大学英语3考试复习资料

大学英语期末考试复习资料

●复习范围：课文及课后练习，《全程导练》，《快速阅读》(Unit1—Unit7)

●考试题型：

1.听力（30分）

2.快速阅读（5分）

3.详细阅读(全程导练阅读题部分)

（30分）（1）完形填空（10分）（2）阅读理解（20分）4.选择题（10分）5.翻译题（10分）6.写作题（15分）

●复习要点：

快速阅读

快速阅读考试范围：BookIII

Unit1–Text2,3

Unit3–Text2,4Unit5–Text4,5Unit7–Text1,4Unit2–Text4,5Unit4–Text1,2Unit6–Text3,5Unit8–Text1,3

完形填空

Unit1B

ItwasanautumnnightinmynativeNovaScotia.Alightrainwasfalling,makingtappingsoundsonthetinroofandthesmellofmouldfilledtheoldlodgewewerevacationinginfortheweekend.AshiverintheairinspiredafireontheFranklinstove.Wewereallsippinghotchocolateandthenmyfatherwentovertotheuprightpiano,pushedupthesleevesofhisshirtandbeganpickingoutatunewithonefinger.Hewasnotmuchofapianist,butheknewtheloveofsongandfamily.Mymotherputdownhersewingandjoinedhimonthebenchandthenmybrotherdriftedtothepianoaswell.Finally,apoorsingerandsousuallyaviolinistinstead,Iaddedmyvoiceforalineortwo.Myfather,everconsiderate,said,"See,youcansing,darling.Thatwasgood."

时值秋夜，在我的故乡新斯科舍，小雨淅沥，轻叩锡铁屋顶。我们周末度假寄住的古老小屋，弥漫着一股霉味。空气寒冷得让人发抖，于是我们点上了富兰克林取暖炉。我们悠然地喝着热朱古力，接着父亲走向立式钢琴，卷起衬衣袖，伸出一指敲一曲。他算不上一个钢琴家，可他知道歌中的情、家中的爱。母亲放下手中的针线活，和他同坐在一条凳子上，然后我哥哥也快缓步走向钢琴。最后，不太能唱歌却能拉拉小提琴的我也凑热闹唱了一两句。一向体贴人的父亲说：“你看，你也可以唱的，宝贝。唱得很好。”

Ihaveoftenrememberedhowwarm,happyandlovedIfeltgrowingup.

Ittookmeyears,though,tolearnthattheloveinourfamilydidn'tjusthappen.

Infact,loveneverjusthappens—noteventopeoplewhoseemasnaturallylovingasmymotherandfather.But,Iwouldhedgetobet,thereisaframeworkyoumustlivewithintoletthisgiftthathasnorivalsmature.

我常常记得成长的过程中感受到的温暖、幸福和关爱。虽然我花了好些年才知道，家人的爱不是凭空产生的。叶事实上，爱从来就不是凭空产生的，甚至对那些看上去像我父母那样天生充满爱的人来说也一样。但是，我愿打赌，你必须生活于一个构架之中，方能让爱这一无与伦比的礼物瓜熟蒂落。

First,loveneedstime.Perhapspeoplecanrecognizeinamomentthepossibilityforlove,andmakegrand

declarationssuchas"Iloveyou"withinweeksofhavingmet,butthisloveiscomparabletothebeginningofa

longroadupamountainwithmanyupsanddowns.Matureloveislikealivingorganism.Itparallelsthelifeofanoaktree,growingslowlyfromaseedinthemudtoaslendertrunkwithbarelyanyleavesandfinallyintoitsshelteringglory.Wecannotmanipulateorspeeduptheamountofyearsitneedstogrow,butmustinstead,withwitandpatience,appreciateoneanother'sdifferencesandshareoneanother'sjoysandpainsovertime.Soitissadwhendivorcesarecausedbysmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfallapartatthefirstinjury,whenwegiveuponlove.

首先，爱需要时间。也许人们可以一眼看到爱的可能，见面几周后就郑重宣布“我爱你”等等，但是这样的爱，相当于刚开始爬山，而这漫长的爬山之路充满着起起落落。瓜熟蒂落之爱就像一个有生命的机体。它跟一棵橡树的生命一样，从土里的一粒种子开始，慢慢地长成几乎无叶的细枝，最后枝繁叶茂、足以遮荫，成就其辉煌。我们不可调控或者加速其成长所需的年月，相反，我们必须用才智和耐心，始终欣赏相互间的差异，分享彼此的快乐和痛苦。因此，如果因小怒而离婚，父母孩子相互不信任，在第一次受伤害后中断友谊，或不再相信爱，那是令人痛心的事情。

Toooftenwesay"farewell"tosomeonewehavelovedwithoutduethoughtandenduppayinganemotionaltollthatisquitecostly.Ionceknewafatherandsonwho,saddledwiththeirrespectivetroublesinlife,haddrawnsofarapartovertheyearsthattheyfoundlittletosaytoeachother.And,withouteachother,theirliveshadbecomehollow.Theson,justoutofcollege,hadplannedtospendthesummertravelinginanoldyellowlorryonthetwo-lanehighwaysthatconnectedthecountrytogetherbeforefreeways.Oneday,whenhewasnearlyreadytoleave,hespottedhisfatherapproachingonabusystreetandwasstruckbyasingularlonelinessinthatlongfamiliarface.Heinvitedhimtostopforabeer.Thenonimpulse,hesaid,"Dad,comealong.Let'sspendasummertogether."

我们常常未经深思熟虑就向某人说“再见”，结果付出了非常昂贵的感情代价。我曾经认识一对父子，他们被各自的生活困难困扰，多年来距离越拉越远，结果相互间几乎没话可说，而相互间没了依靠，他们的生活变得空虚。儿子大学毕业后的那个夏天，打算开着黄色老卡车到连通全国的双车道公路上周游一番（那时还没有免费高速公路）。有一天，在准备出发时，他看见父亲沿着繁忙的街道走来。父亲熟悉的脸上带着的孤苦令他震动。他邀父亲停下来喝杯啤酒。冲动之下，他说：“来吧，爸爸。让我们一块儿度过一个夏天吧。”

Atgreatrisktothefamilybusiness,thefather,afurnituresalesman,wentalongwithhisson.Togethertheycamped,climbedmountains,satbytheseaandexploredcitystreetsandsleepyvillages."Ilearnedmoreaboutbeingafatherinthelasttwomonthsthaninallmyson's21years,"thefathertoldmeshortlyaftertheirtrip.Everyone'slifeshouldhaveroomforlovesworthriskingsizablepiecesoftimewethinkwecan'tspare.

他父亲是个家具推销商。虽然冒着家里生意受损失的大风险，父亲还是跟儿子走了。他们一道宿营，一道爬山，一道坐在海边，一道探索城市的街道和幽静的乡村。在他们旅行后不久，他父亲告诉我：“在过去的两个月里，我学到的为父之道比我在我儿子成长的21年的岁月里学到的都多。”每个人的生活，都应该为爱的人留出空间，为我们爱的人抽出我们认为抽不出的时间是值得的。

Weshouldnotmisleadourselvesintothinkingthattheoneswelovemustbelikeus.Thekeyistorecognizeandappreciateourdifferences.Thosedifferencesprovidethemysteryandwonderofhumanrelationships.

我们不应该误导自己，认为我们所爱的人必须像自己一样。关键是认可和欣赏我们间的差异。这些差异使得人们之间的关系有了一丝神秘和新奇。

Loveneedsanother,harder-to-findqualityaswell,theabilitytoletgo.

爱也需要另一种更为难得的能力──放手的能力。

Intheearlyyearsofmymarriage,Ihadfaultynotionsthatmyhusbandshouldwanttobewithmeallthetime.Onourfirstvisittohisfamily'shouse,Idiscoveredthatthemendidthingstogetherandthewomendidthesame.Myfather-in-lawstolemyplacenexttomyhusbandinthefrontseatofthecar,andthetwoofthemoftenwentouttogether,leavingmewiththewomen.

在我结婚的头几年，我错误地认为我丈夫应该想时刻和我在一起。我们第一次去拜访他家时，我发现他们家的人做事时男的和男的在一起，女的与女的在一起。我公公占了我的位子，坐到前车座我丈夫的旁边。他俩常常一道出去，将我留下和女人们在一起。

Icomplainedandmademyhusbandmiserable,caughtashewasbetweenthepeopleheloved.Mymother-in-lawsaidwisely,"Beingwithhisfatherisonepartofhislife;beingwithyouisanother.Behappyaboutbothofthem."

我向我丈夫抱怨，让他夹在他所爱的人当中，痛苦不堪。我婆婆说得好：“和父亲在一起是他生活的一部分；和你在一起是另一部分。你对二者都该感到高兴啊。”

Ilearnedthatloveislikeanelasticbandthatmuststretchapartbeforeitpullsyoubackclosetooneanother.Itisacomingtidewhosewatersretreatalittleafterasinglewave,butthenextoneisclosertoyourheartthantheonebefore.

我明白，爱就像根松紧带，在它将你们紧紧拉在一起之前，必须先松开。爱又像涌来的潮水，一浪过后先退却一点，下一浪才会比前一浪离你的心更近。

Finally,loveneedswordstomakeitreal.Withoutwords,quarrelscan'tberesolvedandwelosethepowertosharethemeaningofourlives.Theimportantthingistoacknowledgeandexpressourfeelings.Inthisway,wecantrulysendthespiritsofthoseweloveaswellasourownsoaringupwards.

最后，爱需要言语来实现。没有言语，争吵不能得到解决，这样我们就失去了分享自己生活意义的能力。重要的是承认并表达自己的情感。这样，我们才能真正使我们自己和我们所爱的人兴高采烈。

Loveisnotasingleact,butalifetimeadventureinwhichwearealwayslearning,discovering,growing.Itisneitherdestroyedbyasinglefailurenorwonbyasinglekiss.Itcanonlybeachievedthroughpatienceandunderstanding.

爱不是一次性的行为，而是一生的探索。我们总是在这种探索中学习、发现和成长。一次失败不能毁灭爱，一次亲吻也不能赢得爱。唯有耐心和理解才能得到爱。

Unit2B

Justasexercisestrengthenstheheartandlungs,bonesandmuscles,itmayalsopowerupthebrain.Asuccessionofscientificstudiesofanimalsimpliesthatphysicalactivityhasapositiveeffectonmentalfunctioning.

正如运动能强心、健肺、固骨、强肌一样，运动也能健脑。对动物的一系列科学研究表明，体育活动对智力的发挥有积极作用。

"It'sclearthatthebrainbenefitsfromexercise,"saysbrainscientistWilliamGreenoughoftheUniversityof

IllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hisstudieswithratshavedemonstratedtwoprimaryeffectsofactivity:Vigorousphysicalexerciseprovidesthebrainwithmorefuel,andskill-basedexerciseincreasestheformationof

connectionsinthebrain,which,accordingtotheproposalsofsomescientists,maymakethebrainbetterabletoprocessinformation.

伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳──尚佩恩分校的大脑科学家威廉·格里诺说，“很明显，运动使大脑受益。”他对老鼠的研究已经表明运动具有两大功效：高强度体育运动给大脑提供更多的燃料，而技巧性运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。

Inoneexperiment,laboratoryratswereseparatedintothreegroups.Onegroupwasexercisedbyrunninginsideanautomaticwheel,asecondgroupimprovedtheirskillsinacomplicatedobstaclecourse,andathirdgroupwasinactive.

在一项实验中，实验鼠被分成三组：第一组在自动轮中跑动，第二组通过一种复杂的越障训练来提高技能，第三组则不做任何运动。

"Theanimalsthatlearnedtogothroughtheobstaclecourseexhibitedagreaternumberofbrainconnectionsthantheanimalsintheexercisedorinactivegroups,"Greenoughsaid."Incontrast,theanimalsthatexercisedinsidetheautomaticwheelpossessedagreaterdensityofbloodvesselsinthebrainthandideitheroftheothertwogroupsofanimals."

“与跑动的和不运动的老鼠相比，经过越障训练的老鼠的脑神经联结数更多。”格里诺说，“相比之下，在自动轮中跑动的老鼠，较之其他两组的老鼠，其大脑的血管密度更大。”

Learninganewdancestepmayboostthebraininthesamewaythatlearningalanguagecan,hesays.Andifthedanceisagoodphysicalexerciseaswell,thebenefitsmultiply.Youngbrainsmaybeespeciallyabletoboostbrainpowerthroughexercise,suggestedanotherofGreenough'sexperimentsthatshowedthemostsignificantchangesinthebrainoccurredamongratsthathadbeenexercisedwhenveryyoung.Andwhileanimalsaren'tpeople,hesaysitislogicaltomaketheinferencethataneffectfoundinratsmayalsoapplytohumans.

他说，学习一种新的舞步和学习一种语言一样，都能促进大脑发展。如果这种舞蹈还是一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍。格里诺的另一组实验显示，年轻的大脑尤其能够通过运动来增强能力。这组实验表明，从小就锻炼的老鼠，其大脑的变化最为显著。他说尽管动物不是人，但依此推断锻炼对老鼠带来的作用同样适用于人类也合乎逻辑。

Humanstudieshavefocusedprimarilyonolderadultsandsuggestthatregularexercisecanimprovethespeedwithwhichthebrainprocessesinformation.MeasurementsmadebyArthurKramerattheUniversityofIllinoisdemonstratedthatinactiveadults,aged63to82,couldhitbuttonsfasterinresponsetoatoneaftertheywentthrougha10-weekwaterexercisecourse.Acorrespondingcontrolgroupthatdidn'texerciseshowedno

improvement.

对人类的研究主要集中在老年人身上。其结果表明，经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度。伊利诺伊大学阿瑟·克雷默测量的结果表明，63至82岁不运动的人，在完成为期10周的水上运动课程之后，听音击键的反应加快了。对照组没有经过锻炼，其反应速度没有提高。

Thisboostinreactiontimeafterexercisetrainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociatedwithgettingoldcouldactuallystemfromdeclinesinphysicalcondition.

factorssuchasmedicinesandpoordiet.

接受运动训练之后，人的反应速度可能会加快，这是因为与衰老有关的机能衰退实际上源于体质下降。一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等相关因素外，常常归咎于衰老的大脑功能下降实际上可能是不注意保持体育运动带来的一种后果。Somescientistsspeculatethereductioninmentalfunctionoftenattributedtogettingoldmayreallybeapenaltyofneglectingtostayphysicallyactive,inadditiontorelated

"Inolderpeople,anexerciseprogramappearsimportantforbrainmaintenance,"nders,professorofexercisescienceatArizonaStateUniversity,whorecentlypublishedanarticlereviewingthescientificliteratureonactivity'seffectonthebrain.

亚利桑那州立大学的运动学教授丹尼尔·M.兰德斯最近发表了一篇文章，对有关运动对大脑影响的科学文献进行了综述。他说：“对老年人来说，锻炼计划对维持大脑功能显得非常重要。”

Numerousstudiesshowthatchildrenwhoengageinregularphysicalactivitydobetterinschoolthantheirinactiveclassmates.

Butuntilrecently,theacademicedgegainedbyparticipatinginsportswasthoughttocomefromtheincreasedself-confidence,thebettermood,andtheabilitytoconcentratethatcomesfromburningoffsteaminexercise.Now,however,somescientistshaverevisedtheirwayofthinking,andpointtopossiblephysicalconnections.

许多研究表明，经常进行体育锻炼的孩子，在学业上比不活动的同学优秀。但直到最近，人们还是认为因参加体育运动而获得的学业优势来自于增强的自信、更好的心态，以及运动后所带来的集中注意力的能力。而现在，一些科学家修正了他们的看法，表示这可能与身体状况有关。

PierceJ.Howard,anotherexpert,saysnewresearchindicatesthatphysicalexerciseincreasestheamountof

certainbrainchemicalsthatstimulategrowthofnervecells.Consequently,thebrainsofpeoplewhoexercisemaybebetterequippedtotacklementalchallenges.

另一名专家皮尔斯·J.霍华德说，新的研究表明，体育锻炼提高了大脑中某些激发神经细胞生长的化学物质的含量。因此，那些进行锻炼的人的大脑可能更有能力应付各种智力挑战。

Inactivitymayalsohavenegativeeffectsonmindandbodyalike."Scientistsrecognizethatmindisbody,andbodyismind,"commentsHoward.Themostbeneficialformsofexercise,hesays,engageboth.

不活动对大脑和身体都可能有负面影响。“科学家们认识到，心即是身，身即是心，”霍华德评价道。他说，最有益的运动能身心兼顾。

Unit3B

Totalkaboutproblem-solvingordecision-makingwithinanationalenvironmentmeansexaminingmanycomplexculturalforces.Itmeanstryingtomeasuretheimpactoftheseforcesoncontemporarylife,andalsocomingtogripswithchangesnowtakingplace.

以国家为背景探讨解决问题或做出决策的方式就意味着研究许多复杂的文化因素。它意味着设法评估这些因素对现代生活的影响，也意味着把握目前正在发生的变化。

InJapan,themostimportantthingiswhatorganizationyouworkfor.Thisisofextremeimportancewhentryingtoanalyzethedirection-takingordecision-makingprocess.Attheleast,itexplainsthegreaterjobstabilityinJapan,incontrasttothegreatjobmobilityinAmerica.

在日本，最重要的是你为什么单位工作。在对取向或决策过程进行分析时，这一点尤为重要。至少，它说明了美国工作流动性大而相比而言日本工作稳定性高的原因。

Whilewedifferinmanyways,suchdifferencesareneithersuperiornorinferiortoeachother.Aparticularpatternofmanagementbehaviordevelopsfromacomplexmixtureofuniqueculturalfactors—andwillonlyworkwithinagivenculture.

尽管我们在许多方面存在差异，但这些差异并无优劣之分。一种特定的管理行为模式是由多个独特的文化因素复合发展而成的──因而仅在一定的文化中起作用。

LetmetrytodescribethreeorfourcharacteristicsoftheJapaneseenvironmentthatinsomewayaffect

decision-makingandproblem-solving.Thesecharacteristicsarerelatedtoeachother.

让我来描述一下三四种日本文化的特征，它们以某种方式影响着决策以及解决问题的方式。这些特征是相互联系的。First,inanyapproachtoaproblemandinanynegotiationsinJapan,thereisthe"youtoyou"approach,as

distinguishedfromtheWestern"Itoyou"approach.Thedifferenceisthis:In"Itoyou",bothsidespresenttheir

argumentsopenlyfromtheirownpointofview—theystatewhattheywantandwhattheyexpecttoget.Aconfrontationsituationistherebysetup,andWesternersareveryskillfulindealingwiththis.

首先，在日本，任何处理问题的方法或任何谈判都体现着“你对你”的方式，这有别于西方“我对你”的方式。差别在于：在“我对你”的方式中，双方都坦率地从自己的观点出发提出主张──他们说出自己想要什么，希望得到什么。如此一来就形成了对峙的局面，西方人也十分善于应付对峙局面。

The"youtoyou"approachpracticedinJapanisbasedoneachside—automaticallyandoften

unconsciously—tryingtounderstandtheotherperson'spointofview.

Thus,thedirectionofthemeetingisamutualattempttoreduceconfrontationandachieveharmony.

日本人所采用的“你对你”方式则立足于双方──自然而然地并常常是下意识地──力图理解对方的观点。因此，会晤的目标是双方共同努力减少对峙，谋求和谐。

Asecondcharacteristicisbasedon"consensusopinion"and"bottom-updirection".InJapangreatconsiderationisgiventothethoughtsandopinionsofeveryoneatalllevels.Thisistrueofbothprivateenterprisesand

governmentministries.InJapanthereisadriveforunitywithinthegroup—whetheritisfamily,company,orParliament.

第二个特点基于“一致共识”及“由下而上”的原则。在日本，各阶层所有人员的想法和意见都会得到认真考虑。无论是在私人企业还是政府部门均是如此。在日本，人们力求团体的统一，不论这团体是家庭、公司还是国会。

ThedifferenceisthatWestern-styledecision-makingproceedsmostlyfromtopmanagementandoftendoesnotconsultmiddlemanagementortheworkerwhileinJapan,ideascanbecreatedatthelowestlevels,travelupwardthroughanorganizationandhaveanimpactontheeventualdecision.Thisis"bottomup".

差别在于，西方式的决策多半源自高层管理人员，通常不征求中层管理人员或员工的意见；而在日本，最底层的人员也能提出想法，然后通过组织上传，对最后的决策产生影响。此谓“由下而上”。

ThereisalsoacharacteristicstyleofcommunicationinJapanthatisdifferentfromtheWesternway.

日本特有的交流方式也与西方的不同。

TheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieveharmony,evenifthedealfallsthrough,andwillspendwhatevertimeisnecessarytodeterminea"youtoyou"approach,communicatingpersonalviewsonlyindirectlyanddelicately.

即使生意没做成，日本商人也力求和睦相处，愿意花费必要的时间来确立“你对你”的交流方式，仅仅间接而巧妙地表达个人意见。

Thisplacestimeinadifferentperspective.InJapantheWesterndeadlineapproachissecondarytoathoroughjob.Owingtothisdifferenceinemphasis,theJapanesearethoroughintheirmeetingsaswellasintheirproduction.ThusAmericansareoftenfrustratedbythemanysuccessivemeetingsinmanyJapanesebusinesses.ButwheretheAmericanispressingforaspecificdecision,theJapaneseistryingtodevisearatherbroaddirection.

这就产生了对时间的不同见解。在日本，把工作做得全面、彻底比西方那种按限期完成工作的态度更受推崇。由于侧重点的不同，日本人不仅在生产上讲求彻底，开会也讲求彻底。因此，美国人对许多日本公司接二连三的会议感到很厌烦。美国人总是急于做出具体决策，而日本人却试图制定一个大方向。

Ontheotherhand,onceagivenagreementismade,itistheJapanesewhosometimeswonderattheslowpaceinwhichWesternersimplementthedecision.TheJapaneseareeagertomoveforwardandWesterners,perhaps,lagbehindastheytakethetimeforin-depthplanning.

另一方面，一旦签署了某个协议，却常常是日本人惊讶于西方人履行协议时的拖沓。日本人急于前行，而西方人因需要时间作详细计划，则可能落后。

Now,whileJapan'sindustryandtechnologyarehighlydeveloped,theyhavenotreplacedthefundamentalforceofhumanenergyandmotivation.BythatImeanthattheJapanesetakegreatprideindoingajobwellandgettingitdonenomatterhowmuchtimeisrequired.Thereisacommitmentandsenseofresponsibility,whichhavenotyetbeendiscardedinthisageofmachines.

现在，虽然日本的工业和技术得到了高度发展，但它们并未取代人力能源和动力的根本力量。我这么说的意思是，日本人引以为豪的是，无论需要多少时间，他们都会把一项工作做完并做好。这需要有奉献精神和责任感，在这个机械时代里，它们仍然没有被抛弃。

Inmyfield—financeandsecurities—IamoftenaskedbyWesternershowNomuraSecuritieshasmanagedtoescapethepapertrafficjamthatAmericanfirmshavefaced.We,too,havehadthatproblem.TheTokyoStockExchangeoftenhasbetween200and300milliontransactionsaday.ThisvolumeismanytimesmorethanthatoftheNewYorkStockExchange.Howcanitbefeasibletohandlethisload?

在我的工作领域──金融和证券业，常有西方人问我，野村证券公司是如何避免美国公司所面临的交易单流通堵塞的。我们也碰到过这个难题。东京证交所每天通常有2到3亿笔交易。这个交易额是纽约证交所的许多倍。怎样才能处理好这么巨大的数额呢?

First,wehaveverysophisticatedcomputers.Second,andmostimportant,theoperationalpersonnelresponsibleforprocessingallthesetransactionsstayandstayuntilthejobisdone.Perhapsin20years—orsooner—theywillbemorewesternizedandinsistongoinghomeatfiveo'clock.Buttoday,still,mostinsistonstayinguntilthejobisdone.Thereisasincereconcernforquality.

第一，我们拥有极为先进的计算机。第二，也是最重要的，负责处理这些交易的操作人员一直工作直到任务完成。也许20年后，或许用不了这么久，他们就会更加西方化，会坚持一到5点就下班回家。但在今天，大多数人依然坚持待到工作完成。这是对质量的真正关心。

ThiswillingnesstohelpinapinchisanimportantaspectofJapaneseproblem-solving,andyoufinditateverylevel.Someyearsago,theMatsushitaCompanywashavingaverybadtime.Amongthemanymeasurestaken,Mr.Matsushita,thefounderandthenchairman,becamethemanagerofthesalesdepartment.

“紧要关头，鼎力相助”是日本人处理问题时的一个重要方面，存在于日本社会的各个阶层。几年前，松下公司遇到难关。在他们所采取的措施当中，有一项就是松下先生──公司的创始人和当时的董事长──调任销售部经理。

Also,whenweatNomuraconvertedtocomputersaboutfiveyearsago,thenewsystemeliminatedthejobsof700people.Wedidnotdismissthesepeople;rather,weconvertedthemtosecuritiessalespeopleandsomeofthesearenowourleadingsalespeople.Providedthereisintelligenceandawillingnesstoexertyourself,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.InJapan,aperson'scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblearea.Andwefeelthecompanyowesaworkersomethingforloyaltyandcommitment.

同样，当我们野村证券公司五年前改用电脑系统时，新系统使700名员工失去了原来的工作。但我们并没有解雇他们；相反，我们将他们转为证券销售人员，其中有些如今成了这方面的骨干。只要有智慧，只要肯努力，就可以在公司里通过努力获得成功。在日本，一个人的才能不会被局限于一个固定的领域。我们认为，对于员工的忠诚奉献，公司应予以回报。Unit4B

MaryEngelbreitwasatalentedbutstrugglingartistinhermid-twentieswhensheflewtoNewYorkfromhernativeSaintLouis,hopingtofindworkillustratingchildren'sbooks—herlife'sgoal.Soshewasdisappointed

whenallthebookpublishersshevisitedturnedherdown.Oneevensuggestedherdrawingsmightbebettersuitedtogreetingcards.

二十五六岁时，玛丽·恩格尔布赖特是一个天分很高、却在苦苦求索的画家。她从家乡圣路易斯飞到纽约，希望找一份为儿童书籍画插图的工作──这是她一生追求的目标。所以，当她去过的出版社都拒绝了她时，她非常失望。其中一家出版社甚至建议，她的画也许更适合于贺卡。

"Iwascrushed,"Engelbreitadmits.Greetingcardsseemedacomedownfromherhighexpectations,buttheadvicestayedwithher,andshedecidedtogiveitatry.Theresultstransformedherlifeforever.

“我被击垮了，凉”恩格尔布赖特承认。与自己所期望的相比，贺卡似乎太低微了。可是那个建议她却记在心上，而且决定试一试。这一试永远改变了她的人生。

TodayMaryEngelbreitsellsanastonishing14milliongreetingcardsayear.Herpopulardesignsappearonmorethan2,000products,includingbooks,calendars,andkitchenitems.Sherunsaretailcompanywithshopsinninecities(16moreareplanned),andherproductsarecarriedby25,000retailers.Annualretailsalesareinthe$100millionrange—allasaresultofthatfateful,disappointingtriptoNewYork.It'sprobablynoaccidentthatoneofEngelbreit'sboldercardsshowsayounggirlinoveralls,herbarefeetuponadesk,afarmfieldinthewindowbehindher."WeDon'tCareHowTheyDoItinNewYork,"thecardboasts.

如今，玛丽·恩格尔布赖特每年卖出的贺卡达1,400万张，这是个惊人的数字。她那流行的设计出现在2,000多种产品上，其中包括书本、日历、厨房用品中。她办了一家零售公司，在9个城市拥有分店（另有16家商店正在筹划），有25,000名零售商销售她的产品，年均零售额在1亿美元左右──所有这些都是那次令人失望而命中注定的纽约之旅的结果。也许以下设计并不少见：在恩格尔布赖特的一张构思大胆的贺卡中，一个女孩穿着工装裤，赤着的双脚搭在一张桌子上，身后的窗外是一片农田。贺卡上自豪地写着：“我们不在乎他们在纽约如何做。”

OnceyouknowEngelbreit'sdistinctivestyle,youcanrecognizehercardsfrom20pacesaway—bright,funny,andwithaneyetothepast.Hercardsusuallyhaveelaborateborderdesignscomprisedofrepeatedimages:hearts,flowers,peaches,andteapots,forexample.Mostoften,there'sAnnEstelle,awomanwithshort,straighthair,bigglasses,hatandanacidtongue.AnnEstelle(namedafterhergrandmother)istheimaginary

representativeofMary'soutlook.

一旦你熟悉了恩格尔布赖特的独特风格，在20步开外你也能认出她的贺卡：色彩艳丽、趣味盎然、充满怀旧气息。她的贺卡边缘通常有精巧的图饰，常重复使用这样一些形象，如桃心、花、桃子或茶壶等。卡片上最常见的是安·埃丝特尔，她有一头短短的直发，戴着一副大眼镜和一顶帽子，言语尖刻。安·埃丝特尔（名从玛丽的外祖母）实际上是玛丽人生观的体现。Engelbreitischeerful,down-to-earth,humorous,andalwayscute."Ithinktheworldcouldusemorecuteness,"sheexplains.Indeed,it'shertrademark.HerbusinesscardoncefeaturedadrawingofAnnEstelle,cigarinhermouthanddrinkinhand,withthemessage"Engelbreit'stheName,CuteIsMyGame."Sheadds,"Astheworldgetsmorecomplicated,it'snicetohaveold-fashionedstuffaroundtohelppeoplecopewiththedemandsofmodernlife.It'slikecomfortfood.Thisiscomfortart."

恩格尔布赖特乐观、质朴、幽默，十分可爱。“我觉得这个世界应该再多一些可爱的东西，”她解释道。实际上，可爱是她的重要标志。她的名片曾在显著的位置印有一幅安·埃丝特尔的画像：嘴里叼着雪茄，手里端着酒杯，还有一行字：“恩格尔布赖特是我的名字，可爱是我的招牌。”她补充说：“世界变得越来越复杂，身边有点传统的东西能帮人们应付现代生活的挑战，这不失为一件好事。犹如令人愉悦的食物一样，这是舒心的艺术。”

Old-fashionedart—andvalues—havealwaysbeenatthecoreofEngelbreit'slife.BornJune5,1952,inSt.Louis,theoldestofthreedaughters,shestarteddrawingalmostassoonasshecouldholdapencil.

传统艺术以及传统的价值观一向是恩格尔布赖特生活的核心。恩格尔布赖特1952年6月5日生于圣路易斯，是三姐妹中的老大，她几乎刚学会拿铅笔就开始画画。

Oneofherearliestmemories,fromagefour,isofsketchingherparentsalldresseduptogooutfortheevening."IwassoimpressedIhadtorecordit,"shesays.Butwhatimpressedhermostwereillustrationsfromthechildren'sbooksthathermotherreadtoher.ArtistssuchasJessieWillcoxSmith,illustratorofchildren'sliteraryclassics,andJohnnyGruelle,creatorofRaggedyAnn,wereveryinfluentialinthedevelopmentofherearlydrawings.她最早的记忆之一是4岁时描绘父母身着盛装外出赴晚宴。“我印象太深，所以非画不可，”她说。但是，给她印象最深的，还是母亲读给她听的儿童书里的插图。诸如杰西·威尔科克斯·史密斯和约翰尼·格鲁埃尔这样的艺术家对她早期绘画有非常大的影响。前者是儿童文学经典作品的插图画家，后者是“蓬发安”的创作者。

Whileattendingsecondaryschool,Engelbreitsolddozensofhand-drawncardstoalocalshopfor25centsapiece—herfirstventureintoartandcommerce.Sheignoredherteachers'advicetobecomeanEnglishteacheranddidn'tbotherwithgoingontoauniversitybecause"Iwasreadytoplungeintomylifeasanartist."Workinginanart-supplyshop,"Imetworkingartistsandrealizedyoucanmakealivingdoingthis."Alaterjobasadesigneratanadvertisingagency"taughtmeaboutthebusinessofart".

上中学时，恩格尔布赖特将几十张手绘的贺卡以每张25美分的价格卖给当地的一家商店，这是她第一次涉足艺术和商业领域。她没有听从老师的建议做一名英语老师，也不想费心思读大学，因为“我已准备好投身于艺术家的生活。”在一家艺术用品商店工作时，“我遇到了一些受雇的艺术家，并意识到这样做也能谋生。”后来，她在一家广告公司做设计师，这工作“教给了我艺术生意经”。

In1975EngelbreitmetsocialworkerPhilDelano,andthecouplemarriedtwoyearslater.Delanobecamehiswife'sbiggestsupporter."Evenwhenwehadnomoney,heneversaid,'Gogetajob,'"shesays."Ican'texpressmygratitudeforhissupport."

1975年，恩格尔布赖特认识了社会工作者菲尔·德拉诺，两年后二人结为伉俪。德拉诺成了妻子最有力的支持者。“即使我们身无分文，他也从未说过，‘去找个工作吧，’”她说，

“对于他的支持，我无法表达我的感激。”

Afterthatill-fatedtriptoNewYork,Engelbreitsentasampleofherdrawingstotwogreeting-cardcompanies.Oneboughtthreeofheroriginaldrawings,andshedidoccasionalworkfortheother,sketchingalotofwhales,dragons,castlesandmythicalanimals.Thenin1980thebirthofhersonaddedanewelementtoherwork.

"Suddenlyeverydaylifeseemedmoreinterestingtome,"shesays.Children,pets,even"goodoldMom"startedshowinguponhercards.Herworkbecame"picturesofdailylife,thingseveryone'sbeenthrough".

那次倒霉的纽约之行后，恩格尔布赖特把她的画样寄给了两家贺卡公司。其中一家买下了她的三张原创画作，而在另一家，她偶尔兼兼职，画了大量的鲸鱼、龙、城堡和神话中的动物。而后，1980年儿子的诞生给她的作品增加了新的成分。“忽然间，我觉得日常生活更加生动有趣了，”她说。孩子、宠物甚至“善良的老妈妈”都开始出现在她的贺卡上。她的作品成了“日常生活的画卷，人人熟悉的事物”。

Whileeightmonthspregnant,in1983,Engelbreitdecidedtostartherowncompany.Withintwoyears,her

companywasproducingnearly100differentcardsandsellingamillionofthemayear.In1986shelicensedthecopyrightstothecardstoSunrisePublications,whonowmanagestheirproductionanddistribution,allowinghertofocusonotherprojects.Amongtheseisherhome-decoratingmagazinewhichissentto550,000people.

1983年，怀孕8个月的恩格尔布赖特决定成立自己的公司。在两年的时间里，她的公司生产了近百种不同的贺卡，年销售量达百万张。1986年，她将贺卡的版权授予黎明出版公司，这使她能够将精力放在其他项目上，其中包括她那本订户多达55万人的家庭装潢杂志。现在，黎明出版公司负责贺卡的生产与经销。

Despitehersuccess,Engelbreit'sfeetareplantedfirmlyontheground.Shestilllives16kilometersfromwhereshegrewup,hasmanyfriendsdatingbacktoschoolyears,andmovedfromalargehousetoasmalleronebecause,sheexplains,herfamilydidn'tuseallthespaceintheoldplace.Shedoesmostofherdrawinginherhomestudioatnight.

尽管获得了成功，恩格尔布赖特依然脚踏实地。她仍住在离自己成长的地方16公里远的地方，依然拥有很多学生时代的旧友。她还从一栋大房子搬到一栋小房子中居住，她解释说，那是因为他们一家利用不了老房子里的所有空间。她多半在夜里，在自己家的画室里作画。

Withherworktakingoffinsomanydirections,itwasperhapsinevitablethatEngelbreitwouldeventuallyrealizeherdreamofillustratingachildren'sbook.In1993shecreateddrawingsforachildren'sbookandsawitbecomeabest-seller.Atthesametimeshemadeasurprisingdiscovery:"Itwasfun,butoddlyenough,Ilikedoingcardsbest."

由于恩格尔布赖特的工作在多方面获得成功，最终她为一本儿童书绘制插图的梦想实现也就顺理成章了。1993年，她为一本儿童书画了插图，而且目睹它成为一本畅销书。与此同时，她还惊讶地发现：“这很有趣，但说来也怪，我还是最喜欢做贺卡。”

Unit5B

Assumeforamomentthatyour90-year-oldmotherhasrecentlysufferedastroke.Sheisright-handed,andnowsheisunabletomoveherrightarmandleg—theyareworthlesstoher.Shecanmakesounds,butshecan'tmakeherselfunderstood.

假设你90岁的母亲最近得了中风。她是个惯用右手的人，如今却不能移动她的右胳膊和右腿──对她而言，它们已没有用了。她虽然还可以发出声音，却无法让人明白她的意思。

Theconditionhaslastedtwomonthsandsincetherehasbeennosignofimprovement,thedoctortellsyoushewillnevergetsignificantlybetter.Untilthistimeyourmotherhasalwaysbeenanactive,independentpersonwholivedonherown.Nowsheiscompletelydependentonothers.

这种状况持续了两个月，因为一直没有好转的迹象，医生告诉你她可能永远也不能康复了。在此之前，你的母亲一直健康活跃，生活自理，独自居住。如今她却要完全依赖他人了。

Next,X-raysshowyourmotherhasalunginfection—afrequentproblemwithstrokepatients.Thedoctorthencallsyou,heronlysurvivingrelative."

而后，X光透视显示，你母亲肺部受到感染，这是中风病人的常见病症。于是医生给你打电话，因为你是她唯一在世的亲人。Wecantreattheinfectionwithdrugsandshe'llprobablygetbetterinaweek,"hesays."WhenIsaybetter,Imeanshe'llgoonasshehas—untilsomeothergermcomesalong.OrIcandenyherthemedicine,inwhichcaseshe'llprobablydieinthreeorfourdays.Wecanmakethosedayscomfortablebygivingherpainkillersandsleepingpills.Whichcoursedoyouwantmetofollow?"

“我们可以用药物治疗感染，一周后她可能会好起来，”他说，“我说‘好起来’，是指她会保持她感染前的状况──直到出现某种别的病菌。或者，我可以停止给她用药，这样一来，她可能三四天后就会去世。我们可以让她舒服地度过这几天，办法是给她用止疼片和安眠药。你希望我采用哪一种方法？”

Toughquestion,isn'tit?Ontheonehand,youcannotbeartoseeyouroncevigorousmotherlivingthepainful,

limitedlifetowhichthestrokehascondemnedher.Ontheotherhand,youhatetobetheonetodecidetoletnaturetakeitscourse.

这是个棘手的问题，对不对？一方面，你不忍心看着自己一度精力充沛的母亲活在因中风而变得痛苦而有限的生命里。另一方面，你又不愿让母亲坐以待毙。

I'lltellyouwhichchoiceIwouldmakeinthistheoreticalsituation.I'dsay,"Don'tgiveheranythingtofighttheinfection.Keephercomfortableandlet'sseewhathappens;maybeshe'llfightofftheinfectiononherownandifshedoesn't,she'lldieapeacefuldeath.Idon'twanttoberesponsibleforcondemningmymothertoalivinghell."我来告诉你我在这种假想的情况下会怎么做。我会说：“不要给她服用任何抗感染的药物了。

要让她舒服，然后看看会发生什么情况。也许她会自己克服感染。如果不能，那她也会死得安详。我不愿担当硬让自己的母亲活受罪的责任。”

IcanmakethisdecisionbecauseI'vegonedownthisroadwithpatientsmanytimes.RecentlyIoperatedinvainonaneighty-year-oldwomanwithcanceroftheliver.TherewasnothingIcoulddotorelievetheproblemsthecancerhadcaused.Shewasanintelligentwoman,withoutanycloserelatives,andacoupleofdaysaftertheoperationIsatdownwithherandexplainedthesituation.

我之所以能做出这样的决定，是因为我多次碰到这样的病人。最近，我给一位80岁的患肝癌的妇女动过手术，但没有成功。对缓解癌症导致的问题我无计可施。她是个聪明女人，没有任何直系亲属。手术后几天，我坐在她身边给她解释了当时的情况。

"Icangiveyousomeanti-cancerdrugs,"Isaid,"buttheywillmakeyousickandcannotcureyou.Similarly,Icangiveyoufluidsthroughaneedleinyourarm,whichwillkeepyoufedasyourappetiteslipsaway;thefluidsmightaddaweekortwotoyourlife.OrIcanwithdrawallothertreatmentandjustgiveyouavitaminpill,andwecanseewhathappens.Personally,myrecommendationwouldbethelastchoice.I'llkeepyoucomfortable,andwe'llseewhathappens."

“我可以给你用一些抗癌药，”我说，“但是它们会让你难受，而且还治不好你的病。同样，我也可以在你手臂上插上针管，给你输液，这可以让你在食欲渐渐消退时不觉得饥饿；输液可能让你的生命延长一至两周。或者，我可以撤消所有的治疗，只给你吃维他命，然后再看看有什么效果。我个人建议你选最后一种方案。我会让你没有痛苦，然后看看会发生什么事。”Thepatientelectedtofollowmyadviceanddiedpeacefully,painfree,afortnightlater.

病人选择了听从我的建议。两周后，她安详地、毫无痛苦地离世了。

Sometimessuchatransparentdecisionismoredifficulttocomeby.RecentlyIhadapatientwhosufferedaseverestroke.Hewascompletelyunabletomoveandcouldn'tswallowanything.Wegavehimfluidsforthefirsttwoweeksandthenfedhimthroughatubewhichpassedthroughhisnoseintohisstomach.

而有时，要做出如此显而易见的决定却很困难。最近，我有一个病人严重中风。他完全动弹不得，而且不能吞咽任何东西。头两个礼拜我们给他输液，后来又通过一根导管将食物从他的鼻子输送到他的胃里。

Afterthreeweekshewasstillcompletelyunconscious,andthetubecausedhimtohaveaconstant,painfulsorethroat.ItalkedtohisfourgrownchildrenandtoldthemIthoughtweshouldinsertatubedirectlyintohisstomachthroughasmallholesohecouldbefedwithoutsomuchpain.Ialsotoldthem,"Icanremovethetubeandjustlethimswallowwhateverhecan.Chancesarehewon'tlivelong,buthewon'tbeinpain."Noonewantedtotaketheresponsibilityforpermittinganoperation,yetnoonewouldgivepermissiontostopfeedingthepatiententirely.

三周后，他依旧昏迷不醒，而导管使他的喉咙经常疼痛。我与他的四个成年孩子商量，告诉他们我认为该把一根导管通过一个小洞直接插进他的胃里，这样喂食他就不会那么痛苦。我还告诉他们说：“我可以把导管拿掉，就让他吃些他能吃得下的东西。有可能他活不长久，但他不会太痛苦。”没有人愿意承担允许施行手术的责任，也没有人愿意允许完全停止给病人进食。

Asaresult,thepoormancontinuedonfornearlythreemoremonthswithapainfulthroatandfrequentbleedingcausedbysoresinthemouth.Hediedofamajorinfection-asadwaytodie.

结果，可怜的老人又多活了近三个月，喉咙依然疼痛不已，嘴里也因疼痛而经常出血。他死于严重感染─种令人悲痛的死法。Sowhatshouldresponsiblepersonsdowhenconfrontedwiththenecessityofsuchanenormousdecision?那么，作为负责任的人，在需要做出这样大的决定时该怎么办呢？

Whatitallcomesdowntoiscommonsense.Forthe30yearsIhavebeenadoctor,andforhundredsofyearsbeforethat,doctorsandfamilieshavebeenquietlycooperatingtodecidewhatisbestforapatientinthefinalphaseofanillness.

归根到底是个常识问题。在我行医的30年里，以及在这之前的数百年里，医生和病人家属一直合作默契，共同决定在疾病的最后阶段怎么做才对病人最好。

In95percentofthecasesasympathetic,reasonabledecisioncanbemadeafterappropriatediscussion.In5

percentofcaseswheresuchajudgmentcannotimmediatelybereached,theproperdecisionwillbecomeapparentafterafewdaysorweeksofbasictreatment,observingthepatient'sprogress.

有95％的病例，在恰当磋商之后，都能做出人道而合理的决定。另外的5％不能立即达成这样的决议。遇上这种病例，做上几天或数周的基本治疗，观察病人的进展之后，正确的决定就一目了然了。

Letmesoundonenoteofwarning.Neitherfamiliesnordoctorsliketomakelife-deathdecisions.Butthereisnoquestionthatifeitherpartyinsistsonbringinginaso-called"neutral";thirdparty(usuallysomerepresentativeofthestateorlegalprofession),notonlywilltheprocesstakelonger,inmanyinstancesitwillbemorearbitraryandlesssympathetic.

在此我警告一句。不论是家属还是医生，他们都不愿做出生死攸关的决定。可是毫无疑问，如果任何一方坚持要有所谓“中立”的第三方（通常是政府代表或者职业律师）介入，那不但会拖长决策过程，而且在很多时候，决策还会更加武断、更不人道。

Whatwearetryingtoavoidisneutrality;theonlypeoplewithanyqualificationtodecidearethosewhoknowthepatientintimatelyandcanputhisorherinterestsfirst.Ifthere'soneplacefromwhichtheinterferenceoflawyersandgovernmentofficialsshouldbebarred,it'sfromtheroomsofcriticallyillpatients.

我们试图避免的就是中立。唯一有权做出决定的，是那些非常熟悉病人、能将病人的利益放在首位的人。如果有一个地方应该禁止律师和政府官员的干涉，那就是危在旦夕的病人的房间。

Unit6B

Perceptionsarerelative.

人的感觉是相对的。

Asingletreemayseemlargecomparedtoaperson.Ifyoucompareittoamountain,however,thelargetree

seemssmall.Inotherwords,thingsinnaturearelargeorsmall,neworold,onlyinaccordancewiththemeasuresandthecomparisonsinvolved.

和人相比，一棵树看起来很大。可是将树和山相比，大树就显得小了。换言之，自然界的事物是大是小，是新是旧，仅仅是就其所涉及的标准和比较而言的。

Duringthedurationofonehumanlifetime,notmanythingschange.Eventreeslivelongerthanpeople,andtheEarthitselfisfarolder.TheEarthwasformedaboutfivebillionyearsagofromarotating,circularcloudofdustandgasessuchashydrogenandnitrogen.Abillionyearslater,theplanethadcooled,andthecontinentsandthegreatbodiesofwaterhadformed.

人的一生中，不会有很多东西发生变化。连树也活得比人长，而地球本身就更是个老寿星了。

地球约形成于50亿年前，源于一团循环旋转的尘埃和诸如氢、氮之类的气体。10亿年后，这个星球冷却下来，于是形成了大陆和大片的水域。

About3.5billionyearsago,anothergreatchangeoccurred.Theoceansbegantodevelopanenormoussystemoflivingthings,withmanydiverseformsoflife,alldependentononeanother.Thefirstanimalsonthislivingsphere,theEarth,wereprimitivemarineanimals,andthenaround500millionyearsagotheseseaanimalsdevelopedshells.Seventymillionyearslater,thefirstfishappeared.Next,insectsdeveloped,about400millionyearsago.Afteranother200millionyears,dinosaursandthefirstmammalswalkedtheEarth.About200millionyearsago,warm-bloodedanimalstooktotheair—thefirstbirds.Fiftymillionyearslater,bothbirdsand

mammalswerewellestablished.Aboutthreemillionyearsago,scientistsbelieve,thefirsthumanbeingswalkedtheEarth.Lifewasnowflourishing.

大约35亿年前，又发生了一次巨变。海洋中开始孕育一个巨大的生物体系，包含各种各样相互依赖的生命形态。在地球这个有生命的星球上，最早的动物是原始海洋动物。后来，在大约5亿年前，这些海洋动物进化成了甲壳动物。7,000万年后，首次出现了鱼。而后，大约4亿年前，出现了昆虫。又过了2亿年，恐龙和第一只哺乳动物开始在地球上行走。大约2亿年前，温血动物开始在天空中飞翔──它们是最早的飞鸟。5,000万年后，鸟和哺乳动物都有了稳固的形态。科学家们认为，大约300万年前，原始人类开始在地球上行走。这时生命开始兴旺起来。

IntermsoftheevolutionoflifeonEarth,humanbeingshavejustarrived.DespitetheirshorttimeonEarth,however,peoplehavebroughtaboutenormouschangestothesurfaceoftheplanet—changesfaroutof

proportiontotheintervaloftimetheyhaveoccupiedit.

就地球上生命的进化而言，人类是姗姗来迟者。然而，尽管在地球上的时日尚短，人类却已给地球表面带来了巨大的变化──这些变化与人类占据地球的短暂时间相比，是远远不成比例的。

PeopleTrytoControlResources

人类企图控制资源

PeoplehavemorecontrolovertheirsurroundingsthananyotherspeciesonEarth.Withthecombinationofintelligenceandmanualskill(allowingustomakeandusetools),peoplehavefoundwaystouseplantandanimalresources,mineralores,fuels,andmanyotherofEarth'smaterialsandresources.

与地球上其他物种相比，人类更能控制其周围的环境。由于智力与手工技能的结合(手工技能使得人类能够制造和使用工具)，人们已经发现了诸多利用地球动植物资源、矿产资源、燃料和许多其他物产和资源的方法。

AsthenumberofpeopleonEarthincreases,itbecomesincreasinglydifficultforthepopulationtosurviveontheresourcesoftheland.Theamountoflandislimited.Althoughagriculturalproductioncanbeincreasedbyuseofmachinerysuchastractorsandtheadditionoffertilizer,thelandultimatelycanproduceonlysomuchfoodandnomore.Asthehumanpopulationgrows,peopleconsumemore.Clearly,somelocationsonEarthalreadyhavetoomanypeople;inmanyoftheseareas,futureincreaseswillsurelybringaboutmorepovertyandsuffering.Yetpeopleinrichnationsuseproportionallyfarmoreoftheavailableresourcesthanpeopleinpoorernations.Astheyconsumetheseresourceswithoutrestraint,theyalsowastelargeamountsofthem.

随着地球上人口的增加，人类依靠土地资源生存变得越来越困难。土地的总量是有限的。虽然使用拖拉机等机械和施用化肥可以提高农业产量，但是土地最终所能产出的粮食只有那么多，不会再增加。随着人口越来越多，人类的消耗也越来越多。很明显，地球上某些地区人口已经饱和；在这其中的许多地区，未来的人口增长肯定会带来更多的贫穷和苦难。然而，富裕国家的人们所使用的能源在比例上远远大于贫穷国家的人们。他们毫无节制地使用这些资源，因此也造成了大量的浪费。Peopleareonlyaverysmallfractionofallthelivingthingsontheplanet.Yettheirnumberscreateadrainonresourcesthatcan'tberenewed.Forexample,theamountofwateronEarthislimited;thiswateriscleanedthroughnaturalprocesses.However,thenaturalprocessesforfilteringwatercancleanonlyacertainamountofwaterbyremovingthepollution.

人类只是这个星球上所有生物的一小部分。而这一小部分却造成了不可再生资源的流失。比如说，地球上的水量是有限的，这些水通过自然作用得到净化。但这些过滤水的自然作用通过去污仅能净化一定量的水。

Likewise,alimitedamountofpetroleumcanbefoundundertheEarth'ssurface.Petroleumisavaluableresource.Shouldpeopleuseituptomanufacturepetrolforautomobiles?Aspeopleworktocontroltheplanetandmakelifecomfortable,aretheyusingupresourcesthatareneededfortheirsurvival?

同样，地表之下只能找到储量有限的石油。石油是一种珍贵的资源。难道人们应该为生产汽车用油而耗尽石油资源吗?难道为了控制整个地球，令生活舒适，人类就要用尽生存所需的所有资源吗?

TheBalanceofNature

自然界的平衡

Allnaturalsystemstendtowardbalanceamongopposingfactorsorforces.Humanactivitiescancauseoracceleratepermanentchangesinnaturalsystems.Thesmokeofonesmallfirecausesnoharmtothe

environment.Naturalcleaningprocessescancleantheparticlesofsmokefromtheair.However,thecollectivesmokefromthousandsoffactories,overthepasttwocenturies,hascausedenormousincreasesinairpollutionlevelsworldwide.Cleaningthissmokehasexceededtheprotectiveabilityofnaturalprocesses.Theforestscannotcleantheairfastenough.

所有自然体系都趋向于在各种对立因素或力量中保持平衡。而人类活动能够引起或加速自然体系中的永久性变化。一处小火带来的烟不会危害环境，因为自然净化作用会将空气中的烟尘清除。但是，在过去的两个世纪中，从千万家工厂排放出的烟尘已大大加剧了全球大气的污染程度。要清除这些烟尘已超出了自然作用的保护能力。森林已不能及时清洁空气。Inspiteofrapidpopulationincreaseandindustrialgrowth,somegroupsofpeople,ofteninremoteareas,havebeenabletoliveinharmonywiththeplanet.Thesepeoplehavenotchangedtheirwaysoflivingfromthewaysoftheirancestors.Callednativepeoples,theyretainthewaysoflifethathaveremainedunchangedformanygenerations.ManyoftheirculturalvaluesandwaysoflifeincludepracticesthatreturnresourcestotheEarth.

尽管人口迅速增长，工业快速发展，还是有一些人类群体──常常是居住在偏远地区的人们──能与地球和睦共处。这些人从未改变过他们祖先的生活方式。他们被称为土著，保留着历代不变的生活方式。他们的许多文化价值观念和生活方式都包含向地球归还资源的做法。

Humanpopulationgrowthiscreatingfoodshortages,problemsofairquality,andchangesinweatherpatterns.Whatisdestroyingrainforestsandruiningthelandandseas?Whatcausestheacidrainthatformsfromwaterpassingthroughpollutedair?Whyistherethethreatofglobalwarming?Alltheseharmfulresultscomefromthetoomuchuseofresourcesandthehumanstruggletocontroltheenvironment.

人口的增长带来了粮食短缺、空气质量降低、天气状况变化等问题。是什么在破坏雨林、土壤和海洋?是什么造成了雨水穿过污染的大气时形成的酸雨?为什么会有全球变暖的威胁?所有这些恶果都源于对资源的过度使用和人类对环境的强行控

计算机科学与技术(专升本)

制。大学英语3期末考试复习资料古月编辑整理

ThetwentiethcenturybeganwithpowerfulcountriescompetingtotakeadvantageoftheEarth.Asanoutcomeoftheirhungerforempires,theEarthwasabused.Nowpeopleallovertheworldarelivingwiththeproblemscausedbythisabuse.Nowthattheyarenolongerignorantofthecausesofthesicknessofourplanet,theyseekwaystohelptheEarth,togivebackwhattheytakeaway.Previously,mankindonlyusedtheEarth.NoweveryonemustprotectplanetEarth,aplanetindanger.

从20世纪初起，各强国竞相利用地球资源。他们渴望成为帝国的贪欲造成了地球资源被滥用。如今，全世界的人都在忍受这种滥用所带来的问题。由于不再无视地球罹难的根源，人们正在寻求各种方法来治疗它，把自己取走的东西归还给地球。从前人类只会利用地球，如今每个人都必须保护地球，保护这个身处险境的星球。

◆《全程导练》选择题部分

1.Tospeedupthe_______ofletters,thePostOfficeintroducedautomaticsorting.

A.treatmentB.deliveryC.transmissionD.departure

2.Operationswhichleftpatients________andinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.

A.exhausted

A.reserve

A.validB.abandonedB.restrainB.vainC.injuredD.deserted3.Youshouldtryto_______yourambitionandbemorerealistic.C.retainC.vacantD.replaceD.vague4.Theneighborhoodboysliketoplaybasketballonthat_______lot.

5.Manypersonalmanagerssayitisgettingharderandharderto________honestapplicantsfromthegrowingnumberofdishonestones.

A.dissolve

A.panic

hi-fisets.

parable

A.modulate

A.morethan

A.control

A.deceived

petitiveD.induceD.lessthan8.Shewatchedhim______asanexcellentjudgeoftalent.9.Innocountry_______Britain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.10.Hesaidhewasapolicemanandthereforehadthe______tostopspeedingdrivers.D.priorityD.cheatedD.accent

B.disguiseB.alarmC.discountD.distinguish6.Theywatchedwith________asthetightropewalkerstruggledtoremainhisbalance.C.horrorD.terror7.Theperformanceofthisreasonablypricedrecordplayeris______inqualitytothatofsomemoreexpensive11.Theboy_______hisfriendoutoftheapplebyinsistingthatitwasrotten,ifnotpoisonous.12.BythefactthathestayedintheUnitedStatesformorethantenyears,hedevelopedanAmerican_________.

13.Asoap________isapopulartelevisionseriesaboutthedailylivesandproblemsofagroupofpeople.

A.drama

A.feeling

A.fee

A.strikingB.playB.attributeB.savingB.infiniteC.operaD.programD.status14.Nowthatthedirectorhasagood______youcantalktohimaboutmoremoneyforyourproject.C.attitude15.Onceyouhadmadeyourbookingandpaida_________,thenthecostofyourholidaycannotbechanged.C.moneyD.loanD.typical16.Thereisa(n)________differencebetweenJaneandMaryincharacter:oneisreserved,theotheristalkative.C.bewildering

17.Althoughhehadlookedthroughallthereferencematerialonthesubject,hestillfoundithardtounderstandthispointandherexplanationonly_______tohisconfusion.

A.extended

A.efficiency

A.respected

A.faculty

A.swallow

A.gointo

A.partial

A.rejection

A.allowance

A.raised

andsecurity.

A.leadto

A.isassigned

A.soughtforB.resultfromC.lieinD.settledownC.beassignedC.turnedupD.hasbeenassignedD.resortedto28.Idon’tthinkitadvisablethatTom_______tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.B.willbeassignedB.accountedfor29.Iwouldneverhave_______acourtoflawifIhadn’tbeensodesperate.B.amountedB.efficientB.respectiveB.enduranceB.disposeB.gothroughB.beneficialB.restrictionB.accessB.arousedC.addedC.sufficiencyC.respectfulC.patienceC.consumeC.gobackonC.preferableC.retreatC.assumptionC.aroseD.roseD.turnedD.sufficientD.respectableD.strengthD.exhaustD.goalongwithD.liable_______.D.recessionD.account18.Thereisno______evidencetoshowthatheisguilty.19.Afterlunch,weallwentonwithour_______jobs.20.Along-distancerunnermusthave________.21.InBritainpeople_______fourmilliontonsofpotatoeseveryyear.22.Theearlypioneershadto_____manyhardshipstosettleonthenewland.23.Itissaidthatthemathteacherseems______towardsbrightstudents.24.Weshouldconcentrateonsharplyreducinginterestratestopulltheeconomyoutof25.Mostofourflightshaveabaggage_______styeartheadvertisingrate______by20percent.27.Generouspublicfundingofbasicsciencewould_______considerablebenefitsforthecountry’shealth,wealth

30.I’d_______hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity

decisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.

A.takeintoaccountB.accountforC.makeupforD.makeout,andthenmakea

31.Afurther_______intothecausethedisasterrevealedthatthedirectorwaspartlytoblamebecausehehadnotinsistedonadequateprecautions.

A.quest

A.cancelled

A.stainB.requestB.endedB.stableC.inquiryD.searchD.delayed32.Thematchwas_______forseveralminuteswhenaplayerwasseverelyhurtbyanotherone.C.suspendedC.peaceful33.A_____politicalandeconomicsituationisveryimportantforthedevelopmentofanycountry.D.still

34.Theseprogramsaredesignedforthoseyoungpeoplewhowantto_____highereducationbutdonothaveenoughtimetogotouniversity.

A.insure

A.exceed

students.

A.disciplines

A.believe

A.feasible

A.worth

A.contract

A.range

A.therefore

A.diverted

A.successful

A.istruetoB.principalsB.persuadeB.adventurousB.worthyB.contraryB.differC.entriesC.convinceC.incredibleD.entrancesD.admitD.factualD.modeD.controversialD.controvertD.thereinD.invertedD.successiveD.istrueon37.Nobodyintheclasscan_______himofhismistakes.38.Thenewplanis_______andeverybodypresentagreeswithit.39.Thisisa_______attempteventhoughsomepeopledon’twanttohelpus.C.worthwhileC.contrast40.Ourexperimentresultis_______tohisandwehavetodoitagain.41.Thebrothersinthefamily_______widelyintheirtastes.C.disagree42.Westartedourjourneyearly,_________avoidingthetrafficjam.B.thereafterB.convertedB.succeededB.istrueofC.therebyC.revertedC.successC.istruewith43.Modernizationhas________theecountryfromaprimitivesocietytoanear-industrialone.44.Hewonthree________matchesinthisseason.45.Expenditureonhealthhasgonedown,andthesame______education.

46.Hislatestpieceofworkwas_______byasongheheardontheradio.

B.ensureB.exclaimC.pursueC.proceedD.purseD.surplus35.Whatsheachievedinherresearchmight______whatshehadbeenexpecting.36.Since1978,manynew_____havebeendevelopedinouruniversitytomeettheincreasingdemandsofthe

A.released

A.development

posedD.processD.aEuropean

D.interpretation47.Mostlivingcreaturesnowontheeartharetheproductof2000,000,000yearsof________.B.evolutionB.anationalC.revolutionC.auniversalC.selection48.Englishisfastbecoming_______languageasitiswidelyusedinmostoftheinternationalactivities.49.Ifwedon’tknowthecontextofamessageitisoftenverydifficulttogiveitadefinite_______.A.recommendation

A.approved

A.expanded

A.broadcast

A.reputation

A.faded

_______.

A.water

A.decision

A.imaginable

A.Gathered

A.Managerial

A.weaves

A.unlockingB.affairB.quarrelC.libraryC.fightD.libertyD.settlementD.imaginedD.AssembledD.Economic56.Afterthe______ofourdifferences,webecamefriends.57.Thenovelistisahighly_______person.B.imaginativeB.AccumulatedB.AcademicB.engagesC.imaginaryC.CollectedC.Annual58.________energyundertheearthmustbereleasedinonefromoranother,forexample,diesandgentlemen,wehavemettodayforthe______GeneralMeetingofourStudents’Union.60.Thelanguageclass,unlikeotherclasses,________prisesD.notlocking

D.Writtenitwas61.Janewasscoldedbythedirectorbecausehelefttheofficewiththedoor________.B.nobeinglockedC.unlocked62.________inancienttimes,thebookstillappealstoreaderstoday.A.Thoughitwritten

A.areB.wereB.ThoughwrittenC.beingC.Itwaswritten63.Isawalotofchildrenplayinginthegarden,mostofthem_______girls.D.Havebeen

64.Afterawholeday'sheavywork,theoldworkerreturnedhome,________.

B.medium50.I______ofhiscourseofaction,soItoldhimtogoahead.B.acceptedB.extendedB.astonishedB.statusB.turnC.agreedC.stretchedC.disappointedC.positionD.consentedD.prolongedD.elaborated51.Thismaterialwasjust_______alittlelonger.52.Thenewsofthepresident’sdeath______theworld.53.Thatcritichasa_______asanexcellentjudgeoftalent.D.attitude54.Herskirthadbeenso______inpackingthatshehadtoironitbeforegoingout.C.untidyD.crushed55.Gonerildeclaredthatherfatherwasdearertoherthananythingelseintheworld,dearerthanlifeand

A.hungryandfeltexhausting

C.hungryandexhausted

A.gave

ofprograms.

A.topermit

A.beenmadeB.permittedB.havegivenB.hungerandexhaustedD.hungryandhavingbeenexhaustedC.beinggivenD.giving65.Theoldwritecouldnotsleepatnight,hiswrongsandsorrows_____himnopeace.66.Televisionhasbecomeamajorinstrumentofcommunication,_________ustoseeaswellastohearallkindsC.beingpermittingD.permittingD.havingbeenmaking67.Thedecision________,whatistobedonenowishowtocarryitout.B.hasbeenmadeC.havingbeenmade

68.Somepeoplearesittingonthegrassothersarestrollingalongthelakeside,________.

A.chattingandtolaugh

C.chattingandlaughing

A.tomakeB.tochatandtolaughD.chattingandlaughedC.madeD.havingmade69.Iwasoverjoyedatthenewsofmyhometown_______somuchprogress.B.tohavemade

70.Electricalresistanceisacommonpropertyofallmaterials,_______.

A.onlydiffersindegree

C.differingonlyindegree

A.deprivingof

A.appealsforB.onlyindegreeitdiffersD.anddifferingindegreeonlyC.beingdeprivedD.deprivedofD.appealingfor71.Thatthebrain,once_______oxygen,dieshasbeenproved.B.deprivedB.appealsto72.TheRedCross______helpforrefugees,overtwomilliondollarshavebeenraised.C.hasbeenappealingfor

73.________,themountainlookslikeanelephant.

A.Havingseenfromadistance

C.Seeingfromadistance

A.stayingout

A.speakingB.HavingbeenseenfromadistanceD.SeenfromadistanceC.stayoutD.tostayout74.Thestudentsareforbidden,unlesstheyhadspecialpasses,_____after11p.m.B.fromstayingoutB.spokento75.Shehadsaidlittersofar,respondingonlybrieflywhen________.C.spokenD.speakingto

76._______,HongKongactsasagatewayintoandoutofTaiwan.

A.Strategicallylocated

C.Wherestrategicallylocated

ahostofimitators.

A.inspiringB.inspiredC.inspiredbyD.toinspired

78._______thefinancialmeanstoremainindependent,ThomasEdisonwascompelledtoseekemploymentasanighttelegraphoperator.

A.HewasdeprivedofB.Deprivedof

B.ItislocatedstrategicallyD.Becauselocatedstrategically77.Inthe1850'sHarrietBeecherStow's"UncleTom'sCabin"becamethebestsellerofthegeneration,________

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