位置、范围)介词： after在…后面, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, beside

在...旁边, between在...之间, from来自..., in在...里面, near靠近..., on在...上面, outside在....外面, under在...下方, in front of在...前, in the middle of在...的中间, at the back of在...的后部,等等。 方向(目标趋向)介词： along沿着..., around绕着..., at朝着..., down向…下, for向...,

from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., near接近..., off脱离/除..., out of向...外, outside向....外, to向/朝..., up向...上, away from远离...

时间介词：about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, for有…(之

久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午); on在(某日), past过了…(时), to到(下一时刻), 方式介词：as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑

(车)/徒(步), with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼),

涉及介词: about关于..., in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., to对…而言, with就…而言 其它介词: 【目的介词】 for为了..., to为了…

【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比少,

【伴随/状态介词】 at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色), on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着...

3、介词短语的句法作用：

介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：The man came .(状)(那个人走下楼来)/The woman is from the countryside.(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher is now with the students.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起) 4、介词短语在句子中的位置：

介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/

原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾； 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗？) 5、重要注释：

⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,

前面不用任何介词。如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒) ⑵ 记住一些固定词组： on foot(步行), at night(在晚上), play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看), with one’s help(在…的帮助下),look after(照料…),look for(寻找…),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做…)等等。 6、某些介词的用法辨析：

⑴ 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子

中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间； 表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) ⑵ after与in表示时间的用法区别：“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于

一般时态；“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)

⑶ by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”

某个交通工具或“以……方式”, in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)

⑸ in front of 与in the front of： in front of“在…的前面”, 与in the front of“在…

的前部”。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)

用适当的介词填空:

1. Tom is the boy _______ glasses.

2. Please read some books ________ Chinese medicine. 3. She works in the day and has a rest ______ night. 4. My uncle works _______ a farm.

5. Mr Black and Yang Ling are talking _________ a party. 6. She wants _____ buy a sweater ______ her daughter. 7. It’s a map ____ China.

8. Let’s have a look _____ the picture. 9. What’s that _____ Chinese? 10. I’m _____ Class One.

11. There is a clock ______ the wall ______ the classroom.

12. Can you see an apple _______ the tree? No, But I can see a bird _______ the tree. 13. There is a purse ______ here. 14. There is a boat ______ the lake. 15. There are many kites ____ the sky.

16. What clothes is she wearing? She is _______ red. 17. Can you see the boy _______ the bike?

18. The woman ______ a yellow dress is my mother. 19. Who can you see ______ the picture?

20. Who’s the man __________ your mother and father? 21. Gao Shan gets up ______ 6:00 _______ the morning. 22. We don’t have classes _______ Sunday morning. 23. What do you often do ______ Saturday? 24. Can you help me ______ my maths? 25. What’s wrong ______ you? 26. Who’s _____ duty? 27. It’s time _____ supper.

28. She can’t find the way. So she asks the policeman _____ help. 29. A man ______ Shanghai goes to the park _______ his daughter.

30. Your socks are _____ the desk. Put them away. You must look _______ your things. 31. My sister is drawing a picture ________ crayons. 32. I’m thirsty. What _____ you?

33. What would you like _______ breakfast? 34. He is American. He is _______ the USA. 35. He is _______ home. He isn’t ______ school. 36. The lunch ______ our school is good. 37. He is playing _______ a you-you.

38. I am good _____ running. Tom does well _____ jumping. 39. The girls play cards _______ class.

40. Take ______ the old coat. Put ______ the new one. 41. I’m looking _____ my dog. I can’t find it.

42. They are talking ______ Mr. Green. They are talk ______ the film. 43. The cat is running _______ the mouse. 44. Peter looks ______ his father.

45. He is learning French _________ the tape. 46. Frenchmen come ________ France. 47. Please write _____ me soon.

48. Jack goes to school ______ foot. Jim goes to school ______ bike. 49. The farm is not far ________ his home. 50. Don’t be late ______ school.

51. She’s ill. She stays ______ bed all day.

52. There are a lot of people ________ Red Apple Hotel.

53. The supermarket is open _______ 9:00 a.m. ________ 9:00 p.m.. 54. They are getting ______ the bus.

55. We are playing football ________ the playground. 56. _______ weekends, when do you get up?

57. The bookshop is not _____ Shanghai Street, it is ________ Beijing Road. 58. Don’t laugh _____ anyone.

59. He looks ________, there is no one nearby. 60. The thief is running ________ ______ the shop.

61. The hospital is 5 kilometers _______ ________ the shopping center.

62. Class One is _______ _______ Class Two.

63. There is a river _____ ______ _____ my house. 64. They are walking ______ the lake.

基数词和序数词

基数词 序数词

0 zero

1 one first/1st 第一 2 two second/2nd 第二 3 three third/3rd 第三 4 four fourth/4th 第四 5 five fifth/5th 6 six sixth/6th 7 seven seventh/7th 8 eight eighth/8th 9 nine ninth/9th 10 ten tenth/10th 11 eleven eleventh/11th 12 twelve twelfth/12th 13 thirteen thirteenth/13th 14 fourteen fourteenth/14th 15 fifteen fifteenth/15th 16 sixteen sixteenth/16th 17 seventeen seventeenth/17th 18 eighteen eighteenth/18th 19 nineteen nineteenth/19th 20 twenty twentieth/20th 21 Twenty-one twenty-first/21st 22 Twenty-two twenty-second/22nd 23 Twenty-three twenty-third/23rd 30 thirty thirtieth/30th 40 forty fortieth/40th 50 fifty fiftieth/50th 60 sixty sixtieth/60th 70 seventy seventieth/70th 80 eighty eightieth/80th 90 ninety ninetieth/90th 100 hundred hundredth/100th

基数词变序数词变化规则 1，2，3，单独记； 8后少t, 9少e； 5，12去ve变为fth；

整十位数变 y 为 ie 再加 th ；

第五 第六 第七 第八 第九 第十 第十一 第十二 第十三 第十四 第十五 第十六 第十七 第十八 第十九 第二十 第二十一 第二十二 第二十三 第三十 第四十 第五十 第六十 第七十 第八十 第九十 第一百

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