高英复习

UNIT 1

Part 1 Text-processing

Teacher-aided Work

Lead-in

Listen to the recorder and take notes. Then fill in each gap in the following passage with ONE word according to what you have heard. Finish your work within 10 minutes.

Tape script:

E. B. White was born in 1899 in Mount Vernon, New York. He served in the army before going to Cornell University. There he wrote for the college newspaper, the Cornell Daily Sun. After he graduated, he worked as a reporter for the Seattle Times in 1922 and 1923. As he put it, he found that he was ill-suited for daily journalism, and his city editor had already reached the same conclusion, so they came to an amicable parting of the ways. In 1927 he became a writer for The New Yorker magazine, where he became well known. He wrote columns for Harper’s magazine from 1938 to 1943, which resulted in an anthology entitled One Man’s Meat and published in 1942.

White‘s career had already brought him much fame, but he was about to try something new. His nieces and nephews always asked him to tell them stories, so he began writing his own tales to read to them. In 1945 he started publishing these stories as books. All three, Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte’s Web (1952) and The Trumpet of the Swan (1970), are now considered classics of children‘s literature.

His best essays appear in three collections: One Man’s Meat (1944), The Second Tree from the Corner (1954) and The Points of My Compass (1962).

In 1959, White edited and updated The Elements of Style. This handbook of grammatical and stylistic dos and don‘ts for writers of American English had been written and published in 1918 by William Strunk Jr., one of White‘s professors at Cornell. White‘s rework of the book was extremely well received. The volume is a standard tool for students and writers, and remains required reading in many composition classes.

In 1977 he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his lifetime‘s work.

White died on October 1, 1985 at his farm home in North Brooklin, Maine, after a long fight with Alzheimer's Disease. He was cremated, and his ashes were buried beside his wife at the Brooklin Cemetery.

A leading essayist and literary stylist of his time, White is known for his crisp, graceful, relaxed style. To him, ―style not only reveals the man, it reveals his identity, as surely as would his fingerprints.‖ (The Elements of Style) The subtlety, the sentiment, the facility and sensitivity with words—all mark him out from his fellow essayists.

―Once More to the Lake‖, selected from E. B. White‘s One Man’s Meat, is the story of a man returning to his younger days by revisiting a lake from his childhood. Throughout the trip he hovered between being an older man and a younger boy and felt that ―the years were a mirage and there had been no years.‖ But throughout the story, there are small hints that are just enough not to let him fall completely into his dream and to remind him that man is mortal after all.

Passage for gap-filling:

E. B. White, an American writer, was born in 1899. After his graduation from Cornell University in 1822, he reported for a newspaper. In 1927 he became a writer for The New Yorker magazine. He wrote 1) columns for Harper’s magazine from 1938 to 1943. In 1945 he started publishing 2) tales he had written for his nieces and nephews in book form. White wrote a large number of 3) essays, and the best of them were published in three collections. In 1959, he edited and updated The Elements of Style, a handbook by one of his professors at Cornell. In 1977 he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his lifetime‘s work, and he died in 1985.

―Once More to the Lake‖, selected from his One Man’s Meat, is the story of a man returning to his younger days by coming back to a lake he had visited when a boy. Throughout the trip he felt that he had a 4) double identity and that ―there had been no years.‖ But throughout the story, there are just enough hints to remind him that time passes and man must 5) die after all.

In-depth Comprehension 1. Questions

1) Para 1: What happened to the author‘s father when he was in a canoe? Was it good

or bad? How do you know?

His father‘s canoe overturned and he fell into the lake with all his clothes on. That was something bad, for it is mentioned together with another bad thing—getting ringworm, and is excluded from what made the visit a success.

2) Para 1: What does ―a saltwater man‖ mean? Since when has the author become a

saltwater man? Give your reasons.

―Saltwater‖ here refers to seawater, which is salty. ―A saltwater man‖ doesn‘t mean a man who drinks saltwater, but one who bathes in the sea, because the intention in going to the seaside was to vacation there. (Attention: One should be careful about the actual relation between a noun as modifier and the noun modified) Most probably, the author has gone to the seaside for vacation instead of the lake in Maine since he got married and had a family of his own.

3) Para 2: What does the author mean by saying his son ―had never had any

freshwater up his nose‖ and ―had seen lily pads only from train windows?‖

He means that the boy had always gone with him to the seaside for his holidays and never bathed in a freshwater lake where you often find lily pads, that is, water lily with its large, floating leaves. He had only seen them from train windows. The author here states the result (freshwater up his nose) rather than the cause (swimming in freshwater), which is a case of metonymy.

4) Para 2: How could the tarred road, which had no life, have ―found out‖ the lake?

What is the author‘s real meaning? Was it good or bad in the author‘s opinion? What is your reason for this conclusion?

The lifeless tarred road is here personified (compared to a human being) by the use of the verb ―found out‖. The author‘s real meaning is that the tarred road must have extended to the lake. He views it as a bad thing, because he mentions it together with ―other ways it (the lake) would be desolated.‖

5) Para 2: How can a person‘s mind move in grooves, which are physical? How would

the author have said it in plain words?

A groove is a long narrow hollow path or track in a surface, esp. to guide the movement

of something. Here a person‘s mind is compared to something that moves in grooves. In plain words, the author would have said ―Once you recall the past.‖

6) Para 2: What does ―clear‖ in ―extend clear to‖ mean? How would the author have

probably described the partitions if he had used an affirmative sentence? What is the author‘s intention in describing the partitions?

Here ―clear‖ means ―all the way‖. Using an affirmative sentence, the author would probably have said ―The partitions in the camp were thin and there were blanks between their tops and the top of the rooms.‖ He describes the partitions to imply that they were not soundproof and that that was the reason for his soft actions.

7) Para 2: Is it possible that there is a cathedral on the shores of the lake? If not, what

does ―cathedral‖ really refer to? And why does the author call it a cathedral?

A cathedral is a big church that serves as the official seat of a bishop, which is usually located in a fairly large town or city. So it is impossible that there is a real cathedral by the lake. The author here is comparing the lake, which is holy to him, to a cathedral.

8) Para 3: What is the author‘s intention in saying ―you would live at the shore and eat

your meals at the farmhouse?‖

He says this to imply that the farmhouses were very near to the shore of the lake, which in turn supports the idea that the lake had never been what you would call a wild lake.

9) Para 5: What is a mirage? What does the author mean by ―the years were a mirage

and there had been no years?‖

A mirage is an optical effect sometimes seen at sea or in a desert caused by bending or reflection of light by a layer of heated air (海市蜃楼). Here it refers to something unreal, illusory. The author means that the years that had passed appeared to be unreal because nothing of consequence had really changed.

10) Para 5: Does a rowboat really have a chin? What does ―chucking the rowboat under

the chin‖ mean?

Both the rowboat and the lake are personified by the use of the words ―chuck‖ and ―chin‖. ―Chuck‖, here meaning ―stroke gently with the hand‖, refers actually to ―beat very lightly‖, and ―chin‖ here refers to that part of the bow (the front part) which protrudes over the water.

11) Para 5: Which does ―catch‖ in ―the dried blood from yesterday‘s catch‖ refer to, an

action or things? What is your reason?

―Catch‖ here does not mean the action of catching, but what is caught, referring specifically to fish that had been caught, because ―yesterday‘s catch‖ could shed blood.

12) Para 5: Was it really the author‘s hands that held his son‘s rod, his eyes that were

watching? If not, what does he mean?

―It was my hands that held his rod, my eyes watching‖ simply repeats what is meant by ―I began to sustain the illusion that he was I‖ in Paragraph 4.

13) Para 6: Which is usually bigger and stronger, a bass or a mackerel? Give your

reasons.

A bass is usually bigger and stronger than a mackerel, because the angler usually has to use a landing net when pulling in a bass, while he does not have to do so when landing a mackerel.

14) Para 6: Can a lake move to another place? If not, why does the author say ―the lake

was exactly where we had left it?‖

Here ―the lake‖ refers to the level of the body of water. If the level rises, it will cover a wider area, and will seem to have moved.

15) Para 6: What does ―attendance‖ mean? How is the attendance doubled?

―Attendance‖ usually means the number of people present on a particular occasion, but here refers to the number of minnows swimming in the water. The attendance was doubled by their shadows.

16) Para 6: What does ―cultist‖ mean? Whom does ―this cultist‖ refer to in this

context?

―Cultist‖ means ―a follower of a particular custom‖, here referring to the person always washing himself with a cake of soap. 2. Multiple-choice Questions

1) The author would like it better _______A________.

A. if the lake were completely wild

B. if there were more farmhouses near the lake C. if the lake were more easily accessible by car D. if they could eat right in their camp Explanation:

The phrase ―wish for the placidity of a lake in the woods‖ and the sentence ―I was sure the tarred road would have found it out and I wondered in what other ways it would be desolated‖ show that the author likes a wild lake which is not spoilt by human activity.

2) The arrival of the author and his family at the lake is described in Paragraph

_______C_______. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Explanation:

Paragraph 4 begins with ―I was right about the tar: it led to within half a mile of the shore‖ and that indicates that the author is beginning to describe what he actually saw of the lake area on this trip, while the previous paragraphs only tell about his recollections and guesses.

3) What is common to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 is _______D_______.

A. that they are about the same length

B. that they are of the same degree of difficulty

C. that they tell about the experiences of the same people

D. that they describe the illusion of the exact repetition of the same scenes Explanation:

―It was going to be pretty much the same as it had been before‖ in Para 4, ―everything was as it always had been‖ in Para 5, ―there had been no years‖ in Para 6 and the frequent repetitions of the word ―same‖ in these paragraphs show that the answer is D. 4) Which of the following is false? _______A_______

A. Paragraph 3 describes the lake as the author sees it when he visits it this time.

B. Paragraph 4 tells about the resemblance of the father and son of the present to those of

the past.

C. Paragraph 5 focuses on the sameness of the scenes of fishing at different times. D. Paragraph 6 emphasizes the unchangeableness of the lake.

Explanation:

―That‘s what our family did‖ and ―there were places in it which, to a child at least, seemed infinitely remote and primeval‖ hint that the author is describing his impressions of the lake when he came as a child with his father, not as a father on this trip. 5) From this excerpt we can see that the author ________B________.

A. is a conservative

B. is a nostalgic nature-lover

C. is a muddle-headed person who cannot tell the present from the past. D. lives a double life. Explanation:

The author loves the wild lake, and hates it‘s being spoilt by human activity. He indulges in recollections of the past and often feels as if there had been no years. So we say that he is a nostalgic nature-lover.

Extension from the Text 1. Speaking

Based on clues in the text alone, say something about the author (his nationality, the approximate date of his birth, his age when he wrote this essay, his family, etc.) and give reasons for what you say.

The author was American because when he was still a boy his family often visited a lake in Maine, which is a state of the US. In the year 1904, he was still a teenager, so he was probably born around 1890. When he wrote this essay he had a son about the same age as he had been when he went with his father to the lake, so he was now about forty. Most probably, he had a family of three, because he had only one son and must have had a wife though he never mentions her. 2. Cloze

Up to the farmhouse to dinner through the teeming, dusty field, the road under our sneakers was only a two-track road. The middle track was missing, the 1) one with the marks of the hooves and the splotches of dried, flaky manure. There had always been 2) three tracks to choose from in choosing which track to walk in; now the 3) choice was narrowed down to two. For a moment I 4) missed terribly the middle alternative. But the way led past the tennis 5) court, and something about the way it lay there in the sun reassured me; the tape had loosened along the backline, the alleys were green with plantains and other 6) weeds, and the net (installed in June and removed in September) sagged in the dry noon, and the whole place steamed with midday 7) heat and hunger and emptiness. There was a choice of pie for dessert, and one was blueberry and one was apple, and the 8) waitresses were the same country girls, there having been no 9) passage of time, only the illusion of it as in a dropped curtain—the waitresses were still fifteen; their hair had been washed, that was the only 10) difference—they had been to the movies and seen the pretty girls with the clean hair.

Explanations: 1) ―The . . .‖ is in apposition to ―the middle track‖ and refers to it. ―One‖ is used

to avoid the repetition of ―track‖. 2) ―A two-track road‖ and ―the middle track was missing‖ tell us that there had been

three tracks before. 3) ―Three tracks to choose from‖ and ―. . . was narrowed down to two‖ show that the

blank must refer to ―the number of things to choose from‖, which is the meaning of ―choice‖. 4) As the middle track was missing, the relation between the author and the track can

only be mental, and the word ―terribly‖ shows that it is emotional—regretting the absence of something one loved. So ―missed‖ is the right word. 5) ―The way led past . . .‖ and ―it lay there‖ indicate that ―the tennis . . .‖ refers to a

location related to the game of tennis, so it must be the tennis ―court‖. This is further proved by the description of the ―tape‖, ―alleys‖ and ―net‖. 6) ―Plantain‖ is a weed, ―other . . .‖ must be ―other weeds‖. 7) ―June‖, ―September‖, ―noon‖, ―steamed‖ and ―midday‖ all connote high

temperature. In ―steamed with . . . ―, the blank states the reason for ―steaming‖, which can only be ―heat‖. 8) The subject of ―. . . were the same country girls‖ must refer to females. These

females must be related to the supply of such foods as blueberry pie and apple pie. So they were either cooks or waitresses. But ―the whole place‖ was not the author‘s home, so the females were not cooks, but waitresses, who are further described later in the passage. 9) In ―no . . . of time‖, the blank must refer to a phenomenon with ―time‖, which is

either ―passage‖ (a noun derived from the verb ―pass‖) or ―stopping‖, or ―waste‖ or ―saving‖. ―No passage of time‖ is reasonable because ―the waitresses were the same country girls.‖ 10) The waitresses were the same as those of the past in age—still fifteen. But they had

washed their hair because they had been to the movies and seen the pretty girls with the clean hair, whereas the waitresses of the past had had no chance of seeing movies, which did not appear until 1911. So the clean hair was a ―difference.‖ 3. Translating

Translate the underlined part of the following passage into Chinese.

Summertime, oh summertime, pattern of life indelible, the fade-proof lake, the woods unshatterable, the pasture with the sweet fern and the juniper forever and ever, summer without end; this was the background, and the life along the shore was the design, the cottagers with their innocent and tranquil design, their tiny docks with the flagpole and the American flag floating against the white clouds in the blue sky, the little paths over the roots of the trees leading from camp to camp and the paths leading back to the outhouses and the can of lime for sprinkling, and at the souvenir counters at the store the miniature birch-bark canoes and the post cards that showed things looking a little better than they looked. This was the American family at play, escaping the city heat, wondering whether the newcomers in the camp at the head of the cove were ―common‖ or ―nice,‖ wondering whether it was true that the people who drove up for Sunday dinner at the farmhouse were turned away because there wasn‘t enough chicken. ??这一切是底色，湖四周的生活是这底色上的图案。村民们编织着他们纯洁而宁静的生活图案；小小的码头上竖着旗杆，美国国旗在蔚蓝的天幕下迎风飘扬，映衬着朵朵白云。小径越过树根，从一栋小屋通向另一栋小屋，最后折回到户外厕所和放置喷洒用的石灰罐的地方。百货店的纪念品柜台上，摆放着白桦树雕成的微形独木舟；明信片上的景物比它们本来的样子显得稍许好看些。这是闲适的美国家庭，不受城市酷热的煎熬，拿不准小湾尽头的新来者是―一般人‖呢还是―有教养的人‖，也拿不准星期天驱车来农庄吃饭的那些人因鸡肉不够而被拒之门外的传说是不是真的。

Chinese Version of the Text

再度游湖(节选)

1 有一年夏天，是1904年前后吧，我父亲在缅因州的一个湖边租了一间营房，带着我们大家到那儿去过八月。我们个个都患了小猫传染的铜钱癣，不得不在臂上腿上日日夜夜涂庞氏膏；父亲划独木舟时和衣翻进了湖里；但是除了这些，假期过得很开心。自此之后，我们谁都认为世上再没有像缅因州那个湖那么好的去处了。一年又一年夏天，我们回到湖畔度假——总是八月一日去，接着待上一整月。从此我一直都是到海边浸咸水。但是夏天有时候潮涨潮退不得一会儿安宁，海水凉得刺骨，整个下午，海风刮得没完没了，一直刮到晚上。这一切都使我向往森林里一个小湖的宁静。几周前，这渴望愈来愈强烈，于是买了几个刺鳍鱼钓钩，一个旋转钓饵，回到以前度假的湖畔，打算钓一个礼拜的鱼，重游昔日常去的地方。 2 我是带着儿子去的。他鼻子里从来没有呛过淡水，也只在火车窗口见过睡莲叶子。到湖边去途中，我开始琢磨那湖如今成了什么样儿，琢磨着岁月把这个无与伦比的圣地毁坏到了什么地步——那一个个小湾，那一条条溪流，还有那一座座落日依偎的小山，那一间间营房以及房后的一条条小路，都怎么样了？我想，那条柏油路一定一直修到了湖边，琢磨着破坏湖景的还有哪些东西。也真怪，你一旦开始回忆往事，关于那样的地方你记得的是那么多。你想起了一件事，那件事突然又让你想起另一件事。我想，我记得最清楚的是湖水清凉，纹丝不动的清晨；我记起营房卧室里飘着建房用的木材的香味，还有从纱窗透进来的潮湿的树木的气味。隔板很薄，没有一直伸到屋顶；而我总是最早起床，只得悄悄穿好衣服，免得吵醒别人，然后蹑手蹑脚地溜到芬芳馥郁的野外，登上独木舟，挨着岸边，在松树长长的影子中向前划去。我记得自己非常小心，不让桨叶擦着船舷上沿，唯恐打破了这圣地的宁静。 3 那湖一向就不是你所说的那种不见人迹的湖。湖畔散落着农舍，尽管周围树木蓊郁，但外围是农田。有的农舍是邻近庄户人家的。度假者住在湖边，但到农舍就餐。我家当时就是这样。然而，这湖虽不是完全不见人迹，倒也相当大，无车马之喧。而且至少对一个孩子来说，有些去处似乎无限遥远而古老。

4 关于柏油路，我果然猜中了。这路已修到离岸边只有半英里的地方。但是，当我带儿子回到那儿，在农庄附近的一间营房里安顿下来，开始度过那种熟悉的夏令时光，我看得出，情况会跟以前没有多大差别——第一天清晨，我躺在床上，闻着卧室的木材气味，听见儿子蹑手蹑脚溜出屋子，登上小船沿岸划去，我就知道这一点。我开始产生了一种幻觉：儿子就是我，而我，经过简单的换位，就成了我父亲。我们在那儿逗留的那些天里，这种感觉挥之不去，时时会冒出来。 当然，这种幻觉以往并非从来都不曾有过，但在这种场景里，就更加强烈了。我似乎在过着双重的生活。我常常正做着某种极普通的事，正拾起一只鱼饵盒，或是放下一只餐叉，或是正说着什么。突然间，我觉得是我的父亲，而不是我，在说着这话，在做着这事。那是一种让人浑身发麻的感觉。

5 当天上午，我们去钓鱼。我抚摸着鱼饵罐里盖着虫子的同样湿润的青苔，看见那只蜻蜓在离水面几英寸的地方盘旋，然后落到我的钓竿梢上。正是这只蜻蜓的到来使我毫无疑问地相信，一切就像从前，岁月不过是海市蜃楼罢了，根本就未曾流逝。我们把船泊在湖中垂钓，那轻波细浪还是原样，轻抚着船头下面，船还是那条船，颜色依旧碧绿，船肋依旧在原处断裂。舱板下残留着的依旧是那样一些淡水残渣废弃物—— 一只只死掉的鱼蛉幼虫，一团团苔藓，生锈的废钓钩，昨天钓到的鱼留下的血迹。我们默默地凝视着钓竿末梢，凝视着飞来飞去的蜻蜓。我把钓竿放低，让竿梢浸到水里，尝试地、若有所思地把蜻蜓赶离竿梢。蜻蜓飞开两英尺，悬空不动，然后又飞回来，落在钓竿上更远一点的地方。这只蜻蜓躲闪的情形跟原来那只蜻蜓——记忆中的蜻蜓——躲闪的情形之间并没有岁月的流逝。我瞧瞧儿子，他正默默地注视着他的钓竿上的蜻蜓，我觉得拿着钓竿的是我的手，注视着的是我的眼睛。我不禁头晕目眩起来，分不清自己坐在哪根钓竿后面。

6 我们钓到了两条刺鳍鱼，轻捷地把它们拖过来，像是拖鲭鱼似的，连抄网都没用就熟练地拖进了船舱，在它们头上敲了一下，把它们打昏。我们回到岸边，想在午饭前游一会泳，发现湖水淹到的地方跟我们离开时完全一样，离码头还是那几英寸远，湖面上仅有一丝丝微风。这湖水仿佛是一片完全被法术镇住的海洋。你可以离开它，听其自然，几个钟头之后再回来，会发现它依然纹丝未动，还是那一泓坚贞可靠的静水。浅水处，一丛丛被水浸透的黑色的枝梢，光滑而陈旧，在湖底起伏，下面衬着有一条条波纹的洁净的湖沙，贻贝爬过的痕迹清晰可见。一群鲦鱼游过，每一条都投下一条纤细的影子，鱼仿佛多了一倍，在阳光照耀下，清晰鲜明。其他一些宿营者正沿着岸边游着，其中一人拿着一块肥皂，湖水显得浅而清，仿佛一片虚空。多少年来，总有这么个拿着肥皂的人，这么个有洁癖的人，而现在他也在这里。岁月从未流逝。

Part 2 Tool-sharpening

Words and Phrases

Exercises

1. Multiple-choice Questions

1) ______C______ that their interests were threatened, they maintained large standing armies.

A. Believed B. Confident C. Convinced D. Trusted

2) He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent here ____A____ of officers to harass our

people, and eat out their substance. A. swarms B. schools C. flocks D. herds

3) Although more recent digital systems have attempted to address these fundamental issues,

security problems continue to ____D____. A. persevere B. insist C. stick D. persist

4) The world has become ____B____ unified place in economic, political and military terms and

subsequently in cultural forms. A. a unique B. a single C. an only D. a sole

5) People complained that _____A____ rains have paralyzed life in the capital city.

A. incessant B. continuous C. continual D. endless

6) There are four hours of lessons each morning, and in the afternoon students are left to their

own _____D_____. A. shifts B. methods C. control D. devices.

7) At the national conventions no woman has ____C____ been asked to serve on the platform

committee. A. once B. before C. ever D. formerly

8) Still, she is so afraid of nighttime raids by both the special police and criminals _____C_____

like police officers that she sleeps in her clothes. A. put on B. worn C. dressed D. were clothed

9) The human weaknesses he illustrates are mostly to do the scheming, deceit and hypocrisy

which mask them. ______B_____ of the characters are wholly evil, though. A. Nobody B. None C. No one D. Not one

10) Ghosts are often associated with a chilling _____D_____, but a natural animal response to

fear is hair raising, which can be mistaken for chill.

A. perception B. emotion C. sense D. sensation 2. Translation (with the words or phrases in parentheses) 1) 那人确信自己能够治好他们的铜钱癣，但他们不相信。(convince, believe)

The man was convinced / sure that he could cure them of their ringworm / of his ability to cure them of their ringworm, but they did not believe him. 2) 从连续不断的林带传来没完没了的鸦噪。(continuous, incessant) From the continuous tree belt came the incessant cawing of crows. 3) 他坚持要我们坚持这项无法完成的工作。(persist, insist)

He insisted that we persist in the task that was impossible to accomplish. 4) 当时谁也不知道，他根本没有自己所吹嘘的才干。(no one, none)

Nobody / No one knew at the time that he had none of the talent that he boasted of. 5) 我们航行到岛上去的时候，看到一大群海豚和一小群海鸥。(school, flock)

We caught sight of / saw a large school of dolphins and a small flock of seagulls on our voyage to the island. 6) 他正在穿衣服的时候，手机响了起来，于是穿好大衣，走了出去。(put on, dress)

He was dressing (himself) when his cell (cellular / mobile) phone rang. Then he put on his overcoat and went out. 7) 如果你有朝一日再到湖边去，那湖看上去不会像你曾经见到的那样遥远而原始。

(once, ever)

If you ever go to the lake itself again, it will certainly not look as remote and primeval as it once did when you saw it. 8) 园艺师左右树木的生长，而不会听其自然。(leave to sb‘s own devices)

Gardeners control the growth of trees instead of leaving / rather than leave them to their own devices. 9) 他一出门，一种寒冷的感觉便使得他踌躇不前, 也使他的情绪平静下来。(sensation;

emotion)

Once / As soon as he was outside / went into the outdoors, a sensation of coldness made him hesitate, and calmed down his emotions too. 10) 他唯一的志向是成为一位风格独特的作家，任何单一的作品都能使他不朽。 (unique,

single, sole)

His sole / only ambition was to become a writer with a unique style, any single work of whom would make him immortal.

Grammar

Exercises

1. Blank-filling

Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:

One afternoon while we were there at that lake 1) a thunder-storm came up. It was like 2) the revival of 3) an old melodrama that I had seen long ago with 4) ⅹ childish awe. 5) The second-act climax of 6) the drama of 7) an electrical disturbance over 8) a lake in America had not changed in any important respect. This was 9) the big scene, still 10) the big scene. 11) The whole thing was so familiar, 12) the first feeling of 13) ⅹ oppression and heat and 14) a general air of not wanting to go very far away. In mid-afternoon (it was all the same) 15) a curious darkening of 16) the sky, and 17) a lull in everything that had made 18) ⅹ life tick; and then 19) the way 20) the boats suddenly swung the other way at their moorings with the coming of a breeze out of the new quarter, and the premonitory rumble. 2. Proofreading

Peace and goodness and jollity. The only thing that was wrong now, really, was the sound of the place, an unfamiliar nervous sound of the outboard motors. This was the note ∧jarred, the one thing that would sometimes break the 1) that illusion and set the years move. In those other summer times 2) moving all motors were inboard; and they were at a little distance, 3) √ the noise they made was a sedative . . . they all made ∧sleepy 4) a sound across the lake. The one-lungers throbbed, ∧fluttered, 5) and and ∧twin-cylinder ones purred and purred, and that was a quiet 6) the sound too. But now the campers all had outboards. In ∧daytime, 7) the in the hot mornings, these motors made a petulant, irritable 8) √ sound; at night, in the still evening∧the afterglow lit the water, 9) when they whined about one‘s ears as mosquitoes. My boy loved 10) like our rented outboard, and his great desire was to achieve single-handed mastery over it, and authority.

Rhetoric

Exercises

1. Figures of Speech

1) In the following sentence, ―chucking‖ and ―the chin‖ realize a personification (an ordinary

metaphor; a personification; a simile; an ordinary comparison).

The small waves were the same, chucking the rowboat under the chin as we fished at anchor.

2) In the following sentence, there is a simile (an ordinary metaphor; a personification; a simile; an ordinary comparison).

One afternoon while we were there at that lake a thunder-storm came up. It was like the revival of an old melodrama that I had seen long ago with childish awe.

3) The following sentence contains an ordinary comparison (an ordinary metaphor; a

personification; a simile; an ordinary comparison).

. . . and from then on none of us ever thought there was any place in the world like that lake in Maine.

4) In the metaphor in the following sentence, ―this‖ and ―the life along the shore‖ are the tenors (vehicles; tenors) and ―the background‖ and ―the design‖, the vehicles (vehicles; tenors). . . . this was the background, and the life along the shore was the design.

5) In the following sentence, ―deathless‖ compares a joke to an animal or a human being (a god; an animal or a human being).

The campers ran out in joy and relief to go swimming in the rain, their bright cries perpetuating the deathless joke about how they were getting simply drenched.

6) In the following sentence, ―pawed over‖, which compares the youngsters from the boys‘ camp

to clumsy animals, means ―handled roughly‖. (fondled gently; handled roughly)

After breakfast we would go up to the store and the things were in the same place—the minnows in a bottle, the plugs and spinners disarranged and pawed over by the youngsters from the boys‘ camp. 2．Passive Rhetoric

Identify the topic sentence in Paragraph 3 of the text and its supporting details. Topic sentence: The lake had never been what you would call a wild lake. Details:

There were cottages sprinkled around the shores, and it was in farming country.

Some of the cottages were owned by nearby farmers,

and you would live at the shore and eat your meals at the farmhouse. That‘s what our family did.

UNIT 2

Part 1 Text-processing

Teacher-aided Work

Lead-in

Listen to the recorder and take notes. Then fill in each gap in the following passage with ONE word according to what you have heard. Finish your work within 10 minutes

Tape script:

Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961), a Nobel Prize winner for literature, is one of the greatest American writers. His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized and imitated, not only in English-speaking countries, but all over the world.

Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful. He was born Ernest Miller Hemingway in Oak Park, Illinois, son of a successful physician. Hemingway was a good son in the sense that he complied with his parents‘ expectations. He made good grades in school; he wrote for the school paper and literary magazines; he participated in sports. And Hemingway often went hunting and fishing with his father or his friends on the lake near Charlevoix, Michigan, which provided him with materials that he drew on for some of his best writing. However, he was not comfortable with the polite, effete, but curiously materialistic culture of his time. After high school, he left home for Kansas City and worked as a reporter. During World War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps near the Italian front, and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs. After the war, he went to Paris as a foreign reporter, employed by The Toronto Star. Influenced and guided by Sherwood, Anderson, Stephen Crane and Gertrude Stein, he became a writer and began to attract attention. Later he actively participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1961, in ill health, anxiety and deep depression, Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun.

The Sun Also Rises (1926) is Hemingway‘s first true novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of ―The Lost Generation‖, a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering, amusing, but aimless people, who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.

The Sun Also Rises was an international success. But his mother was strongly against what was written in the book and also held a negative attitude towards Hemingway‘s living style. Although Hemingway‘s career was taking off, his personal life was showing cracks. By 1927, his wife, Elizabeth Hadley, was to divorce Hemingway, who was to promptly marry Pauline Pfeiffer, a girl Hemingway had fallen in love with. Eventually, Hemingway settled into a patterned life with Pauline in Key West. He had also earned a reputation as a heavy drinker. In this letter, Hemingway tried hard to explain his life to his parents and sincerely hoped that someday his parents would like his writing.

Passage for gap-filling:

Hemingway was born in 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois into the 1) family of a successful

physician. Hemingway behaved well in the sense that he complied with his parents‘ expectations. However, he was not comfortable with the 2) materialistic culture of his time. During World War I he worked for the Red Cross near the Italian front. After the war, he went to Paris and became a writer. Later he participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1961, he committed 3) suicide. The Sun Also Rises (1926), Hemingway‘s first true novel, gives a vivid portrait of ―The Lost Generation‖, a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. This novel was an international success, but his mother was strongly against the 4) contents of the book and also 5) disapproved of his living style. In this letter, Hemingway tried hard to explain his life to his parents and sincerely hoped that someday his parents would like his writing.

In-depth Comprehension 1. Questions

1) Para 3: Does ―it is not all unpleasant‖ mean ―it is not extremely unpleasant‖ or ―it is not

unpleasant in all the parts of the book‖? Why?

It means ―not the whole of the content of the book is unpleasant‖. As an adverb, ―all‖ means ―altogether‖, ―entirely‖ or ―wholly‖, which meaning is used here. It may also mean ―to a very great degree‖. But in this meaning, it is either used in the phrase ―all the…‖, such as ―all the sooner‖, or in a compound word, such as ―all-important‖, ―all-powerful‖, etc.

2) Para 3: Does ―such a book‖ refer to The Sun Also Rises alone, or the type of book that it

represents? If it is the latter, then what type of book is it?

It refers to a book like The Sun Also Rises. This kind of book describes life as it is. The term for it is ―naturalistic novel‖.

3) Para 3: What does ―the sort of thing…behind closed doors‖ refer to? Which does Hemingway

stress, ―the sort of thing…‖ or ―a very lovely side…‖ preceding it? Why does he mention both instead of only the side he stresses?

It refers to bad things people do secretly. Hemingway stresses it so as to justify his description of such things in The Sun Also Rises. He mentions the good side to show the lack of reason for his mother‘s criticism of his book, and the bad side as a justification for what he describes in his book.

4) Para 3: What is Hemingway‘s implication and intention in saying ―I have a long life to write

other books and the subjects will not always be the same?‖

The implication is that he was not going always to write books like The Sun Also Rises, which displeased his mother, and that his mother might like his other books. His intention is to reconcile his mother.

5) Para 5: ―Hadley may have divorced me‖ expresses a guess. That is to say, Hemingway did not

exactly know whether Hadley had divorced him or not. How would you account for this fact?

It was very likely that Hadley, seeing that her husband had fallen in love with another woman, had agreed and promised to divorce him before the time he was writing this letter. Maybe, in Paris, where they were living, a man or woman could divorce his or her spouse without the latter‘s presence. Those of you who can may come up with a better explanation. 6) Para 5: What do you think is Hemingway‘s reason for telling his mother that all the profits and

royalties of The Sun Also Rises, by his order, were being paid directly to Hadley?

This arrangement must have been one of the conditions for their divorce. He told his mother about this to reduce her worry about her grandson. The sentence below which says ―so you can see Bumby on the profits of The Sun Also Rises‖ testifies to this.

7) Para 5: Was the book The Sun Also Rises very popular? If it was popular, how do you know?

Yes. The book had gone into 5 printings (15 000 copies) at that time, and it was still going strongly. And what‘s more, the profits of the book had already run to several thousand dollars at that time.

8) Para 5: Judging from the sentenced ―I am not taking one cent of the royalties, which are

already running into several thousand dollars, have been drinking nothing but my usual wine or beer with meals, have been leading a very monastic life and trying to write as well as I am able‖, can you imagine what rumors Hemingway‘s mother must have heard of his life style?

She must have heard such rumors as her son‘s extravagance, heavy drinking, and merry-making.

9) Para 5: Why does Hemingway say he and his mother had different ideas about what

constitutes good writing?

His mother thought what he wrote of in the book was a great shame, but he didn‘t think so. He thought what he wrote of was only the real presentation of the people in society.

10) Para 5: ―…but you really are deceiving yourself if you allow any Fanny Butchers to tell you

that I am pandering to sensationalism…‖ How do you understand this part of the sentence?

Hemingway despises Fanny Butcher for her ignorance and he wants to tell his mother what Fanny Butcher said about the book was false, and she should not believe it.

11) Para 5: How does Hemingway refute Fanny Butcher‘s accusation against him of ―pandering

to sensationalism?‖

He refutes her by saying that, though popular magazines such as Vanity Fair, and Cosmopolitan, magazines pandering to sensationalism, invited him to write for them, he wasn‘t interested in it at all.

12) Para 5: What is Hemingway‘s intention in saying that he was trying to write as well as he

could, with no eye on any market, nor any thought of what the stuff would bring, or even if it could ever be published?

This is a further refutation of Fanny Butcher‘s criticism of him. The motive for a writer‘s pandering to sensationalism is to make their books good sellers so as to make money out of them. This is what she called ―the lowest ends‖ in Paragraph 4. But, in fact, he only wanted to write as well as he could with no eye on any market, showing that Butcher‘s accusation was groundless.

13) Para 5: What does ―the money making trap which handles American writers‖ mean?

It means that American writers, once they decided to make money out of their writing, were forced to write what catered to vulgar interests. They were no longer free to write what they considered really meaningful.

14) Para 6: Who was the other person that Hemingway was sending the letter to? How do you

know?

His father. Later in the paragraph, he says ―Dad has been very loyal and while you, mother, have not been loyal at all.‖

15) Para 6: Whom does Hemingway mean his father was loyal to? Why do you say so? Then what

does ―loyal‖ mean?

He means that his father was loyal to his family members, in this particular case, to Hemingway. The reason for this conclusion is that here he is only talking about his father, mother and himself. Such being the case, a son‘s loyalty to his parents is the same as filial duty, and a parent‘s loyalty to his or her son is paternal or maternal love. 2．Multiple-choice Questions

1) In this letter Hemingway tries to _______A______.

A. persuade his parents to understand his life and writing

B. express his displeasure with his mother‘s finding faults with his writing and life C. show his scorn of the book reviewer Fanny Butcher D. discuss literary theory with his mother Explanation:

Paragraph 7 is the summary of this letter, which clearly shows this point.

2) The Sun Also Rises was _____C______ .

A. only an ordinary book B. a great disgrace C. a great success

D. a book that caused people pain or disgust Explanation: ―The book has gone into, by the last ads I saw in January, 5 printings (15,000copies), and is still going strongly‖, ―… the profits of Sun Also Rises…‖ and ―which are already running into several thousand dollars‖ show the book was very popular and it was a great success for Hemingway.

3) Hemingway‘s mother didn‘t like his book The Sun Also Rises because ____D___.

A. it was a book which disgraced her

B. the book was severely criticized by the book reviewer Fanny Butcher C. the people Hemingway wrote of were burned out, hollow and smashed D. she couldn‘t understand the young people at that time Explanation: ―We have different ideas about what constitute good writing‖ shows his mother did not like his writing and she couldn‘t understand the young people at that time in terms of feelings and values.

4) ―A great talent‖ in Paragraph 4 refers to _____C_____.

A. a character in The Sun Also Rises

B. the person who was the model of a character in the novel C. Hemingway himself

D. the reviewer Fanny Butcher Explanation It refers to Hemingway himself. The sentence shows the reviewer‘s recognition of Hemingway‘s genius as a writer, but she thought that he was not making use of his genius to produce serious literature, but to make profits.

5) It was _____B_____ that Hemingway calls his father ―Dad‖, his mother ―mother‖, his son

―Bumby‖ and his wife ―Hadley‖. A. quite accidental

B. due to different emotional distances

C. to display his literary skill

D. a result of his peculiarity in wording Explanation: ―Dad‖ and ―Mom/Mum‖ are more intimate forms of ―Father‖ and ―Mother‖; about the same difference lies between a person‘s nickname (e.g. Bumby) and real name (e.g. Hadley).

Extension from the Text 1. Speaking

What would you call the disagreement between Hemingway and his mother? Give your reasons from the text.

I would call it a generation gap, which refers to a lack of understanding and communication between parents and children.

First, mother and son had different attitudes towards the latter‘s The Sun Also Rises. The mother criticized the novel for describing unpleasant things, while the son said, ―It is not all unpleasant and I am sure is no more unpleasant than the real inner lives of some of our best Oak Park families.‖ Of cause, the disagreement arose at least partly from the different standards by which mother and son judged what was unpleasant, a difference in viewpoints towards social customs and traditions between two generations who lived in different times.

Then the mother also criticized the son for drinking, but in fact, her criticism was based on hearsay or, to use Hemingway‘s term, on legends. This was due to a lack of intimate communication between mother and son. Behind that was the mother‘s obsession with her owing it to herself to correct the son in a path which seemed to her disastrous. 2. Cloze

You are fortunate enough to have only been in love with 1) one woman in your life. For over a year I had been in love with two people and had been absolutely 2) faithful to Hadley. When Hadley decided that we had better get a 3) divorce, the girl with whom I was in love was in America. I had not 4) heard from her for almost two months. In her last letter she had said that we must not 5) think of each other but of Hadley. You refer to ―Love Pirates‖, ―persons who break up your home etc.‖ and you know that I am hot tempered but I know that it is easy to wish people in Hell when you know nothing of them. I have seen, suffered, and been through enough so that I do not wish anyone in 6) Hell. It is because I do not want you to suffer with ideas of shame and 7) disgrace that I now write all this. We have not seen much of each other for a long time and in the 8) meantime our lives have been going on and there has been a year of 9) tragedy in mine and I know you can appreciate how difficult and almost 10) impossible it is for me to write about it. Explanations: 1) In view of the singular number of ―woman‖, ―a‖ and ―one‖ are both possible. But

―in love with ____ woman‖ in this sentence forms a contrast with ―in love with two people‖ in the next, the difference being the number. So ―one must be used instead of ―a‖. 2) Hadley was Hemingway‘s wife, and he was expected to be faithful to his wife. 3) Since Hemingway had been in love with another woman, his wife‘s decision about

both her and her husband could have been nothing but a change in their relationship—a divorce. 4) ―(I) had been absolutely faithful to Hadley‖ and ―the girl with whom I was in love

was in America‖ show that it‘s not strange that the author ―had not heard from the girl for two

months.‖ 5)

From the context, we can see, though both Hemingway and the girl fell in love with

each other, they didn‘t want to hurt Hadley. The girl meant that they should not ―think of‖ each other, but should think of Hadley. 6) ―but I know that it is easy to wish people in Hell when you know nothing of them‖

and ―I have seen, suffered, and been through enough so that I do not wish anyone in _____‖ show it should be ―I do not wish anyone in hell‖. Hemingway said he didn‘t hate anybody. 7) From the context, we see we should fill in a word which is a synonym of the word

―shame‖, and ―disgrace‖ is similar to ―shame‖. 8) ―We have not seen much of each other for a long time‖ and ―our lives have been

going on‖ describe events that happen at the same time, so we use the set phrase ―in the meantime‖. 9) When he found he had fallen in love with the girl, and since he didn‘t want to hurt

his wife, Hemingway was in great pain. 10) The word in the blank should be absolute and stronger than ―very difficult‖. This

word is ―impossible‖. 3. Translating

Translate the following passage into English.

得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打人冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃、为世人所遗的悲愤袭上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。

Before I fell ill, as my parents had doted on me excessively, I had lorded it at home, doing whatever I wished. Thus, when I was confined in isolation to a cabin in the garden hillside, I suddenly could not help feeling that I was left out in the cold, and I kept thinking sadly that I was totally neglected. One spring evening, my parents were holding a dinner party in the garden, where hundreds of flowers were bursting into full bloom. A great many guests were gathering there, laughing and talking merrily. Secretly drawing the window curtain apart, I witnessed a vast hustling world out there in the garden, and saw all my brothers, sisters and cousins mingling together with the grownups. They were all full of joy and happiness. In an instant, I was so overwhelmed by the grief and indignation at being forsaken by the world that I burst out crying bitterly.

Chinese Version of the Text

厄尼斯特·海明威致母亲

亲爱的母亲：

1 十分感谢您给我寄来马歇尔·菲尔德展览会的目录，以及您在其中展出的油画《铁匠铺》的复制品。这幅画太棒了，我真想看一看原作。

2 您来信谈及《太阳》什么的这本书，我没有回信，因为我忍不住发脾气，而且写发脾气的信是件蠢事；尤其是给母亲写这样的信，就不仅仅是蠢了。您不喜欢这本书不足为怪，您看了让您感到痛苦和厌恶的书，我也很遗憾。

3 另一方面，我也许没能准确地刻画我所写的人物，或者没能把他们栩栩如生地展现在读者面前，除此之外我一点儿也不为这本书感到惭愧。这本书肯定令人不快。但也并非全都令人不快，而且肯定并不比我们奥克帕克村最体面的人家真正的私生活更令人不快。您一定记得，这样一部书将人们生活中所有最坏的一面都写出来了，而人们家里，既有公众看得到的美好的一面，也有我曾经观察到的那一类关起门来干的勾当。此外，您是一位艺术家，明白人们不应逼作家为所选的题材辩护，而应当评论他如何处理这一题材。我所写的人物肯定是没精神、脑袋空、醉醺醺——这正是我试图表现的。我只为这本书在某些方面没能表达出我真正希望展示给读者的一切而感到惭愧。我来日方长，还可以写其他的书，题材也不会总是相同的——除了（我希望）写的都是人这一点相同之外。

4 范妮·布彻小姐并非高明的评论家，如果她赞扬这本书，我倒会觉得傻眼了。如果在她的指导下的读书俱乐部的那些淑女们一致认为我为了最卑劣的目的而滥用天才等等, 那么这些淑女们就是在谈论她们一窍不通的东西，而且蠢话连篇。 5 至于哈德利、邦比和我自己——虽然哈德利和我已有一段时间没有住在同一所房子里了（我们从去年九月份开始分居，到如今哈德利也许已经和我离婚了），但我们仍然非常友好。她和邦比都很好，身体健康、生活愉快。而且按照我的要求，《太阳照常升起》这部书的所有利润和版税都从美国和英国直接寄给哈德利。根据我1月份看到的最新广告，这部书已经第五次印刷了（15000册），而且仍然热销。这部书春季在英国以《节日》为题出版发行。哈德利也将于春天回美国，所以您能看到邦比得到《太阳照常升起》的利润。虽然版税已经达到几千美元，但我一分钱都没拿，仍然每餐喝我平时喝的葡萄酒或啤酒，一直过着僧侣般的生活，并尽我所能写出好的作品。对于什么是最好的作品，我们有不同的见解——有这种分歧是很自然的——但是如果您让范妮·布彻这种人告诉您我在迎合人们的声色口腹之乐，等等，等等，那么您就上了大当了。《名利场》、《大千世界》等刊物来信向我约稿，要求我写一些短篇小说、文章、连载，但我最近六个月或者可以说这一年都没有发表作品（只是在去年年底为斯克里布纳杂志写过几个短篇小说，有一篇幽默的小文章已刊登出来），因为我知道，对我来说，现在是非常关键的时候，安安静静地写作，尽可能写好，不瞄着市场，也不去想写出来的东西带来的是毁是誉，甚至也不去想能否出版。这远比掉进摆布美国作家们的赚钱陷阱——就像玉米脱壳机摆布我那著名的亲戚的大拇指一样——重要得多。 6 我之所以写这样一封信给二老，是因为我知道你们一直都很担心我，而我为引起你们担心而深感内疚。但你们不必如此——因为，尽管我的生活可能遭受种种破坏，但我将永远为我所爱的人们去做我所能做到的一切（我不经常给家里写信，是因为没有时间，也因为觉得写信很难，因此只写那些不得不写的信——而且，我的那些真正的朋友都知道不管我是否给他们写信，我都一如既往地喜爱他们）；知道我从来不酗酒，也不经常喝酒（你们会听到某些传闻说我酗酒——人们总是把任何一个描写酒徒的作家冠以酗酒的恶名）；知道我所想要的是安宁和写作的机会。也许你们从未喜欢过我的任何作品——也许以后你们会突然非常喜欢某部作品。但你们一定要相信，我真诚地对待我所写的一切。爸一直非常慈爱，而您，母亲，您非常严厉，我完全理解——这是因为您觉得把我从您认为是灾难性的歧途上拉回来是您的责任。

7 因此，我们也许可以丢下这事别管了。我肯定，在我的生活道路上，您如果相信一切道听途说，将会发现许多理由让您觉得我丢了您的脸。但另一方面，您如果能以一点慈爱作为一针麻醉剂，也许能忍受我那表面上的声名狼藉，最终发现，我丝毫都没有丢您的脸。 8 无论怎样，向二老致以最真心的爱。

厄尼

于格斯塔德

1927年2月5日

Part 2 Tool-sharpening

Words and Phrases

Exercises

1. Multiple-choice Questions 1) His Belgian servant sold a grey horse, very like the one which Jos rode, at Valenciennes

______B______ during the autumn of 1815. A. some time B. sometime C. sometimes D. at sometime 2) His stepfather was an alcoholic who could _____D_____ abusive.

A. come B. go C. fall D. turn 3) Owen‘s poetic _______B______, the horror and pity of war, is set forth in strong verse

that transfigured traditional meters and diction. A. subject B. theme C. topic D. idea 4) The stronger the economy of a country, the ______C____ its currency.

A. faster B. steadier C. stabler D. securer 5) He has been invited to one of them to fill a _____C_____ place.

A. hollow B. empty C. vacant D. emptied 6) Then she came and _____B______ me another precious gift: the letter my mother had

written on her birthday to her friend, three weeks after my father‘s death. A. sent B. gave C. delivered D. presented 7) My mother left me the wedding ring she gave my father, a few moving stories, and the

_____D_____ knowledge that she was loving me for him too. A. certain B. positive C. doubtless D. sure 8) She had never exchanged a single word with Mr. Crisp, ______A______ under her own

eyes on the two occasions when she had met him at tea. A. except B. only C. merely D. just 9) He was at a loss _______A______ what to say on such occasions.

A. as to B. as for C. as regards D. with regard to 10) He agreed to pay two guineas a week so readily, that the landlady ____B____ she had

asked him so little. A. sorry B. regretted C. repented D. complained 3. Translation (with the words or phrases in parentheses) 1. 他把客人送到火车站之后, 又把电脑送到买主家。(see, deliver)

After he had seen the guest to the railway station, he went to deliver the computer to the buyer. 2. 我们一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。(regret)

We‘ve always deeply regretted selling the farm. 3. 她来到台上时，观众真正活跃起来，最后人人似乎都发疯了。(come, go)

The audience really came alive when she appeared on the stage. In the end, everyone seemed to have gone mad. 4. 我今天讲演的话题是一本关于清朝的书，其主题是落后就会挨打。(subject,

theme, topic)

The topic of my lecture is a book on the subject of the Qing Dynasty, whose theme is that

backwardness results in vulnerability to attacks. 5. 那所空房子前面有一座空心岩石和一个空液化气罐。(empty, hollow, vacant)

In front of the vacant house there were a hollow rock and an empty propane gas tank. 6. 除了眼泪汪汪的时候，她那双眼睛简直像夜空最亮的两颗星星。(except)

Her eyes were like two of the brightest stars in the sky at night except when they filled with tears. 7. 你倒是有张床睡，至于他，就只能睡在地板上了。(as for / as to)

You can have a bed; as for him, he‘ll have to sleep on the floor. 8. 那被绑架到山西的孩子肯定，呆在煤矿意味着必然的死亡，但逃跑又没有万全

之策。(sure, certain, positive)

The boy who had been kidnapped to Shanxi was positive that staying in the coal mine meant certain death, yet he lacked a sure way of escape. 9. 这座博物馆是上世纪五十年代某个时候建造的。有时候有了新展品，我就花些

时间去参观。(some time, sometimes, sometime)

This museum was built sometime in the 50s of last century. Sometimes, when new exhibits are added, I will spend some time visiting it. 10. 政治形势稳定才能确保经济稳定增长。(steady, stable)

Only a stable political situation can ensure the steady growth of the economy.

Grammar

Exercises

1. Blank-filling

1) Thanks very much for your letter and for forwarding the letter to uncle Tyley. I had a good letter from him yesterday. You cannot know how badly I feel about having caused you and mother so 2) much shame and 3) suffering—but I could not write you about all of my and Hadley‘s 4) troubles even if it were the thing to do. It takes two weeks 5) for a letter to cross the Atlantic and I have tried not to transfer all the hell I have been through to anyone by letter. I love Hadley and I love Bumby—Hadley and I split up—I did not desert her 7) nor was I committing 8) adultery with anyone. I was living in the apartment with Bumby—looking after him 9) while Hadley was away on 10) a trip and it was 10) when she came back from this trip that she decided she wanted the definite divorce. We arranged everything 11) and there 12) was no 13) scandal and no 14) disgrace. Our 15) trouble had been going on for a long time. It was entirely my 16) fault and it is no one‘s 17) business. I have nothing 18 but love, admiration and respect for Hadley and while we are busted up I 19) have not in any way lost Bumby. He lived with me in Switzerland after the divorce and he is coming back in November and will 20) spend this winter with me in the mountains. 2．Proofreading

I will never stop loving Hadley nor Bumby nor will I cease to look after them. I will never stop loving Pauline Pfeiffer with whom I am married. I 1) to have now responsibilities toward three people instead of one. 2) responsibility Please understand this and know that it doesn‘t make∧ easier to 3) it write about it. I do understand how hard is it for you to have to 4) it is make explanation and answer questions and not hear from me. 5) explanations I am a rotten correspondent and it is almost impossible that I 6) for me

to write about my private affairs. Without seeking it—through the success of my books—all the profits of them I have turned 7) which over to Hadley because of all this there is a great deal of talks. 8) talk I pay no attention to any of it and either must you. I have had 9) neither come back to me stories people have told about me of every fantastic and scandalous sort—all without foundations. These 10) foundation sorts of stories spring up about all writers—ball players—popular evangelists or any pubic performers.

Rhetoric

Exercises

1．Figures of Speech

1) In the following sentence, the phrase ―to fall into the money making trap‖ is a metaphor.

It is much more important for me to write in tranquillity, trying to write as well as I can, than to fall into the money making trap.

2) In the following sentence the comparison of the money making trap to a corn-husking

machine by the word ―like‖ is a simile instead of an ordinary comparison because the two things are basically different. …which handles American writers like the corn-husking machine handled my noted relative‘s thumb.

3) In the following sentence, the simile ―a little shot of loyalty as anaesthetic‖ means ―a little bit

of loyalty as a means to keep you from believing my alleged disreputability too readily‖.

On the other hand with a little shot of loyalty as anaesthetic you may be able to get through all my obvious disreputability.

4) The word ―monastic‖ in the following sentence compares the author to a monk who never

seeks worldly pleasures.

I have been leading a very monastic life and trying to write as well as I am able.

5) In the following sentence ―pandering‖ compares the author to a panderer/ pimp who provides a prostitute to a man seeking sexual pleasures.

You really are deceiving yourself if you allow any Fanny Butchers to tell you that I am pandering to sensationalism etc. etc.

6) In the following sentence, ―artery‖ and ―heart‖ are used metaphorically, ―artery‖ means main route or channel, and ―heart‖ refers to central part. The geographic core, in Twain‘s early years was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nation‘s heart. 2．Passive Rhetoric

1) Find the topic sentence in the following passage and use it as a standard to identify the

irrelevant details.

It is surprising, in this era of laconic correspondents, that such a hoarder of words as Ernest Hemingway should have been so garrulous in his letters. After a day that produced perhaps 500 words, he might turn out a 3,000-word letter the same evening. In these evenings, besides writing letters, he also drank beer. And where in his work he labored to be as tight-lipped as possible, to intimate rather than describe emotion, in his correspondence he was profligate, expansive,

anecdotal. He often bought a lot of paper and very pretty stamps for his letters.

Topic sentence:

It is surprising, in this era of laconic correspondents, that such a hoarder of words as Ernest Hemingway should have been so garrulous in his letters.

Irrelevant details:

a. In these evenings, besides writing letters, he also drank beer.

b. He often bought a lot of paper and very pretty stamps for his letters.

2) Identify the devices that the author uses to achieve cohesion in the following passage.

Legendary for his public vanity, he was vulnerable in his letters; it was as if writing to friends provided an occasion to suspend his natural vigilance. Not that he didn‘t indulge in tiresome bluster or a self-congratulatory pose: Hemingway the outdoorsman, the lover, the intrepid adventurer declares himself with a disconcertingly hollow zeal. But apart from these ostentatious displays of manliness, the predominant voice is unguarded, self-revealing.

Pronouns: his, he, these

Reiteration: Hemingway, the outdoorsman, the lover, the intrepid adventurer Conjunction: not that, but

UNIT 3

Part 1 Text-processing

Teacher-aided Work

Lead-in

Listen to the recorder and take notes. Then fill in each gap in the following passage with ONE word according to what you have heard. Finish your work within ten minutes.

Tape script:

Eric Alterman is Professor of English at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, media columnist for The Nation, the ―Altercation‖ web logger for MSNBC.com, and a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, where he writes and edits the ―Think Again‖ column. Alterman is the author of many national bestsellers and a frequent lecturer and contributor to virtually every significant national publication in the US and many in Europe. In recent years, he has also been a columnist for mass media in London.

This article of Alterman‘s that we are going to study is about Hurricane Katrina.

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans leaving the nation shocked at the destruction it caused.

About 1.3 million people live in New Orleans and its suburbs, and many began evacuating before sunrise on August 28, Sunday. Nearly 1 million people had fled the city and its surrounding parishes by Sunday night. Between 20,000 and 25,000 others who remained in the city lined up to take shelter in the Louisiana Superdome.

This selection of Eric Alterman was posted on The Nation, September 26, 2005 issue. It raises questions about racism, justice, and about how decisions are made and what people do in the face of tragedy. The Katrina disaster didn‘t just blow away the houses, it also blew the top off the racism in America. When one looks at who was damaged, dispersed, who lost their homes, died, by and large one notices that they are African Americans. One notices that the ninth ward had the least support in getting fixed. It really just showed the disparity along the lines of race in the US. So the Katrina disaster really helps people understand racism, which is regarded by many in the US as something of the past, or something to do with the Klan and not institutionalized power.

Passage for gap-filling:

Eric Alterman, Professor of English at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, has written many national 1) bestsellers and has contributed to almost every major national publication in the US and many in Europe.

This article by him is about Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans on August 29, 2005. Lots of the city‘s 2) residents / inhabitants began leaving the city before daybreak on August 28, Sunday. Nearly 1 million people had fled the city and the areas around it by Sunday night. 20,000 to 25,000 others, mostly 3) blacks, who could not get away took shelter in the Louisiana Superdome.

This essay raises questions about racism, justice, and about how matters are 4) decided and what people do when tragedy strikes. The Katrina disaster really increases people‘s understanding of racism, which is thought of by many in the US as something that has 5) disappeared.

In-depth Comprehension 11. Questions

1) Para 1: What was the tone set by the likes of Jason DeParle?

It was a tone of sympathy with the poor blacks and indignation at the officials. While poverty and neglect left the poor black people trapped in the flood, trembling in hunger, disease and fear, the officials, quite secure from the disaster themselves, were quite indifferent to the lot of the poor black people.

2) Para 1: Why didn‘t Wil Haygood simply say ―their money‖ instead of ―their nickels and

dimes and dollar bills‖?

Nickels and dimes and dollar bills are all small cash. He said so to emphasize the poverty of these people.

3) Para 2: Why does the author mention the Lower Ninth Ward?

The author mentions it as a typical example to show that New Orleans was a far poorer, blacker and more dangerous city than most Americans imagined

4) Para 2: What did Brian Wolshon say about the city‘s evacuation plan? What does it reveal?

Brian Wolshon told the Times that the city‘s evacuation plan paid little attention to its ―low-mobility‖ population—the old, the sick and the poor with no cars or other way to get out of town. It reveals that the underbelly of society was simply ignored by the government.

5) Para 3: Why does the author call the cable news journalists ―whores‖? What does the ―fever‖

refer to? Why does the author use the word ―unapologetically‖?

―Whores‖, used figuratively here, means ―people who engage in faithless, unworthy or idolatrous practices‖. The author calls the cable news journalists ―whores‖ to show that they usually cater for the white, the wealthy, and the powerful for the sake of benefits. ―Fever‖, also used figuratively, refers to the widespread indignation and fury burning in the media. The author uses the word ―unapologetically‖ to imply that these people should have apologized for their past performance, but actually they now were acting as if they had been justice itself. 6) Para 4: Who is Condoleezza Rice? Why did MSNBC choose to interview her?

Condoleezza Rice is the Secretary of State of America. MSNBC chose to interview her because of both her political position and her black heritage.

7) Para 4: What was Rice doing the day before? What does it reveal?

As the text tells us, she was shopping for shoes. Like President Bush, the Secretary of State had been on vacation during the Hurricane Katrina crisis, with Rice enjoying her downtime in New York. The day before, Rice went shopping at Ferragamo on Fifth Ave. While thousands of her people were dying or became homeless, she was still in the mood for shopping, which reveals her indifference to her people‘s suffering.

8) Para 4: What does the author think of Rice‘s response? What does it suggest?

The author thinks Rice‘s response was idiotic and shamed her heritage as well as her PhD. It suggests that even a black, when he or she has attained a high status and become wealthy, may become blind to widespread race and class prejudices in the US

9) Para 4: The word ―out-to-lunch‖ may mean absent-minded, daydreaming or stupid, why does

Note 24 choose the first meaning?

That depends on how people will typically act towards other matters when shopping. When she faced the camera, her attention must have been distracted by the shoes and answered the questions raised by the journalists in an absent-minded way.

10) Para 5: Why do you think the author says that CNN‘s aggressive and impassioned reporting

was the biggest surprise?

The author says so because, as is shown in Para 3, the CNN journalists are what he calls

―whores‖, who usually cater for the upper classes, but this time they spoke up for the lower classes in an aggressive and impassioned way.

11) Para 5: What does the author mean by ―. . . Michael Brown, who pretends to direct FEMA?‖

And why was he ―hapless?‖

Michael Brown is the director of FEMA, but he didn‘t do what he should have done in this time of crisis. He is said to be ―hapless‖ because Paula Zahn tormented (grilled) him for blaming the victims.

12) Para 6: Is ―the media‘s Bush propaganda wing‖ part of Bush‘s government? If not, what is it?

The structure of the phrase itself shows that ―Bush propaganda wing‖ is part of the media, and not part of Bush‘s government. This wing or faction of the media, doing propaganda in favor of Bush, is opposed to the other wing, which assumes a critical attitude towards Bush. 13) Para 6: How did Bill O‘Reilly of the Fox Broadcasting Company explain the fact that the poor

blacks stayed?

He said the poor blacks stayed in order to do destruction to the city and to loot.

14) Para 6: What does ―their cavalier choice of domiciles‖ mean? What did Fred Barnes think of

it?

―Their cavalier choice of domiciles‖ means that the people in need had carelessly chosen the sites of their houses in places where they were certain to be flooded. Fred Barnes thought that they had done it on purpose so that they could cheat taxpayers out of their money. 15) Para 6: Which sentences show the author‘s attitude toward Fox?

a. Yet in the media‘s Bush propaganda wing, Fox was still Fox.

b. Indeed, aside from the surprisingly passionate Shephard Smith, much of Fox‘s reporting could have been datelined ―Neverland‖.

c. But for once, the rest of the media did not follow them into the sewer and instead gave their faux-news phonies a chance to see how real journalists do the job. 16) What was found in the flood?

Racism.

12. Multiple-choice Questions

1) Poor people in America, as implied by the author in the first sentence, were _____C_____.

A. totally invisible

B. returning to American television screens and newspaper front pages

C. usually treated by the media in a condescending and condemnatory manner D. condescending and condemnatory Explanation:

―. . . the return to American television screens and newspaper front pages of poor people . . .‖ means that the media covered poor people once again in a manner that was neither condescending nor condemnatory. This implies that poor people in America were usually treated in a condescending and condemnatory manner.

2) ―. . . Poor black people, growing more hungry, sick and frightened by the hour as faraway

officials counseled patience and warned that rescues take time.‖ (Para 1) Here Jason DeParle implies that the officials were ______D_____.

A. sympathetic with the lot of the poor black people

B. glad to help but could not, because they were far away from the flood C. trying every possible means to help those trapped

D. indifferent to the lot of the poor black people Explanation:

Here Jason DeParle blames the indifference on the part of the officials to the lot of the poor black people. Were they sympathetic with them, they would have provided them means to evacuate the city before the flood came; they would have taken every immediate action possible to rescue them when the threatening flood did reach them. With hurricane roaring in New Orleans and the poor black people growing more hungry, sick and frightened with every passing minute, the officials, far away and secure from the disaster themselves, counseled patience and warned that rescues take time. They were actually quite indifferent.

3) American TV news professional covered to death every missing little blue-eyed, blond white

girl, because they are ______A______. A. white B. poor C. lovely D. homeless Explanation:

We can get the answer from the tone of the whole text as well as from the immediate context.

4) ―Paula Zahn grilled the hapless Bush crony Michael Brown, who pretends to direct FEMA.‖

(Para 5) Here the author implies _____D_____. A. Bush was hapless

B. Michael Brown was hapless

C. Michael Brown was not the director of FEMA D. Bush was dishonest Explanation:

A is wrong, because in this sentence ―hapless‖ modifies Michael Brown. So is B, because the information ―Michael Brown was hapless‖ is explicitly stated rather than implied. C is also wrong, because Michael Brown was really the director of FEMA; what the author means here is that he didn‘t do what he should do in this time of crisis. D is right, because the word ―crony‖ means a close friend or someone who works with a stated and usually dishonest person in authority.

5) All of the following except _____B_____ are Fox staff.

A. Bill O‘Reilly B. Rick Warren C. Neil Cavuto D. Shephard Smith Explanation:

Paragraph 6 gives us the answer. Rick Warren is the author of The Purpose-Driven Life and he was brought in by Neil Cavuto.

Extension from the Text 1. Speaking

What do you think caused the New Orleans flood? Give your reasons based on your background knowledge and clues in the text.

I think it was a hurricane that caused the flood. New Orleans is located by the Caribbean Sea. The phrase in the text ―water‘s mighty shove here‖ implies that the flood came like a wall. We have only to find out what caused the water behave like this. Near the end of the text, we see the clause ―the hurricane is still roaring through Mississippi‖. We can be sure that it was this hurricane that drove a wall of water into the city, which has the lowest elevation in the US 2. Cloze

Katrina has forced open a window through which the media have finally glimpsed the Bush Administration‘s spectacular incompetence at keeping 1) Americans safe and secure. The evidence had been there for years, but most reporters 2) missed it, hidden as it was by a fog of rhetoric, ideology, political intimidation and tabloidization. Katrina has 3) also demonstrated how ludicrous it was that in 2004 Bush managed to win his first genuine 4) presidential election victory by playing the ―security‖ card.

In the hurricane‘s 5) wake, reporters for the New York Times, the Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times have all taken the opportunity to delve into local, state and 6) federal plans for emergency evacuation. The ―plan‖ in each case is exactly the same: chaos. The deadly bungling in Louisiana and Mississippi that so shocked Americans would not have been so surprising 7) had the media paid more attention to the combination of ideological obsession, incompetence and dishonesty that has 8) characterized not merely the Iraq War but also this Administration‘s economic policies, its environmental policies—indeed, its entire faith-based governing philosophy. In New Orleans you see the 9) results. Seen in the context of Administration planning, New Orleans was not an unpredictable disaster—it was a model. And when the next 10) disaster comes, we will all be under water. Explanations: 1) Bush is the US president, and one of his responsibilities is to keep Americans safe and secure. 2) The natural result of the fact that the evidence had been there for years would have been

that most reporters saw it. The conjunction ―but‖ indicates that it was just the opposite—they did not see it. The verb meaning ―did not see‖ is ―missed‖. 3) The first sentence, where a window metaphor is used, actually means that Katrina had

demonstrated something. This sentence must mean that the hurricane has also demonstrated something else. 4) We know that Bush was the US president, the election victory he won, of course, was

one in a presidential election. 5) What the reporters did (delving into plans for emergency evacuation) must have been

done after the hurricane. For the phrase ―in the hurricane‘s ___‖ to mean ―(immediately) after the hurricane‖, the word in the blank must be ―wake‖, which originally means ―the track left behind by a moving body (as a ship) in a fluid (as water)‖. 6) In the series ―local, state and _____ plans‖, the highest level is ―federal‖, similar to our

―national‖. 7) The verb phrase ―would not have been‖ is used in the main clause of a sentence of unreal

condition. Normally, the subordinate clause should be ―if sb. had done sth.‖, but ―had‖ placed before the subject (inverted) can take the place of ―if . . . had‖. 8) ―Ideological obsession‖, ―incompetence‖ and ―dishonesty‖ are nouns derived from

adjectives, describing characteristics of something. Here, the combination of them must be the characteristic of the Iraq War and policies. The verb meaning ―be the characteristic of‖ is ―characterize‖. 9) What is seen in New Orleans—suffering of people and loss of lives—must be related to

the Bush administration‘s governing philosophy. The relationship is causal. So what is seen in New Orleans must be the ―results‖.

10)

It is obvious from ―an unpredictable disaster‖ that what comes next must also be a ―disaster‖. 3. Writing

Write a composition entitled ―Money and Disaster‖.

Chinese Version of the Text

洪水期间的发现

1 新奥尔良洪水期间，出现了一幅幅引人注目、惊心动魄的图景，看得人晕头转向。这一幅幅图景最新鲜、最异乎寻常的特点大概莫过于美国电视和报纸头版对贫民的再度关注，态度既不屈尊俯就，也不谴责非难。《纽约时报》贾森·德帕勒的报道是这样开头的：“白人都撤离了。不管怎么说，大多数白人都撤离了??留下来的大部分都是黑人。可怜的黑人，时间一小时一小时地过去，他们越来越饥饿、恐惧，病得越来越厉害，而远方的官员们却劝告他们要耐心，告诫他们救援需要时间。”贾森·德帕勒们为媒体报道定下了基调。《华盛顿邮报》的威尔·海古德调门相似（尽管他的报道深藏在A33版）：“很多人纳闷，风刮得洪水滚滚而来时，为什么还有这么多人留了下来？解释非常简单，被困者说他们把分币、角币、元币都凑起来，仍无力承担快速撤离的费用。” 2 除了备受喜爱的旅游区外，新奥尔良的贫穷、黑人数量和不安全程度远远超出大多数美国人的想象。发布在《进度报告》上的数据表明，在受灾最严重的地势低洼的第九区，98％以上是黑人，家庭年平均收入不足27，000美元，还不及美国社会平均水平的一半。其中四分之一家庭年平均收入不足10，000美元。州飓风疏散计划顾问布赖恩·沃尔肖恩在接受《纽约时报》采访时说, 新奥尔良市的疏散计划很少考虑“低移动性”人群――那些年老、病弱、贫穷而没有汽车或其他途径撤离的人。 3 如此众多的电视新闻专业人士，甚至有线新闻那些臭名昭著的媒体婊子都感染了这场热病，理直气壮地指责眼前这场灾难最根本的因素是种族歧视与阶级歧视，其原因不得而知。也许他们别无选择、无从回避；也许是多年来――甚至9·11事件后――对失踪的每一个蓝眼睛、黄头发、白皮肤的小女孩的连篇累牍的报道已让他们的职业道德不堪其辱；也许，身处这场悲剧中，他们的人道主义精神和职业本性发生了冲突。无论何因，这都是可资一看的景观。

4 在采访众议院多数党领袖汤姆·迪莱时，微软国家广播公司黑人主持人莱斯特·霍尔特问，“现在人们开始纷纷站出来说出这有目共睹的事实――在新奥尔良，留下来的绝大部分都是黑人。他们贫穷，他们是社会中的弱势群体。看到这些，你认为这说明我们作为一个国家做得怎么样？我们的政府在对待自己的人民方面做得怎么样？”汤姆·迪莱以他一贯的右翼立场满口胡说，“我们的工作做得很好，我们是一个极富同情心的民族。”莱斯特·霍尔特毫不退让。“体育馆里的人，会议中心的人，他们大体都是黑人，穷人，他们大体都滞留下来了。这一切说明我们的国家处于什么样的现状，又是如何对待自己的公民呢？”面对微软国家新闻网的镜头，康多莉扎?赖斯女士和日前买鞋被采访时一样，显得心不在焉。“你满世界讲演，高谈阔论自己作为一个南方黑人的成长经历,”记者咄咄逼人地问道，“而现在，国内外至少会留下这样一种印象: 对遭灾最重者的部分救援工作因其种族和阶级而受到了影响，你关心此事吗？”这位国务卿的白痴般的回答让其黑人血统及博士学位蒙羞，“说美国人做出救哪些人、不救哪些人的决定时受到肤色的影响，我才不信呢。” 5 微软国家广播公司这回表现远远优于往常。而最出人意料的是美国有线新闻网，他们的洪水报道锋芒逼人，慷慨激昂，可说是新闻网有史以来最优秀的报道。克里斯·劳伦斯描述

了“三、四、五个月大的婴儿，生活在如此恶劣的条件之下??这些人被迫像动物般生活。”波拉·赞拷问布什的倒霉的铁哥们迈克尔·布朗，此人号称是美国联邦紧急事务管理局局长，“先生，”她质问道，“今天早些时候你曾指责说那些无视疏散警报不撤离的人该为新奥尔良的――你认为会是非常庞大的――死亡人数负部分责任。但是，这些灾民中许多人说他们是无计可逃，他们没有私人汽车，而官方也没有提供撤离援助，谴责他们公平吗？”杰克·卡弗迪的新闻评论也不同凡响：犀利而大胆，集中讨论种族、阶级、贫困、联邦政府无能、以及40%国民警卫队被派往伊拉克战场给灾民带来的损失等问题。

6 然而，在替布什当吹鼓手的一派媒体里，福克斯依然故我。比尔·奥赖利对灾前撤离的明显阶级歧视意味置若罔闻、视若无睹，他沉吟道，“许多人留下来是为了搞破坏”，同时纳闷那些哄抢者为什么没有被当场击毙。确实，除了出人意料情绪激昂的谢泼德·史密斯外，福克斯的大部分报道都可标上―乌有国某日电‖。尼尔·卡伍托请来了《有志人生》一书的作者里克·沃伦，建议那些痛失一切的难民“淡然面对灾难，但求时来运转”。弗雷德·巴恩斯抱怨那些难民选址建房时满不在乎，故意诈骗纳税人的钱，“他们知道那些房子会被水淹。而当这一切真的发生时，他们要全国的纳税人付出代价，他们就是这样做的。”查尔斯·克劳特哈默取笑道，“在飓风仍在密西西比州呼啸而过时谈论停止救援是有点不妥，但就让我们试试看吧。”接着他开始嘲弄巴恩斯的避暑屋。福克斯的新闻行家里手们就这样和布利特·休姆一道，就雨水淋坏了巴恩斯的家庭游泳池上的棚子一事谈笑风生。

7 是的，这不过是在福克斯的一场司空见惯的哄堂大笑。但是这一次，其他媒体没有步其后尘，而是给了专造假新闻的冒牌货们一次机会，让他们看看真正的新闻工作者是怎么行事的。

Part 2 Tool-sharpening

Words and Phrases

Exercises 1. Multiple-choice Questions 1) A new kind of control called a ―Command link‖ provides a single-click operation to

choose from a short list of _____C_____. A. choices B. alternatives C. options D. selections 2) I hope the reader has much too good an opinion of them to suppose that they ever would

have dreamed of paying a visit to so _____A____ a district as Bloomsbury. A. remote B. faraway C. distant D. far 3) The man earlier tormented Pip and posed as his _____A______ benefactor.

A. phony B. unreal C. counterfeit D. fake 4) Smith, having sent back for reinforcements, ______B_____ reassembling his men for the

return march to Boston. A. killed time B. took his time C. played for time D. took time 5) They are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political

connection between them and the _____D____ of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved. A. Country B. Nation C. State D. Land 6) The black minority was condemned to live in exile in his new _____B____, unless he

took some affirmative steps to push toward the elaboration of a new social contract.

A. household B. home C. house D. family 7) The Allies suffered _____A_____ on the Italian front in 1917.

A. disaster B. catastrophe C. calamity D. cataclysm 8) _____C____ disasters come and go in a neat arc of calamity, followed by anger at the

slow response, then cleanup. A. Most of B. The Most C. Most D. Mostly 9) Whenever Becky made a little circle for herself with _____A_____ toils and labour,

somebody came and swept it down rudely, and she had all her work to begin over again. A. incredible B. incredulous C. unbelieving D. distrustful 10) A ghost refers to the spirit of a dead person believed to appear in bodily _____D____ to

living persons or to haunt former habitats. A. like B. liking C. likelihood D. likeness 2. Translation (with the words or phrases in parentheses)

1) 他从来没有喜欢过我们这种人，因为我们跟他没有任何相似之处。(like, liking, likeness)

He has never taken a liking to the likes of us, who bear no likeness to him at all.

2) 他的书中生动地描绘了远方的海岛，比你到过的最远的地方还要遥远，岛民靠吃鱼和水

果为生。(remote, distant, faraway)

His book gives a lifelike description of faraway islands, remoter than the most distant places you have ever been to, where people live on fish and fruit.

3) 你来得可真是不慌不忙！这项工作是要花时间的啊！(take time, take one‘s time)

You certainly took you time getting here! This work takes time!

4) 他建了一座房子作为他那幸福的大家庭隐居和避暑的别墅。(home, family, house)

He built a house as retirement and summer home for his large, happy family. 5) “多么令人难以置信的胡说！”他说。我也不相信地摇摇头。(incredible, incredulously)

―What incredible nonsense!‖ he said. I, too, shook my head incredulously.

6) 对老百姓来说，战争是一场可怕的大灾难，但对军火商（munitioner / munitioneer）来说，

战争并不意味着灾祸而是暴利。(disaster, cataclysm)

War is a cataclysm for the people, while to munitioners / munitioneers it means huge profits instead of disaster.

7) 大多数美国妇女认为，她们只拥有权利平等的外表，大多是一种姿态，没有真正的力量。

(most, mostly)

Most American women think that they only possess the external aspect of equal rights, which is mostly a gesture without real power.

8) 在我国，土地是国有的，这对全国的经济发展是非常有利的因素。(country, state, nation)

In our country, land is owned by the state, which is a very favorable factor for the whole nation‘s economic development.

9) 冒牌公司为了出售假冒商品，往往对顾客表现出伪装的诚恳。(phony, counterfeit, sham)

Phony companies often show sham sincerity to customers so as to sell their counterfeit goods to them.

10) 我们当时没办法只好走那条极为危险的小路，因为另外没有路可走。现在可供选择的走

法可多了：可坐汽车、坐火车、乘飞机。(choice, alternative, option)

At that time we had no choice but to take the extremely dangerous path, for there was no alternative to it. Now there are so many options—by bus, by train, and by plane.

Grammar

Exercises

1. Blank-filling

Fleeing Katrina To map the mass exodus from the Gulf Coast, Podunk analyzed more than 40,000 messages 1) posted on the Internet by survivors of the storm. ―Family is safe! House is lost! Kids 2) are in Indiana with grandparents.‖

We looked at Web ―safe lists‖, 3) including those maintained by CNN, craig‘s list and MSNBC, and 4) recorded data from every message in which the poster 5) included his hometown and a city and state where he 6) had found refuge. An advantage of compiling data this way, rather than through official reports from agencies such as FEMA, is that these reports 7) included not only people who 8) were in shelters, but also those who were able to leave on their own, before and after the hurricane.

In our analysis, people 9) reported 10) moving to 724 cities in 46 states. Many 11) expressed an intention 12) to move on from their temporary quarters, so the map would likely 13) change with time.

Our sample, while sizeable, is not a complete picture, nor is it intended 14) to reflect the numbers of people 15) moving to a city. Houston, for example, 16) experienced a much greater influx than Seattle.

However, the map 17) does provide a graphic representation of the nationwide impact of such a huge migration. Indeed, repercussions 18) will be felt beyond national borders. Eventual destinations 19) mentioned in postings 20) included Canada, Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala and the UK.

2. Proofreading

LONG BEACH, Miss. —Last Wednesday, police and the US Marshals Service swept into a Red Cross shelter for hurricane refugees here. They blocked the parking lot and exits and demandedidentification from about 60 people who looked Hispanic, including some pulled out of the shower and bathroom, according to witnesses. The shelter residents were told to leave within two days or else they would be deported.

―They asked me where ∧wanted to go: to Houston, Atlanta or 1) I back to Mexico,‖ said Jose Luis Rivera, 39 years old and an

undocument construction worker from Veracruz, Mexico. Mr. 2) undocumented Rivera said ∧had been sleeping in a tent outside the large shelter 3) he building since Hurricane Katrina stricken just over a month ago, 4) struck flooded his second-story apartment in nearby Pass Christian and 5) flooding destroying all his belongings, which including a pickup truck. 6) included ―I lost everything in the storm. But they said ∧didn‘t care. They 7) they told us that if ∧didn‘t leave they would return on Friday with 8) we buses took us away,‖ he said. 9) to take Were fearful they would be forced to leave the country, Mr. 10) /Were Rivera and most of the other Hispanic men left the Red Cross shelter the next morning.

Rhetoric

Exercises

1． Figures of Speech

1) In the following sentence, ―whores‖ realizes a metaphor, whose tenor is ―news professionals‖.

It‘s impossible to tell why it was that so many TV news professionals, even the infamous media whores of cable news, caught the fever.

2) In the following sentence, ―buried‖ compares Wil Haygood‘s article to something valuable and the Washington Post to earth.

Wil Haygood in the Washington Post struck a similar tone (albeit buried on page A33).

3) In the following sentence, the poor black people are compared to ―underbelly‖, which, in turn,

compares society to a human being. The majority of people left in New Orleans are black, they are poor, they are the underbelly of society.

4) In ―These people are being forced to live like animals‖ we find a simile. 5) In the following sentence, ―play it down and pray it up‖ realizes a phonetic figure of speech

called alliteration. Neil Cavuto brought in Rick Warren, author of The Purpose-driven Life, to advise those who‘d lost everything to ―play it down and pray it up.‖ 2． Passive Rhetoric

Tell what principle of diction is followed in the first sentence in each pair as compared with the second:

1) a. Their nickels and dimes and dollar bills simply didn‘t add up to stage a quick evacuation

mission.

b. Their money was simply not enough to enable them to evacuate quickly. (vividness)

2) a. You‘ve spoken very eloquently around the world about growing up as an

African-American in the South. (―You‖ refers to the US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice)

b. You‘ve babbled damn eloquently around the world about growing up as an American nigger in the South. (appropriateness)

3) a. People are now beginning to voice what we‘ve all been seeing with our own eyes.

b. People are at the present moment in the initial stage of giving expression to what we have all been perceiving with our own faculty of sight. (economy)

4) a. But for once, the rest of the media did not follow them into the sewer and instead gave

their faux-news phonies a chance to see how real journalists do the job.

b. But for once, the rest of the media did not follow them into the sewer and instead gave their faux-news phonies a chance to see how realistic journalists do the job. (exactness)

5) a. Is that fair, to blame the victims, many of whom tell us they had no way out, they had no

cars of their own, and that public assistance wasn‘t provided to get them out of the city?

b. Is that fair, to blame the victims, many of whom tell us that it was impossible for them to get out of the city? (relevant accuracy)

UNIT 4

Part 1 Text-processing

Teacher-aided Work

Lead-in

Listen to the recorder and take notes. Then fill in each gap in the following passage with ONE word according to what you have heard. Finish your work within ten minutes.

Tape script:

Mohamed ElBaradei was born in Egypt in 1942 and began to work for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984. He became the chief secretary since 1997.

A lifelong diplomat and one of just a few individuals from the Arab world active at the top levels of the world of international relations, ElBaradei was active in trying to resolve conflicts at several of the world‘s major flashpoints, all of them involving new nuclear threats. The IAEA, an intergovernmental organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN), conducts inspections and negotiates with governments in an attempt to stop the spread of nuclear weaponry and to insure that nuclear materials are used exclusively for peaceful purposes. In 2005 he and his Agency were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their contributions to the maintenance of world peace. ElBaradei‘s activities brought him into conflict with the United States in the twin trouble spots of Iraq and Iran, but the Nobel Prize and his subsequent reappointment signaled a strong vote of confidence from the international community.

The Nobel Prizes are international prizes set up according to the will of the Swedish-born inventor and international industrialist Alfred Nobel, which was opened after his death in 1896. These prizes have been awarded yearly since 1901 for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and for peace. The Prize Winners are announced in October every year. They receive awards on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel‘s death.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2005 was to be shared, in two equal parts, between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way. And on December 10, 2005, the Committee awarded them Nobel Peace Prize Certificates, gold medals and 10 million Krona (about $1.3million). This is the lecture given by Mohamed ElBaradei at the award ceremony.

Passage for gap-filling:

Mohamed ElBaradei was born in 1) Egypt in 1942 and began to work for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984. The year 1997 saw his appointment as the chief secretary of IAEA. In 2005 he and his Agency were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their 2) contributions to the maintenance of world peace. It was divided into two 3) equal parts, one for Mohamed ElBaradei and the other for the IAEA that he led, for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from 4) military use and to ensure its peaceful use in the safest way possible. The Nobel Prizes are international prizes set up in accordance with the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and industrialist. These prizes have been awarded every year since 1901. The 5) announcement of the Prize Winners is made in October, and the award ceremony is held on

December 10, the anniversary of Nobel‘s death.

In-depth Comprehension 1. Questions

1) Para 3：Does ―children left behind‖ imply that the parents of the children will come and take

them back home? Why?

No. They are children who have lost their parents, because they live in orphanages, institutions for taking care of orphans.

2) Para 7: What does ―not caught up with‖ suggest about ―our security strategies‖ and ―the risks

we are facing‖?

―Catch up with‖ means ―travel fast enough to overtake an advance party‖. Here it suggests that the risks we are facing are changing rapidly, and that our security strategies are not changing fast enough to deal effectively with them.

3) Para 7: What are the new characteristics of the risks? How did they acquire these

characteristics?

These risks are no longer restricted and kept in a limited area. They spread all over the world. They spread as goods, ideas and people move from one part of the world to another as a result of globalization.

4) Para 9: What are traditional notions of national security? How are these notions carried out?

Traditional notions of national security are that threat to one country comes from another and that countries must guard against each other. These notions are carried out by building more walls, developing bigger weapons, or dispatching more troops.

5) Para 10: How do you decide that the word ―distinct‖ means ―distinguishable as a separate

thing‖ rather than, for example, ―clear‖ (清晰的), or ―obvious‖ (明显的)?

First, the word has the meaning of ―distinguishable as a separate thing‖ or ―individual‖; then the next sentence ―when we scratch the surface, we find them closely connected and interrelated‖ actually repeats what this sentence means. By comparing them, we can find that ―distinct‖ is the opposite of ―interrelated‖. So we can make the right decision about its meaning here.

6) Para 13: Do you agree to Note 16, which says that ―compound‖ actually means ―combine‖

rather than, for example, ―settle amicably‖ (互让解决) or ―augment‖ (加剧), which are also meanings of ―compound‖?

I agree to the note, first because the word may mean ―combine‖, and secondly ―this combination‖ in the next sentence, which sums up what is said in this sentence, means the combination of the plight of the poor with human rights abuses, a lack of good governance, and a deep sense of injustice.

7) Para 14: What does ―their power‖ refer to, to the power of the governments of the countries to

rule over their citizens, or to the ability of the countries to defend themselves against other countries? How do you know?

It refers to the latter, because ―countries continue to look for ways to offset their insecurities or project their ?power‘‖ implies that they still have traditional notions of national security, that is, they think their insecurity comes from outside. So they project their power to defend themselves against other countries.

8) Para 17: What does ―the bridges between North and South, the rich and the poor‖ refer to?

What is the essence of these bridges? How do you know?

It refers to good relations between the developed countries and the developing countries. The essence of the bridges is the former‘s obligation to aid the latter. I draw this conclusion from the next paragraph, which, meaning that development aid from the former to the latter is far from enough, is an example of ―our having yet to build the bridges between North and South, the rich and the poor,‖ in other words, an example of ―our not having built such bridges yet.‖

9) Para 19: What is the grammatical function of ―hungry‖ in ―no one in this world would go to

bed hungry‖? Can you give other examples?

―Hungry‖ here is the subject compliment, which makes up part of the double predicate (双重谓语) ―would go to bed hungry‖. Other examples include ―he came back a changed man‖, ―snow lies white on the vast plain‖, etc.

10) Para 21: Does ―life‖ mean the process of living (生活) or to the quality that distinguishes a

living creature to a dead body (生命)? How do you know?

It means the latter, because what follows in this paragraph is about how people were killed or lost their lives, not about how they lived. Moreover, the translation of ―the sanctity and value of human life‖ into ―人类生活的神圣和价值‖ would be incomprehensible.

11) Para 22: What is the speaker‘s answer to this question? How do you know? Is he defending or

criticizing the people he refers to as ―we‖? Who are ―we‖?

His answer is ―yes‖, because the preceding paragraphs are in fact about how ―our priorities are skewed, and our approaches uneven.‖ He is criticizing the people he refers to as ―we‖. These people are all mankind, especially people in the developed countries.

12) Para 26: What do ―some‖ and ―all‖ refer to? To some people and all people, or to some

respects and all respects, or to still other things? Can you point out more concretely what they are?

They refer respectively to ―some people‖ and ―all people‖. More concretely, ―some‖ refers to people in developing countries, and ―all‖ to mankind, including people in developed countries.

13) Para 28: What does the speaker mean by ―nuclear weapons should have no place in our

collective conscience‖?

It means that if, we have a sense of right and wrong, we should never think that the possession of nuclear weapons is justifiable.

14) Para 35: Does ―make these operations multinational‖ mean ―open the secret technology used

in these operations to the international community‖? If not, what does it mean?

No. It means ―cause these operations to be performed by more than two countries‖ so as to prevent them from being controlled by a single country.

15) Para 35: Does ―enrichment‖ mean ―making people wealthier‖? How do you know?

No. Since ―fuel production, waste disposal and reprocessing‖ refer to operations related to nuclear material, ―enrichment‖ must also be such an operation, and if we observe the order of the latter three, we can conclude that ―enrichment‖ must be a preparatory operation before the production of nuclear fuel.

16) Para 35: How do you know what ―fuel cycle‖ refers to? And how, according to the speaker, is

it to be completed?

―Fuel cycle‖ refers to the four operations of enrichment of material, fuel production,

waste disposal and waste reprocessing. According to the speaker, these operations should be performed in at least three countries with each carrying out one (at most two) operations.

17) Para 37: Does ―this is 27,000 too many‖ simply mean that a reduction of warheads is

necessary?

No. The preceding sentence says that we still have 27,000 warheads in existence, so this sentence means 27,000 warheads are more than necessary by 27,000 warheads. Then the necessary number is zero, in other words, all these 27,000 warheads must be destroyed.

18) Para 38: Does ―operate with their arsenals on hair-trigger alert‖ mean ―running their weapon

producing factories by protecting them with great vigilance‖?

No. It means keeping their weapons (missiles and nuclear bombs) always ready to be launched at the slightest warning of an enemy attack. This can be seen from what follows. 19) Para 40: What kind of ―environment‖ is the speaker talking about?

He is talking about an ideological or cultural environment, because this environment will influence people‘s views on nuclear weapons. 2. Multiple-choice Questions

1) Mohamed ElBaradei and the International Atomic Energy Agency he heads received the

Nobel Peace Prize 2005 for their achievements in ______D______. A. doing researches on atomic energy

B. seeing to it that nuclear-weapon states take concrete steps towards nuclear disarmament C. promoting multinational distribution of the operations for producing nuclear material for

civilian uses

D. preventing a black market in nuclear material and equipment and proliferation of nuclear

weapons Explanation:

A has no grounds in the text. B and C are not what he and his colleagues have actually done. D is supported by Paragraph 4, which says, ―At the International Atomic Energy Agency, my colleagues and I work to keep nuclear materials out of the reach of extremist groups. We inspect nuclear facilities all over the world, to be sure that peaceful nuclear activities are not being used as a cloak for weapons programmes.‖ Extremist groups could only get nuclear material and equipment on a black market, and inspection of nuclear facilities is aimed at non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.

2) ElBaradei thinks ______C______ is the most important of all the causes of civil wars,

organized crime, and extremism. A. human rights abuses B. a deep sense of injustice C. poverty D. lack of good governance Explanation:

Though in Paragraph 13 he talks about how the combination of poverty and other factors creates a most fertile breeding ground for civil wars, organized crime, and extremism, yet earlier in the text (Paragraphs 11-12), he makes a contrast between the wealthy and the poor, and later (Paragraphs 18-20), he only dwells on how poverty breeds conflict.

3) ElBaradei thinks that, if mankind is to avoid destroying itself ________A_______.

A. everyone should think intuitively that nuclear weapons are evil and refuse to use them B. proliferation of nuclear bombs must be absolutely prohibited C. nuclear disarmament must be carried through to the end

D. a world order must be set up in which nuclear weapons are not used to discourage war Explanation:

A, B, C and D are actually rephrasings of Paragraphs 27-30: Para 27: I have no doubt that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, then nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience, and no role in our security.

4) According to ElBaradei, all the following are the steps urgently needed EXCEPT

______A______.

A. create an environment in which nuclear weapons are regarded as a taboo and a historical

anomaly

B. keep nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups

C. tighten control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used

in weapons

D. accelerate disarmament efforts Explanation:

In Paragraph 31, he says that three steps are urgently required, then in Paragraphs 32, 33, 36 he enumerates these steps with ―first‖, ―second‖, and ―third‖, which are B, C, and D. A is found in Paragraph 39, where he says that the hard part is how we create an environment in which nuclear weapons, like slavery or genocide, are regarded as a taboo and a historical anomaly. Since it is the hard part, it is to be done later when conditions are ripe.

5) _________B________ is one of the steps towards strict non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.

A. protecting nuclear facilities

B. making multinational the operations for producing nuclear material for civilian uses C. the UN Security Council backing the inspections of the IAEA D. reducing the strategic role given to nuclear weapons Explanation:

Proliferation of nuclear weapons means that more and more countries can and do produce nuclear weapons. If a country has mastered the operations for producing nuclear material for civilian uses, which, under the current system, is their right, they can also master those for making bombs. If the former are made multinational (B), that is, the operations are distributed among a number of countries, then no single country can have exclusive control over the whole cycle of operations. Under such a system, it is impossible for a country to make nuclear weapons, that is, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is achieved.

A is one of the measures for keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups (Para 32), C is one of the details of strengthening the verification system, which is in turn a way of preventing nuclear proliferation (Para 35), and D is a good start towards nuclear disarmament (Para 36).

Extension from the Text 1. Speaking

Where do you think the biggest threat to the world comes from? From terrorists? From war? From environment pollution? Or from any other sources? Give your reasons. 2. Cloze

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Whether one believes in evolution, intelligent design, or Divine Creation, one thing is certain. Since the 1) beginning of history, human beings have been at war with each other, under the pretext of religion, ideology, ethnicity and 2) other reasons. And no civilization has ever willingly given up its most powerful 3) weapons. We seem to agree today that we can share modern technology, but we still refuse to acknowledge that our values at their very core are 4) shared values.

I am an Egyptian Muslim, educated in Cairo and New York, and now living in Vienna. My 5) wife and I have spent half our lives in the North, half in the South. And we have experienced first hand the unique nature of the human family and the common values we all share.

Shakespeare speaks of every single member of that 6) family in The Merchant of Venice, when he asks, ―If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not 7) laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?‖

And lest we forget:

There is no religion that was founded 8) on intolerance, and no religion that does not value the sanctity of human life.

Some would say that it is too 9) idealistic to believe in a society based on tolerance and the sanctity of human life, where borders, nationalities and ideologies are of marginal importance. To those I say, this is not idealism, but rather 10) realism, because history has taught us that war rarely resolves our differences. Force does not heal old wounds; it opens new ones.

Explanations:

1) ―The ______ of history‖ denotes time. Considered alone, the blank could be ―beginning‖,

―middle‖ or ―end‖. But the blank can only be ―beginning‖ if the meaning of ―since‖ is considered together with it.

2) Religion, ideology, ethnicity are reasons for war, but they are not the only reasons. To include

all reasons, ―other‖ reasons must be mentioned.

3) The preceding sentence tells about war. To engage in war, men will not give up their weapons.

―Most powerful‖ confirms this conclusion.

4) In the next paragraph, which is an example of how the speaker had experienced values in the

South and the North, we see the phrase ―the values we share‖. So ―_____ values‖ must be ―shared values‖.

5) Only he and his wife can have always spent their lives together. Not even their children.

6) The word ―member‖ and ―you‖ and ―we‖ in Shakespeare‘s questions tell us that the blank

denotes a group of people. The word ―that‖ suggests that the group of people is mentioned in the preceding sentence. Such a word in the preceding sentence is ―family‖.

7) To tickle somebody means to touch his body lightly to excite the surface nerves, and the result

is that the person cannot but laugh.

8) ―To found something on (a certain basis)‖ is the idiomatic collocation.

9) The next sentence ―To those I say, this is not idealism‖ expresses ElBaradei‘s view contrary

to the view expressed in ―it is too ________ to believe in . . .‖ Then the blank must be the adjective form of idealism—―idealistic‖.

10) ―Not . . . but rather . . .‖ indicates that the blank is a noun meaning the opposite of

―idealism‖—―realism‖. 3. Translating

Translate the following passage into Chinese.

I wish we were all more thorough students of the mighty past, for we should thus be rendered braver prophets of the future, and more cheerful workers in the present. History shows us with what tenacity the human race survives. Earthquake, famine, and pestilence have done their worst, but over them rolls a healing tide of years and they are lost to view; or sweeps the great procession, and hardly shows a scar. Rulers around whom clustered new forms of civilization pass away, but greater men succeed them. Nations are rooted up; great hopes seem blighted; revolutions rise and rivers run with the blood of patriots; the globe itself seems headed toward the abyss; new patriots are born; higher hopes bloom out like stars; humanity emerges from the dark ages vastly ahead of what it was on entering that cave of gloom, and ever the right comes uppermost; and now is Christ‘s kingdom nearer than when we first believed.

我希望我们对气势磅礴的过去历史研究得更彻底，因为这样一来，我们预言未来时就会大胆些，当前工作时就愉快些。历史告诉我们，人类是以何等坚韧精神生存下来的。地震，饥馑，瘟疫可以肆虐一时，但随后治愈创伤的岁月潮水般滚滚而来，使它们消失得无影无踪；或者说伟大的历史进程横扫大地，几乎看不到任何伤疤。新形式的文明围绕着帝王建立起来，这些帝王逝世后，又有更伟大的人物继起。有些民族被连根拔起，希望似乎化为泡影；革命一次又一次发生，爱国志士血流成河；地球本身似乎就要沉入深渊，然而新的爱国者又涌现出来，更高的希望如星光闪耀，人类大步走出了黑暗的世纪，比当初进入那阴森洞穴时大大地进步了。从此，公理至高无上。现在，基督的王国比我们最初预想到的更为临近了。

Chinese Version of the Text

穆罕默德·巴拉迪在2005年诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼上的演讲

1 尊敬的国王和王后陛下、殿下、尊敬的挪威诺贝尔委员会的委员们、各位阁下、各位女士、各位先生：

2 获得这个最有价值的荣耀，我和国际原子能机构感到受之有愧、自豪和高兴，最重要的是，它更坚定了我们的决心。

3 我的弟媳为一个支持开罗的孤儿院的组织工作。她和她的同事们照料因无法控制的情况成了孤儿的孩子们。她们给他们饭吃，给他们衣穿，教他们读书。 4 在国际原子能机构，我和我的同事们为了不让极端分子得到核材料而工作。我们核查全世界的核设施，以确保为和平目的的核活动不会被用来作为武器计划的掩护。 5 我和我的弟媳尽管所用的途径不同，却都在朝着同一个目标奋斗——为全人类大家庭的安全而奋斗。

6 但为什么到目前为止这种安全还离我们很远呢？

7 我相信这是因为我们的安全策略跟不上我们面临的威胁的变化。全球化扫除了阻碍商品交流、观念传播及人员来往的障碍，但也同时扫除了那些限制对安全的威胁，将其局部化的障碍。

8 最近联合国高级专门小组确定了人类现在面临的五种威胁：

1、贫困、传染性疾病和环境恶化； 2、国内、国际武装冲突； 3、有组织犯罪； 4、恐怖主义；

5、大规模杀伤性武器。

9 这些都是“没有国界的威胁”，在这些问题上，传统的国家安全观念都已经过时了。我

们不能用建造更多的城墙、开发更大规模的武器或者派遣更多的军队来抵御这些威胁。情况恰恰相反。按其本性来说，这些安全威胁主要靠各个国家之间的合作才能抵御。 10 更重要的是这些威胁并不是互相分离或者说各不相同的。我们揭开表层，就会发现它们是紧密相连相关的。

11 今天，我们有1000人坐在这个庄严的大厅里。设想一下，如果我们代表全世界的人，我左边的200人是世界上的富人，他们消费掉80%的可利用资源，而我右边的400人是靠每天不到2美元收入度日的人。

12 我左边这些贫困的人并不比过道右边这些人愚蠢，也不比他们卑鄙。他们只不过是生来就处于这种命运之中。 13 在现实世界，生活条件不平衡必然会导致机会不均等，在很多情况下也会导致希望破灭。更糟糕的是，穷人本来的困境往往跟践踏人权、治理不善、深感不公结合在一起，并造成这些现象。这种结合，自然就为内战、有组织犯罪以及各种形式的极端主义的滋生制造了肥沃的土壤。

14 在那些冲突持续恶化了几十年的地区，各国不断地想方设法消除其不安全感，或者显示自己的“实力”。有些时候，这些国家也会像以前已经这样做过的国家那样，可能很想寻求大规模杀伤性武器。 15 女士们，先生们。 16 十五年前冷战结束时，我们很多人都希望出现一个世界新秩序。一个植根于人类团结的世界新秩序，一个公平、有效、人人有份的世界新秩序。

17 但今天，我们离这个目标跟以前一样遥远。也许我们已经拆除了东西方之间的隔离墙，但还须在南北之间、贫富之间架起一座沟通的桥梁。

18 看看我们的发展援助记录吧。去年，世界各国在军备上的花费超过1万亿美元，但官方捐给发展中国家的发展援助资金却不到其10%——仅800亿美元，而这些发展中国家有8.5亿人正在挨饿。

19 我的朋友詹姆斯·莫里斯领导世界粮食计划署，其任务是给挨饿的人提供食品。他最近告诉我：“只要我拥有军备开支的1%，这个世界上就谁都不会饿着肚子上床。”

20 贫困继续引发冲突，这并不是什么出人意料的事。过去十年里，有1300万人死于武装冲突，其中900万人死于非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区，这里是世界上最穷的地方。

21 再看看我们是如何对待人的生命的神圣和价值的吧。2001年9月恐怖分子袭击了美国后，我们对这种滔天罪行深感悲痛，表示痛恨，这无疑是正确的。但是现在很多人仍不知道，自1998年以来，已有380万人因刚果民主共和国内战而丧生。

22 我们是否可以得出结论：我们的优先事项定得不妥，我们行事厚此薄彼？ 23 女士们，先生们。

24 脑海中有了这幅“宏大的图画”，我们便能更好地了解未来在禁止核扩散和裁军方面变化的图景。

25 这变化的图景有三个主要特点：核原料与核设备大黑市的出现，核武器及敏感核技术的扩散，核裁军的停滞。

26 今天，全球化将我们彼此拉得更近，如果我们对一些人的不安全置之不理，他们的不安全很快会变成大家的不安全。

27 同样，随着先进的科学技术的传播，只要我们有些人决心依赖核武器，我们就继续在冒这同一种武器会越来越吸引别人的风险。 28 我毫不怀疑，如果我们希望避免自我毁灭，那么核武器在我们集体的良知中就不该有一席之地；在保障我们的安全方面就不该起任何作用。

29 为了实现这一目标，我们必须绝对确保没有更多的国家获得这些致命的武器。

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