中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书（高级）

中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书

（试用版） 目 录

第一部分 通用英语

UNIT1-UNIT30┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈1-127 第二部分 石油化工专业英语 油气工程

UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈128-176 炼化工程

UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈177-216

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第一部分 通用英语 UNIT 1 How to be Happy

In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.

Step 1: Peace and quiet

Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, 'The Happiness Hypothesis', notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.

Step 2: Relationships

This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they

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invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.

Step 3: Share

If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, I would like to share them with readers. Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.

如何获得幸福：寻找幸福公式？

过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。

第一步：平和宁静

乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引起我们某种面对恐惧本能反映(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。这样看来，吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和起到很大影响。每日保持平和宁静事关重要。如果不幸你生活环境比较吵，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，试试实用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你一定要大声看电视听收银放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。

第二步：人际关系

这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的内部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。如果一个在职同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言语的抑郁情绪。与拍档或者爱人的关系陷入残酷竞争之

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中，会让我们感到背叛和背弃。与父母孩子之间的关系缺乏同情心和无私关心，那么这会造成隔阂生产痛苦。我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康，长久留存在我们心里，会让人陷入无以解决的恶性心理困境。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法，就是直面难题，挽救关系，或者学着继续前进。

第三步：分享

如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有极大帮助的话，我很想将其和读者们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。

1.What‘s the happiness formula according to passage?

The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).

2．Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.

3．How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors.

4．Where does the unhappiness come from?

Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationship with others. 5．what is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?

What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.

Exercises

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A．汉译英

1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。 Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.

2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.

3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationship, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.

4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.

5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。 We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. B．英译汉

There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call ―Duchenne‖ or genuine smiles. Less well understood is why happiness is contagious. 幸福有许多好处。更幸福的人往往更健康、更长寿、挣得更多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”(Duchenne smile)，即真诚的微笑。让人不太理解的是，为什么幸

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福可以传染。

According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specifically, they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. 全球畅销书Connected的作者詹姆斯?福勒(James Fowler)和尼古拉斯?克里斯塔基斯(Nicholas Christakis)发现，如果你身边那些人际网络中重要的朋友、家人与邻居，有许多都很幸福，那么你将来也会幸福很多。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。

Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn’t translate to the workplace. 存在同样效应的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更多有赖于社会交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。

So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or

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less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或不那么有敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。

UNIT 2 City Design

When I‘m being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn‘t help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. The world‘s cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.

当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。

In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a new urbanism. In just a few years, many city banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-based rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of

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a city designed for people.

针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。

Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.

现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而停滞。

Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted – all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, we‘d better start designing sustainable cities.

基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发

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展的城市。

1．What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?

（He takes）a bus.

2．According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars?

Cars not only do harm to people‘s health but also cause heavy traffic jam. 3．What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean?

Design cities for people not (for) cars.

4．Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?

Because people depend largely on cars.

5．How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars (mechanism) no human. Exercises A．汉译英

1．随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。 The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.

2．生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。 The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.

3．预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而2012年将增至一万辆。

One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010

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and increase to 10,000 by 2012.

4．如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城市计划的话题。

These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.

5．全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。

It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world‘s population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities).

B．英译汉

Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to transport fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn't biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start to fall apart, you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.

有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且

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纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。

UNIT 3 Population

A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.

在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。

So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as ―Death Control‖. You have no doubt heard of the term‖ Birth Control‖. ‖Death Control‖ is something rather difficult. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.

那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工

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作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。

If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world‘s land cannot produce food.

如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一个每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。

Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its ―capital‖- its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.

显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千

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百万年与我们共同居住的地球上的物种。

1．What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase / grow at its present rate.

2．According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control.

3．What is the doctor’s job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive. 4．Why isn’t there enough land to support human beings?

Because the world‘s land has already been taken up / occupied by the ever-increasing population.

5．In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as nonrenewable . Exercises A．汉译英

1．亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。

Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world‘s land area. 2．人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。

The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.

3．我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。

We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report. 4．我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。

I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds. 5．中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。

The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China

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has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility.

B．英译汉

A report, based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations, suggests that by midcentury, humanity‘s demand on nature will be twice the biosphere‘s productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse become real.

一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓解增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。

Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now. Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital – homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants – can last for many decades. This implies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21st century.

向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。

UNIT 4 Earthquake 地震

Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most destructive forces known to man: since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities (死亡) have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation. The greater part of

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such damage and loss of life had been due to collapse of buildings and the effects of rockslides, floods, fire, disease, tsunamis, and other observable events resulting from earthquakes, rather than from quakes themselves.

地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。

The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas. One such area covers the Pacific Ocean and its bordering landmasses. The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions. It is in these two great belts or zones that ninety percent of all earthquakes take place; they may, however, happen anywhere at any time.

大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。

This element of unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dead and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake forecast may be possible. By analyzing changes in animal behavior, patterns of movements in the earth's shell, variations in the earth's force of attraction, and the frequency with which minor earth shakes are observed, scientists have shown increasing success in expecting when and where earthquakes will strike. As a result, a worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for (and thus lessen) the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected.

几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和

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恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能完全不能预料的。

It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their destructiveness altogether, but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur.

人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好地应对可能造成的破坏。

1．What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life? Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena from earthquakes.

2．Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses, East indians to the Atlas Mountains.

3．What fact does “element of the unknown” in paragraph 3 refer to? It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time. 4．What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? a) analyzing chanes in animal behavior b) patterns of movements in the earth‘s crust

c) variations in the force of gravity and the earth‘s magnetic field d) observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors

5．What is the author’s attitude toward the possibility of earthquake

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predictions?

Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible Exercises A．汉译英

1．会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。

Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly. 2．科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。

As technological advancement solves old problems, it also creates new once.

3．1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。

The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.

4．近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。

In recent years, China, Japan and the U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.

5．地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。

Earthquake cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings, dams and bridges.

B．英译汉

Our weather surely is getting strange。There seem to be more tornadoes than in live memory, longer droughts, bigger downpours and record floods. Unprecedented fires are burning in some areas. Scientists tell us that for every one degree increase in temperature, lightning strikes will go up another 10 percent. And it is lightning, after all, that is principally responsible for igniting

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the conflagration in some areas today.

天气的确越来越反常。在人们记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾持续更加久、暴雨更加大、洪灾也创下纪录、在一些地区火灾史无前例。科学家告诉我们，气温每升高一度，闪电数量就会增加10%。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的主要原因。

UNIT 5 The aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill

In the aftermath of the BP oil spill, President Obama voiced the concerns of countless scientists, environmentalists, and Gulf Coast residents when he declared, ―We're dealing with a massive and potentially unprecedented environmental disaster.‖ The sheer size of the oil spill – 210,000 gallons a day contaminating the Gulf of Mexico – has many people worried about the short and long-term environmental harm it is causing.

英国石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统在一次公开讲话表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到，“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难”。每天足足有21万加仑的原油泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所造成的短期和长期的危害感到担忧。

The oil spill could severely damage fragile ecosystems for years, possibly decades. Beaches fouled by oil spills are very difficult to clean up. To make matters worse, the spill threatens beaches just as shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles are coming ashore to lay their eggs.

这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海难很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海难造成污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节。

Even worse is the effect the oil spill could have on sensitive salt marshes

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and mangrove coastlines, which would be practically impossible to clean and that some fear might be permanently destroyed. These wetlands are considered the nurseries for the fishing and seafood industry and are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife. Because they cover much more land area than beaches, the risk of their exposure to damage is greatly increased.

还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不可能被清理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕鱼业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。

Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexico depend on estuaries, which are coastal waters where freshwater from rivers and streams mix with seawater. Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains. Many species depend on wetlands for food, shelter, and breeding.

在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场所。

The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are home to hundreds of species of aquatic life. The longer the oil fouls the water, the more polluted the food chain becomes, which could result in large fish kills and seafood too contaminated for consumption.

墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间颠簸，水产品食物链被污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重污染而无法食用。

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1．In the first sentence “President Obama voiced the concerns of countless scientists?” what does the word “voice” mean?

Voice here means ―to express an idea of …‖

2．How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? The damage to the ecosystem could last decades. 3．How important are the wetlands to the wildlife?

The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.

4．Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands?

Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.

5．How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico? Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.

Exercises A．汉译英

1．如何尽快处理墨西哥湾原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。 How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.

2．这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。

This accident has many environmentalists conceded about the damage it does to the ecosystem.

3．原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。

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Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean, to make things worse, they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.

4．所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。

All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection. 5．南极洲是多种企鹅的家。

Antarctica is the natural habitat for many species of penguins. B．英译汉

An oil spill is the accidental petroleum release into the environment. On land, oil spills are usually localized and thus their impact can be eliminated relatively easily. In contrast, marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines (about 70%), whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is minimal (less than 1%). Large and catastrophic spills releasing more than 30,000 tons of oil are relatively rare events and their frequency in recent decades has decreased perceptibly. Yet, such episodes have the potential to cause the most serious ecological risk (primarily for sea birds and mammals) and result in long-term environmental disturbances (mainly in coastal zones) and economic impact on coastal activities (especially on fisheries and mariculture海洋生物养殖).

原油泄漏是指由于事故石油泄漏到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油泄漏发生在局部地区，因此其造成的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏会造成大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70%的海上原油泄漏事故的主要原因是与油轮与原油运输管道有关，而海上钻井和采油活动引发的原油泄漏事件则占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄漏三万吨以上的重大灾难性原油泄漏事故并不多见，而且近几十年来这些重大

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事故也在逐步减少。尽管如此，这类事故的发生依然会对生态系统，是海鸟和哺乳动物，造成最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商业活动（如捕鱼业和生物养殖业）带来经济损失。

Public concern over marine oil spills has been clearly augmented since 1967. More recently, the highly publicized 1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system. Since then, impressive technical, political, and legal experience in managing the problem has been gained in many countries and at the international level, mainly through a number of Conventions initiated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

公众对海上原油泄漏事件的关注从1967的开始明显上升。较近的一次原油泄漏事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦尔德斯”号油轮在阿拉斯加州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统造成了有史以来最为严重的破坏。从那之后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家以及国际社会在处理这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。

UNIT 6 Green Computers “绿色”电脑

Computer manufacturers, chip makers and software companies are developing 'greener' products for environmentally conscious consumers. While some tech companies are developing more energy-efficient product lines, others are releasing software to make existing computers consume less. And electronics manufacturers are expanding ways to make new computers out of recycled materials, as well as encourage customers to recycle old machines. Consumers may pay a slight premium for some eco-friendly electronics, but many prices will be comparable with traditional offerings.

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目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司者纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需要。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环使用旧电脑。某些环保类电子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但仍然有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多了。

Several factors are pushing companies to be greener. Many want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to garner favor with green investors, says Christopher Mines, an analyst with Forrester Research Inc. And with energy prices high, they trying to appeal to people like Ms. Conrad, who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses.

有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投产者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试吸引那些高潮节省费用的消费者。

The computer industry has been working on improving energy consumption for years. The newer focus has been on toxins and recycling. For example, Lenovo Group Ltd., uses 10% to 25% recycled plastics harvested from water bottles. Last month, Intel Corp. introduced new chips that it says will speed up computing performance without sucking up additional power. The company also recently developed technology, called Remote Wake, to keep computers in a low-energy mode until users need them for retrieving files over the Internet. Hewlett-Packard Co. has developed a new feature called Auto-On/Auto-Off that puts inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once they are used again. This feature will be added to H-P's personal desktop laser printers in 2009. Attention to manufacturing materials is a priority, Mr. Tiernan says. Early this year, H-P introduced its Deskjet D2545,

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an ink-jet printer that is made of 83% recycled plastics.

计算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中有10%至25%是用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更多的能量就可以加以计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的技术，可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不在工作状态的打印机进入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快地恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生产的个人激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先放在了制造材料上，他们生产的一款喷墨打印机就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。

Experts say that keeping your old computer out of the landfill is better for the environment than buying a new one.

专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场比买台新电脑更好。

1．Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products?

Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers.

2．Compared to the old computer, the price of the greener machine is A little / slightly / a little bit more expensive .

3．From the three examples, Lenovo, Intel and HP, we can know that Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from (gamer favor with) green investors. On the other hand they are

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trying to appeal to people who want to save these expenses because of high energy proce (或 With energy process high, they are trying to appeal to people who are lolling for ways to chip away at expenses) .

4．what is the function of Auto-On / Auto-Off?

It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.

5．What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean?

Don‘t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.

Exercises

1．许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。 Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.

2．绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。

Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components.

3．今年该公司将实行（carry out）公司范围内的成本削减计划。 The company will carry out its company-wide cost-cutting plan the year. 4．环保、慈善（philanthropy）和良好的员工关系是该公司成长壮大的重要因素。

Environmentalism, philanthropy and good employ relations have been important factors during the growth of the company.

5．绿色使用是指减少计算机和其它信息系统的能源消耗，并尽量以环保的（environmentally sound）方式来使用。

Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and

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other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner.

Over the last few decades, with their fast development western civilizations have busily sown the seeds of their own destruction. Our modern way of life, with its reliance on technology, has unwittingly exposed us to an extraordinary danger: plasma balls spewed from the surface of the sun could wipe out our power grids, with catastrophic consequences. The projections of just how catastrophic make chilling reading. It is hard to conceive of the sun wiping out a large amount of our hard-earned progress. Nevertheless, it is possible. The surface of the sun is a roiling mass of plasma - charged high energy particles - some of which escape the surface and travel through space as the solar wind. From time to time, that wind carries a billion-tone glob of plasma. If one should hit the Earth's magnetic shield, the result could be truly devastating.

过去几十年间，西方文明在迅速发展的同时也埋下了毁灭的种子，现代化的生活方式以及其所依赖的科学技术正在悄然地把人类推向极其危险的境地──太阳表面喷射出的等离子球将摧毁现代人赖以生存的电力系统，并造成灾难性的后果。单单想想这一大灾难就令人毛骨悚然。很难想象太阳就这么抹杀了我们含辛茹苦创造出来的大量成果。但是，这是很可能发生的。太阳表面释放着大量的等离子体──高能量粒子，一些从太阳表面逃逸，以太阳风的形式在太空中穿梭。有时太阳风携带着10亿吨的等离子球，即使一颗进入地球磁场，结果就可能是毁灭性的。

UNIT 7 Cell Phones 手机

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What would life without your cell phone? Today‘s hottest selling mobile phones are now loaded with features such as MP3 music players, tv, music and wireless photo printing. Cell phones have changed so much in the past few years that with every new product launch comes another big dilemma for the cellular manufacturers. How do you create the next big hit? How does the manufacturer separate the hits from the gimmicks, while trying to decipher what cell phone users really want to need in the near future? Industry insiders say the most popular phones will have advanced functions that are simple to customize for individual tastes.

没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢？今天畅销的手机都有MP3播放器、电视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去几年里的变化非常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机制造商们都会再次陷入苦恼之中。该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢？制造商该怎么样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要的东西，并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢？业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机是具有能够简单地迎合顾客个人喜好的尖端功能的手机。

Manufactures believe that the future success of the cell phone lies in the building and development of high-speed networks to deliver services like video, music and high speed internet. While these networks are still under construction, the industry is considering radical redesigns to phones, displays and services to ensure the new features are simple to use. Such developments, combined with software that allows users to customize their cell phone browser for service such as sports scores or news, could replace PDAs and other gadgets. Cellular companies are also betting consumers will soon use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams. Developers should now concentrate on designing exciting new books for phones, since few things have more direct influence over a consumer‘s fickle

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buying behavior than the emotional response that the shape, color or look of a phone evokes.

制造商相信手机的成功取决于高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速互联网的服务。在这些网络运营的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其新的功能使用简化。这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以在手机浏览器上定制体育比赛得分或新闻等服务的软件，可以代替PDA（掌上电脑）和其它装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，消费者将用手机完成一切事务，从看电视到学习和学校考试。开发商们现在应当集中精力设计外形更吸引人的新手机。因为除了手机的外形、颜色或款式所引起的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。

1．What are the features of today’s mobile phones?

They are loaded with MP3 music players, tv, music and wireless photo printing.

2．What will manufactures face if they produce a new product? They will face a big dilemma.

3．What should the most popular phones have?

The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customize for individual tastes.

4．What will people do with cell phones in the future?

People will use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.

5．Why does the writer mention “the emotional response” in the last sentence?

Because he thinks that it affects customers‘ buying behavior.

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Exercises A．汉译英

1．如今不管男女老少几乎都拥有手机。

Today almost everyone, men and women, old and young has a cell phone. 2．这种新的网络连接形成能使大量的数据得以快速地传输。 The new type of Internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.

3．电子正在取代传真、电话、快速邮递。它缩短了科学合作者之间的距离。

E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, express mail, which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.

4．手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的进步。

Mobile phones have come a long way since their invention and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.

5．快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。 The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Internet.

B．英译汉

A group of scientists lolled for many health threats from mobile phones. They found that Radio waves may affect biological cells but this may not necessarily lead to disease or injury. Children should be especially careful about mobile phones use. Their skulls are still growing, it is easier for radio waves from a mobile phone to enter their heads and Their cells are also developing and tend to absorb more radiation compared to adults.

科学家们发现了手机对健康的多种危害。他们发现电磁波可以影响细

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胞，但是未必会对使用手机的成年人带来特别严重的危害，然而对小孩却并非如此。因为他们的头骨和细胞还在生长，手机的电磁波较容易进入他们的头颅，他们的皮肤比成年人更容易吸收辐射。

The hands-free phone has many benefits including the decrease in strength of radio wave radiation due to the increase in distance of your head to the handset. Rather than holding your mobile against your ear, which increases your exposure to radio waves, you can now place it in your lap and still talk to someone with an ear-piece cable.

免提式手机有很多好处，因为它使话机和头之间的距离更远，降低了电磁波的辐射强度。你不用把手机放到耳朵上通话，避免增加与电磁波的接触，只需要把手机放在膝盖上通过耳机就能与对方通话。

UNIT 8 Touch Tech 触屏技术

For mobile touch technology, it's only the beginning. Apple Inc.'s iPhone revolutionized the mobile phone with easy-to-use touch-screen technology that allows users to surf the Web, tap out messages or control any number of inventive applications.就移动触摸科技而言，现在还只是刚刚开始。苹果公司(Apple Inc.)的iPhone无疑是移动电话行业的革命性产品，其便于使用的触摸屏技术可以让用户浏览网络，敲打短信息或者操控任何数量的新颍应用软件。

Developers are working on new applications for ―multi-touch‖ screens. These screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger, which broadens the possibilities for applications. Other developers are working on advances in 'haptic' feedback - vibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she's reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a

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touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard. And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.开发人员正在研制针对“多触摸”屏幕的应用软件。这些屏幕可疑处理用户多个手指下达的要求，从而拓宽了应用软件的可能性。其它开发人员则在攻克“虚拟触觉”反馈技术──比如说，用来让游戏玩家知道自己跳升一级的震动及其它物体感官功能，同时也可以用来沟通感情，甚至很快让触摸键盘具备物体键盘的感觉。对于那些仍然青睐使用手机按键的用户，甚至一些传统按键也将能够响应部分触摸指令，如一个手指轻轻滑过按键。

Software developers set to work on multitouch applications. Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone. But multitouch developers have largely focused on games. 软件开发人员着手开发多触摸应用软件。比如说，一些可以让用户在手机上演奏虚拟乐器。但是，多触摸技术的开发人员大体上更多地关注游戏

Haptic technology already has many nonmobile applications. In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they're controlling on the screen. In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them. The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic-enabled phones will open the door to new applications. 触觉技术在非手机领域已经得到广泛运用。比如说，在视频游戏当中，它可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真地在驾驶他们所控制的屏幕上的赛车。在医疗培训当中，它可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检查法等程序感觉异常真实，医疗人员从而可以更好地了解如何使用这些器材。虚拟触觉技术在手机方面的

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使用仍然处于萌芽阶段，不过，采用虚拟触觉技术手机更为广泛的运用将为新兴的应用软件开辟全新的天地。

For now, at least, many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen. A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands. 至少在目前来看，许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，而不是触摸屏。开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：一个可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。

1．Why do we say Apple’s iPhone is a revolution?

Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to –touch-screen.

2．What is the advantage of multi-touch screen?

The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger.

3．What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations.

4．What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games. 5．Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard. Exercises A．汉译英

1．这项技术使移动通讯行业产生了突破性变革。 This technology revolutionized mobile communication. 2．多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一。

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The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features. 3．戴尔是一家跨国技术公司，总部设在德克萨斯州。 Dell Inc. based in Texas, is a multinational company.

4．制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。 Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.

5．很多多点触控界面的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛地应用。 Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.

B．英译汉

The keyboard, being developed by the researchers, responds normally when a letter or number is pressed. But a user could, say, scroll down a Web page by running a finger lightly across the keyboard; pressing a little harder might be the command to scroll faster or zoom in on a page. The technology is expected to start being deployed in mobile phones in 2010 or 2011.

研究人员在研制这样一种键盘。，当用户按下一个字母或者数字的时候，它可以作出正常回应。用户可以通过手指上下触摸键盘来滑动网页；如果按得稍重一点，侧表明滑动地更快或者放大页面的指令。这项技术预计将于2010年或者2011年运用在手机上。

UNIT 9 Fossil Fuels and Life 化石燃料与我们的生活

Oil and natural gas are an important part of our everyday life. Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.

石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。它们不仅使我们出行

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方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。

In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector (cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from fuels made from oil.[1] Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol. However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas. The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products. Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.

在美国，交通运输系统（私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等）的运行所依赖的能源中有97%来自石油炼制的燃料。虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的行政权能源仍是石油。

In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products. World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations. Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand. Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and

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transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020.

在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便是为了销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加到2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。在可预测的将来，石油仍将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57%。

World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020. That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.

目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会增至约76亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天然气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。

1．According to the text, how important is oil to our life?

Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. They can also be made into many products that we use every day.

2．What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles? They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.

3．Can alternate completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? why?

No, it can‘t. Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.

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4．Where in the world can we see the bi increase in car ownership? In the developing world.

5．What will the increase of world population indicate?

That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.

Exercises A．汉译英

1．大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还是可再生的。

Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.

2．许多生活日用品都是由石油制成的。

Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.

3．尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长一段时间化石原料仍将是占据主导地位的能源。

Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.

4．专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。

It is estimated that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.

5．在未来几十年里，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需要将进一步增加。

World population will continue to grow in the next few decades. This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.

B．英译汉

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Energy is available in many forms. Some are renewable such as gravity, which can be converted to hydroelectricity. Another renewable, such as solar energy, can be used directly to heat water and dwellings or be converted into electricity by photovoltaic methods (direct conversion) or by the production of steam using a system of mirrors. Solar energy can also be employed indirectly through the force of the wind and waves (an example is the tidal-power station on the Ranke in France) or by utilizing the difference in temperature between the surface and bottom of the oceans or between any two points on Earth‘s crust. The latter is known as geothermal energy.

能源的形式多种多样。有些能源可再生，如重力热能可转化为水电。另一种可再生能源，如太阳能可直接用于加热水和给住房供暖，也可通过光电方法（直接转化）或者利用一组反射镜系统产生蒸汽而转化成电力。太阳能也可借助风和波浪（例如法国兰斯的潮汐发电站），或者利用海底和地面或地壳任意两点之间的温差而间接利用。后者又被称作地热能。

Other forms of energy are nonrenewable. These include fossil fuels such as coal, oil sands, oil shale and natural gas. These fuels can in fact be considered to be the product of the work of solar energy during millions of years and represent a kind of stored solar energy.

其它形式的能源是不可再生的，包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油砂、油页岩和天然气。这些燃料其实可看作是经过几百万年太阳能作用的产物，是一种储存在的太阳能。

UNIT 10 Carbon Emissions 碳排放

The task — in which carbon emissions are pumped into underground reservoirs rather than released — is challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural

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gas.

将资料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。

Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second-most-common fuel used for electricity generation, according to the Electric Power Research Institute. In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is even worse.

在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而生产的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家，情况则列糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。

Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green. But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.

如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是，解决这一问题不仅需要全球共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。

There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages. But progress has not been promising.

虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。

The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe. Many have likened carbon capture‘s road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to

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putting a man on the moon. Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its ―moon landing.‖

欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设12个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。挪威正在对此大量投产做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。

Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local issue. Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site, calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety. A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.

碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。

1．In paragraph 1, what does the underlined word “so” refer to? The word ―so‖ refers to ―challenging‖.

2．What can be learned about carbon emissions in the coal plants in developing countries?

The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient. As a result, produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.

3．How can the use of coal become “green”?

Coal can become ?green‘ through carbon capture and storage. 4．According to the text, what has Norway been doing?

Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture

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technology.

5．What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site? The carbon stored at an underground site could leak, and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.

Exercises A．汉译英

1．在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。

Reducing carbon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.

2．20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。

The world population by the end of the 20th century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.

3．如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以改善。

Without advanced technology, environmental pollution could not be improved.

4．过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。 Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking. 5．该公司正在就如何有效减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究。 The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.

B．英译汉

Many chemical compounds found in the Earth‘s atmosphere act as ―greenhouse gases.‖ These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth‘s surface, some of it is reflected back towards

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space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over time, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth‘s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth‘s surface roughly constant.

地球大气中的很多化合物都具有“温室气体”效果。这些气体可使太阳的光线 没有任何阻碍地进入到大气中。阳光到达地球表面时，其中的一部分会变为红外线辐射（即热量）被反射回太空。温室气体吸收这些红外辐射并把热量圈在大气当中。日复一日，从太阳发射到地球表面的能量与反射回太空的能量应是相等的，这样即可使地球的温度基本保持恒定。

Many gases exhibit these ―greenhouse‖ properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made.

许多气体都具备这些“温室气体”的特征。这种气体就存在于自然界中，如水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化合物，而其它的“温室气体”则完全是人类制造的。

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels.

150年前开始的大规模工业化使主要温室气体的数量增加了25%。在过去的20年中，由人类活动排放的二氧化碳约75%都是由燃烧化石燃料造成的。

World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging

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economies, such as China and India, fuel economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries‘ emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025.

人们预测2001年到2025年全球二氧化碳排放将会以1.9%的年增长率增加。这其中大部分的增长将会发生在以燃烧化石能源促进经济发展的新兴经济体中，例如中国和印度。2001年至2025年这些发展中国家的碳排放将会以平均每年2.7%的比例增长，这个数字大大超过了世界的年平均增长率。

UNIT 11 Marine Pollution 海洋污染

By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas.

到2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到120亿。其中大约有60%的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。

One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea.

人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是滑轮事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。

Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills are dwarfed by those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other

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sources (including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges).

虽然这些有一定的规模，且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源（包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋里倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、农业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物）相比，一系列滑轮发生灾难性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。

Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous \blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water, this led, in some areas, to ―creeping dead zones‖.

污水排放物和农业生产所造成的污染使海岸水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。这些花朵死亡和腐烂将未尽水里的氧气，使这些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区”。

Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations. radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.

放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。远在格陵兰岛西部海岸的海草里能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元素。

Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafood‘s unfit for human consumption.

金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。

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1．Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050?

Because 60%of the world‘s population will live within 60km of the sea. 2．How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the passage? What are they?

There are four: marine pollution, nutrient pollution, radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution.

3．What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution? Oil pollution.

4．Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of Oxygen .

5．The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by Radioactive elements .

Exercises A．汉译英

1．一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。

Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation. 2．用电动车来取代汽油和柴油车可减少城市污染。

Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars can free our cities from pollution.

3．要从源头来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。

The production and use of dangerous chemicals should be regulated at source.

4．最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题。

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In addition to the visible short-term impacts, what has happened recently can also cause / result in severe long-term problems.

5．污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球经济128亿美元。

Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US＄12.8 billion a year.

B．英译汉

In addition to sewage, cities produce many tons of trash and junk each day. Bottles, garbage, plastic bags, paper, cans, and even junked cars make up much of this waste. Solid waste is an increasing problem. If it is dumped on land, it breeds rats, flies, and mosquitoes, and produces odors. One way to handle it is to make sanitary landfills. Here the trash is crushed and covered with soil.

除了污染外，城市每天还要产生很多吨的垃圾和废气物。垃圾堆里大部分东西是瓶子、残羹剩饭、塑料袋、废纸、罐头盒，甚至还有报废的汽车。固体垃圾的问题越来越大。把垃圾倒在地上会滋生老鼠、苍蝇、蚊子病产生臭味。有一种处理垃圾的方法就是进行卫生填土，既垃圾被压碎之后用土盖上。

UNIT 12 China’s Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术

China's unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price. Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking. Just 1 in 100 of China's nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe. At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields.

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中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。中国2/3的河流污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。中国近6亿城市人口中只有1%的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏了大量良田。

The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China: The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categories. Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power. The country is the world's second-largest market for wind turbines, gaining rapidly on the U.S. In carmaking, China's BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first mass-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet.

诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。中国也是全球第二大风电机组市场。在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。

Understanding they are in a global race, China's leaders are supporting green businesses with policies and incentives. Beijing recently hiked China's auto mileage standards to a level the U.S. is not expected to reach until 2020. Beijing also says it will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020, from 16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe. Beijing's green intentions will soon be put to the test. China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history. A McKinsey & Co. study estimates that over 350 million people--more than the U.S. population--will

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migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025. Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers--equal to 10 New York Cities. And as quickly as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants.

中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各种政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要至2020年才能达到的水平。北京还表示，到2020年，中国可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16%上升到23%，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。中国正处于有史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。随着新建办公室和房屋的成倍增长，那些耗费能源的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。

1．What are some for the downsides to China’s growth?

Rivers, lakes and air are seriously polluted. Water and agricultural land have been poisoned.

2．According to the passage, how many people in China breathe safe air? 6 million.

3．What can be learned about Suntech Power?

It is a domestic manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels. 4．What are Beijing’s green intention?

Beijing will boost the country‘s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020.

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5．What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population. Exercises A．汉译英

1．环境污染和自然灾害是经济发展应付出的代价。

Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.

2．化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。

The shortage of fossil fuels has made many energy companies to develop alternative energy sources.

3．丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车，这在很大程度上超过了其它汽车制造大企业。

Toyota Auto has begun mass-production its hybrids model Prius, which has leapfrogged other auto giants.

4．政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。

Governments are boosting energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.

5．随着人口的成倍的增长，世界将会对能源有如饥如渴般的需求。 As population multiplies, the world will become energy-hungry. B．英译汉

China‘s investments in renewable energy in 2009 exceeded those made by the United States for the first time. With its investments growing 50 percent in 2009, China committed $34.6 billion to wind power, solar energy and other forms of renewable energy, making it the word‘s biggest investor in such projects. China invested nearly double the United States‘ $18.6 billion, while the United Kingdom, which has a much smaller population, was the

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third-largest investor with $11.2 billion in 2009. The study of investments by G-20 nations also found that China‘s installed renewable energy capacity surged to 52.5 gigawatts, putting it just behind the United States, which had 53.4 gigawatts of capacity in 2009.

2009年中国在可再生能源上的投产首次超过了美国。2009年中国政府为开发风电、太阳能和其它可再生资源共投资346亿美元，同比增长了50%，这也使得中国成为世界上最大的可再生能源的投资者。中国的这项投资几乎相当于美国186亿美元投资的两倍，而英国，虽然人口数量要比中国和美国小很多，但在可再生能源上的投资却排在世界第三位，他们2009年投资额为112亿美元。20国集团对可再生能源投资所做的研究还表明，目前中国已安装完善的可再生能源发电总量已飞速发展到525亿瓦特，仅次于美国2009年534亿瓦特发电总量。

China is emerging as the world‘s clean energy powerhouse, Having built a strong manufacturing base and export markets, China is working now to meet domestic demand by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity to meet ambitious renewable energy targets. Over the past six months alone, China has signed deals with American solar companies to build solar power plants that would generate 4,000 megawatts of electricity.

中国已成为世界新兴的清洁能源发电站。拥有强大的生产基地和庞大的出口市场，中国目前正致力于大批安装清洁能源发电设施以满足国内对可再生能源不断增加的市场的需求。仅仅在过去的六个月中，中国就已经和一些美国的太阳能公司签署了建造拥有4000兆瓦发电能力的太阳能发电站的协议。

UNIT 13 Market Economy 市场经济

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There are pros and cons for command and market economies. Let‘s look at the command economy first. The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralized government. A command economy means that the government is involved in every step. There are other downside to a command economy. Often factories don‘t meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on. Basically things have to be adjusted. Production and prices might have to be increased; there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy.

计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。

Now let‘s look at the market economy. That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions. Here‘s how it works. We‘ll use the example of clothing. Maybe somebody – say Jack – decides to open a company making clothes. He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them. If the clothes become popular then Jack can increase the price and keep increasing it. By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his business to make even more money. At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businesses in competition. This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing less. The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with less profit to stay in business. In this case the market economy is the way to go.

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